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Rational emotive behaviour therapy
- 1. ALKA V
- 2. HISTORY Albert Ellis, the grandfather of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, was the founder of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT). It was first called Rational Therapy because of the emphasis on cognitions. Then called Rational Emotive Therapy to demonstrate the importance of emotions. Now it is known as REBT to stress the behaviour component of the theory. The development of this therapy was influenced by Karen Horney, Alfred Adler etc.
- 3. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS Cognitions or beliefs causes emotions and behaviour. Thinking, feeling, and behaving are interconnected. Irrational beliefs emanate from various environmental and genetic factors. Irrational beliefs are maintained because people rehearse them and continue to imbibe in themselves these beliefs without re-evaluating their thinking. Irrational beliefs can be changed, but it is often difficult and takes persistent practise.
- 4. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS Two major categories of psychological distress- Dryden & Ellis Ego disturbance: occurs when an individual makes demands on themselves, others, and the world. Not met – negative self-rating, less worthy. Discomfort disturbance/ low frustration tolerance: occurs when individuals make demands on themselves, others, and the world in relation to comfort and life conditions. Not met – awfulize, I cant stand it attitude.
- 5. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS 7 principles of REBT – DiGiuseppe and colleagues Cognition is the most significant determinant of human emotion Irrational thinking is the main cause of emotional distress The best way to change disturbed emotions is to change the way one thinks Multiple factors contribute to irrational thinking and psychopathology, social factors, biological factors on irrational thinking .
- 6. THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS There are 2 types of emotions: helpful, functional, healthy, adaptive, versus unhelpful, dysfunctional, unhealthy, and maladaptive REBT emphasises present influence of emotions than past historical influences. Irrational beliefs can be changes into rational by ‘recognize, challenge, and revise’ (thinking)
- 7. GOALS Help clients develop a rational philosophy of life. Reduce emotional distress and self-defeating behaviour. Create an ability to live a happy and fulfilling life.
- 8. THE THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP Therapists are active and involved as they educate and help the client. Rapport is most important in REBT than any other therapy (Velten, 2002). Part of the rapport-building process involves coming to an agreement on the goals for change. Empathy. Unconditional acceptance. Genuineness. Humour. Can help clients not take themselves and their life circumstances too seriously.
- 9. PROCESS OF CHANGE Since humans have a tendency to think irrationally, they also have the ability to choose to change their irrational thinking and self-defeating emotions and behaviour. The theory of change asserts that, for a client to overcome their emotional and behavioural problems, the must, first, acknowledge that they have a problem. Second, they must identify any meta-emotional problems. Third, they need to identify irrational beliefs and why these beliefs are illogical and irrational.
- 10. PROCESS OF CHANGE Fourth, they must recognize why rational beliefs would be preferable and give them better results. Fifth, they need to learn how to challenge their irrational beliefs and replace them with rational alternatives. Sixth, finally, they need to keep working on their tendencies to think and act irrationally.
- 11. A-B-C MODEL A – activating event B – beliefs C – consequences Activating events cause beliefs (irrational/rational) which in turn causes consequences (behavioural/ emotional)
- 12. A-B-C MODEL A – activating events may be Positive or negative Real or perceived events Past, present or, future oriented
- 13. A-B-C MODEL B - Beliefs may be Rational or irrational There are five types of beliefs: Demandingness Awfulizing Frustration intolerance Self-condemnation Other condemnations Consequences are emotional or behavioural
- 14. THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS #1: Ask the client to identify the problem they would like to work on. Several problems- agreement as to which problem to deal with first. #2: Evaluate the emotional and behavioural consequences. Secondary emotions. (how do you feel about being depressed?) #3: Identify beliefs related to emotional and behavioural consequences. #4: Help the client see the connection between the belief and the emotions.
- 15. THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS #5: Initiates disputing. (difference between rational and irrational thoughts. #6: Help the client develop and practise more effective beliefs. #7:Helps the client maintain the change by using bibliotherapy (literature), assigning homework, role-play etc.
- 16. TRADITIONAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES Cognitive interventions: debate, help them discriminate between rational and irrational beliefs, written homework, semantic methods (I can’t to I won’t . Giving them a choice in emotions) Emotive interventions: help experience healthy emotions, role-play, reverse role- play, help enable them to identify rational emotion. Behavioural interventions: are used to supplement and reinforce cognitive and emotive interventions. Shame attacks (do public action of what they consider embarrassing – yelling), skills training, rewards and penalties.
- 17. Conclusion- Ellis REBT is more likely to help people achieve deeper more lasting change. Usually clients improve in 10-20 sessions. Can be used as individual as well as group therapy.
- 18. Limitations Lack of outcome research Overgeneralization that REBT is Ellis’
- 19. REFERENCES Capuzzi, D., Stauffer, M. D. (2016). Counselling and psychotherapy: theories and interventions. (6th edition). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association NCERT. Psychology: textbook for class 12. New Delhi: NCERT