2. Why maxillofacial surgery?
When orthodontic treatment alone can not correct the problem
To improve facial symmetry and esthetics
To align teeth correctly
To enhance jaw function (chewing and swallowing)
To improve speech and breathing
To enhance long term jaw stability
To decrease jaw pain (TMJ disorders)
Facial trauma reconstruction
Neoplasm removal
Avulsed (knocked out) teeth
Cosmetic
3. Orthognathic procedure
(from Greek: orthos-straight, gnathos-jaws)
Combination of orthodontic treatment and surgical procedure
to correct abnormalities of the maxilla, mandible or both
involving all three planes of space
Once growth has ceased, surgery is the only option to correct
severe jaw discrepancy
4. Jaw ( also referred to as mid and lower face)
Maxilla
• Biggest bone of the middle
part of the maxillofacial
It consists of a central body
that is hollowed by
maxillary sinus and four
processes
Mandible
• Only movable bone of the skull
Strong horse shoe-shaped
body that continues up and
backward on either side of the
skull
5. Maxillary Osteotomies
Mid Face Maxillary
Osteotomies
Segmental
Single/multiple
Teeth
Anterior/Posterior
Segmental
Horseshoe
Total
LeFort I
Surgically Assisted
Maxillary
Expansion (SAME)
LeFort II LeFort III
7. Total Maxillary Osteotomies
•LeFort I. Also known as a horizontal maxillary
osteotomy, the fracture or surgical cut occurs at the
base of the upper jaw above the apices of the teeth
roots
•LeFort II. Also known as a pyramidal osteotomy
because the surgical cuts begin in the midfacial bones
(especially the upper jaw) and meet above the nasal
bones to form a triangular section of bone that is
detached from the skull
•LeFort III. Also known as a craniofacial disjunction or
transverse osteotomy, the facial bones are separated
from the cranial base
9. For correction of mandibular deficiency
Usually done at the time of maxillary/mandibular
procedure
Sliding osteotomy (all directions)
Augmentation with implants
Genioplasty
10. It is not normally necessary to wire the patient’s teeth. Titanium plates,
plastic splints, acrylic and elastic bands are used for fixation of the jaws
Elastics are most common and important to
control the patient’s bite during the healing process
compensate for postoperative swelling that tends to shift the
patient’s bite
help give some small movement to the teeth
seat the TMJs
Jaw Immobilization
11. Maintain close communication with anesthesiology PRIOR
patient’s arrival to PACU regarding the plan of care
Extubation in OR vs in PACU
Estimated time the patient will remain intubated
Sedation
PONV prevention
Pain management
Special considerations (difficult airway, pre anxiety, PONV)
Expected outcomes
Plan of care in PACU
12. Have T-piece adapter and oxygen
delivery system ready before
patient arrives to PACU
Secure nasal ET tube securement
to mid forehead
Nasal and oral suctioning PRN
Observe VS (respiratory rate and pattern, SPO2)
Sedation as per anesthesiologist
Soft wrist restraints only if danger of self extubation
and/or injury exists
Be prepared for sudden emergence, have another RN
readily available to temporary assist with care
Care of the Intubated patient
13. Anesthesiologist must be present during extubation
Assess patient’s readiness
sustained spontaneous respirations
adequate oxygenation
stable VS
return of protective reflexes
able to lift the head
firm hand grasp and eye opening on command
audible air leak when ET tube balloon deflated
HAVE INTUBATION TRAY READY AND BE PREPARED TO
REINTUBATE!
Extubation
14. Airway obstruction
Bleeding
Vomiting
Swelling
Pain
Numbness
Immediate post op complications
15. Mostly due to soft tissue swelling and hematoma
Common in patients with Hx asthma
Nursing interventions
observe VS/ SPO2
monitor respiratory effort and rate
encourage deep breathing and coughing
suction PRN
inhalers PRN
systemic steroids
reintubate if needed
Airway obstruction
16. Minor to moderate oozing from incisions inside the mouth is
expected
Some trickling of blood from the nose is common in upper jaw
procedures
Sudden and/or prolonged gush of bright red blood needs to be
addressed immediately and MD notified
Nursing interventions
Observe for frequent swallowing and c/o nausea
Assist with intraoral suctioning. Swallowing of the blood may
contribute to nausea and vomiting
VS monitoring (hypotension/tachycardia)
Wire cutters within the reach (if wires used)
Saline nasal sprays and decongestants as ordered
HOB elevated
Bleeding
17. High incidence in maxillary procedures
Prevention of vomiting is paramount
Limited jaw mobility due to presence of wires, elastics, splints
and bands increases risk of aspiration
Nursing interventions
Scheduled and PRN antiemetics
Aromatherapy
Limit use of narcotics if possible
HOB elevated
Frequent suctioning of bloody secretions
Wire cutters at bedside
NPO
Vomiting
18. Mostly from fluids administered during surgery
Moderate to severe swelling is expected
Nursing interventions
HOB elevated
Ice pack around the face
Local steroids
Hydrocortisone ointment to lips
Systemic steroids
Depomedrol IM on arrival to PACU
Dexamethazone routine schedule
Swelling
19. Pain initially not severe due to intraoperative use of local
anesthetics
Numbness, burning, itching and tingling to face and lips is
expected and it may persist for weeks
Nursing interventions
Opioids
NSAIDS
Ice packs
Positioning
HOB elevated
Pain and Numbness
20.
21. Huang CS, Hsu SS, Chen YR. Systematic review of the surgery-first approach in orthognathic
surgery. Biomed J. 2014; 37(4):184-190.
American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Parameters of Care: Clinical Practice
Guidelines for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (2012).
Operative Time, Airway Management, Need for Blood Transfusions, and In-Hospital Stay for
Bimaxillary, Intranasal, and Osseous Genioplasty Surgery: Current Clinical Practices. Journal of
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (02782391) (J ORAL MAXILLOFAC SURG), Mar2016; 74(3): 590-600.
(11p)
Carolinas Center for Oral and Facial Surgery website: mycenters.com
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery website: drmarkpetryna.com
Robinson, R. C., & Holm, R. L. (2010). Orthognathic Surgery for Patients with Maxillofacial
Deformities. Association of PeriOperative Registered Nurses, 92(1), 28-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2009.12.030
References