Addressing dry skin, acne , pigmentation & wrinkles

1. ADDRESSING DRY SKIN ,
ACNE , PIGMENTATION &
WRINKLES
Presented by : Alexa Jacob
M.pharm 2nd sem
Dept. of
Pharmaceutics
St.Joseph’s
College of
Pharmacy,Cherthala
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2. CONTENTS
DEFINITION , CAUSES , TREATMENT & FORMULATION FOR :-
DRY SKIN
ACNE
PIGMENTATION
WRINKLES
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3. I. DRY SKIN
•Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis[1]), derived
from the Greek words for "dry skin", is a condition involving
the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated
with emollients or moisturizers.
•Dry skin occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms,
hands, the sides of the abdomen, and thighs.
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4. CAUSES OF DRY SKIN
•Weather
•Central heating and air conditioning, fireplaces
•Tight clothing or compression
• Harsh soaps and detergents
• Sun exposure
• Aging
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5. TREATMENT OF DRY SKIN
1)Cleansing :-
•Apply moisturizers and or emollients while the skin is still moist;
apply liberally once a day at a minimum and reapply when required.
•When emollients and moisturizers are insufficient, the use of
ceramides may be considered.
•A barrier cream may be useful for hands and feet.
•When scaling is present, consider a keratolytic such as a urea-based
moisturizer, salicylic acid, lactic acid, or glycolic acid for mildly,
moderately, and severely dry skin. Consider a higher concentration
keratolytic product on hands and feet.
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6. 2) Skin Care Products
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7. FORMULATION OF COLD CREAM
White bees wax - 10g
Liquid paraffin - 30g
Borax – 0.5g
Rose oil – 0.1ml
Purified water – 10ml
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8. PROCEDURE FOR FORMULATION
OF COLD CREAM
•Weigh the required quantity of white beeswax & liquid paraffin and
melt in a china dish by heating on a water bath upto 70ºC .
•In a glass beaker, dissolve borax in water and heat upto 70ºC .
•When both oily and aqueous phases reaches the same temperature
(70ºC) , gradually add borax solution to the melted beeswax drop by
drop with constant stirring.
•Stir continuously until it becomes cool.When the temperature lowers
to 40-45ºC , incorporate rose oil and mix uniformly , until a
homogeneous semi-solid mass is obtained.
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9. II. ACNE
•Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that
occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil
from the skin.
•It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin,
and possible scarring.
• It primarily affects areas of the skin with a relatively high number
of oil glands, including the face, upper part of the chest, and back
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10. CAUSES OF ACNE
•Genes
•Hormonal activity, such as occurs during menstrual
cycles and puberty
•Infections against anaerobic bacterial species Propionibacterium
acnes
•High-glycemic-load diets
•Stress
•Several medications
like lithium, hydantoin, isoniazid, glucocorticoids, iodides, bromides,
and testosterone.
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11. TREATMENT OF ACNE
(a)Topical retinoids
•Topical retinoids are mainly used in patients with non-inflammatory
comedones, in combination with other topical and systemic drugs in
mild, moderate and severe inflammatory acne and also as a
maintenance treatment when oral treatment is stopped.
•The following retinoid are used today in the topical management of
acne: tretinoin, isotretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene and retinaldehyde.
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12. (b)Antibiotics
•Topical antibiotics are generally used for mild to moderate inflammatory acne. They
have activity against P. acnes, and therefore act on the surface of the skin to reduce
the stimulus for inflammation of the lesions
•The most popular topical antibiotics used in acne treatment are erythromycin and
clindamycin
(c) Benzoyl Peroxide
•Benzoyl peroxide is a topical disinfectant, originally employed as a peeling agent for
treating acne .
•Benzoyl peroxide has proven bactericidal activity against P. acnes by releasing free
radical oxygen, which degrades the bacterial proteins
(d) Azelaic Acid
•Azelaic acid is a natural dicarboxylic acid that inhibits protein synthesis of the P.
acnes species .
•It is an effective agent because it has bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
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13. FORMULATION FOR ANTI-
ACNE CREAM
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14. PROCEDURE FOR FORMULATION
OF ANTI-ACNE CREAM
•For preparing various samples the required quantity of stearic acid
was melted in a double-jacketed vessel and then required quantity of
paraffin oil was added to it at a temperature of 70 - 80˚C, preventing
it from boiling.
•After mixing ,cetyl alcohol as a whitening agent was added.
•With continuous stirring, triethanol amine, propylene glycol, isopropyl
myristate, glycerine, n-propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate or any combination
of these and various anti-acne agents used were added.
•In another vessel, sulphur dissolved in the essential oil, borax and
required extracts were mixed in distilled water and this suspension
was heated at 80 - 90˚C. This suspension was added into the above
oily phase mixture of stearic acid and the contents were thoroughly
homogenized. 14

15. III. PIGMENTATION
•Pigmentation disorders are disturbances of human skin color, either
loss or reduction, which may be related to loss of melanocytes or the
inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or
transport melanosomes correctly.
•Pigmentation is the colouring of an individual’s skin. The colour of
skin appears normal when a person is healthy.
• A person’s skin may change colour and grow darker
(hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation) because of illness
and injury.
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16. PIGMENTATION DISORDERS
1)Hyperpigmentation
It is the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.One of the
leading causes of hyperpigmentation is exposure to sunlight.
2)Hypopigmentation
It is the loss of skin colour which is caused by melanin depletion.
3)Vitiligo
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease in which there is an appearance of smooth white
patches on the skin occur all over the body.
4)Albinism
It is a rare inherited disorder which is caused by the absence of an enzyme that
produces melanin. Pigmentation is completely lost as a result in eyes, skin and hair.
5) De-pigmentation
It is the lightening of the skin or loss of pigment
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17. TREATMENT OF PIGMENTATION
DISORDERS
1)Hydroquinone
•HQ affects not only the formation, melanization, and degradation of melanosomes,
but it also affects the membranous structures of melanocytes and eventually causes
necrosis of whole melanocytes.
•HQ preparations are commonly used in the treatment of melasma at concentrations
varying from 2 to 5% applied once daily.
2)Azelaic acid
•Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring, nonphenolic, saturated, nine-carbon dicarboxylic
acid that competitively inhibits tyrosinase.
•It has also been used to treat hyperpigmentary disorders like melasma.
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18. 3)Glycolic acid
•Glycolic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid that is usually combined with other agents at a
concentration of 5-10% for its skin-lightening property.
4)Arbutin
•Arbutin, the beta-D-glucopyranoside derivative of hydroquinone, is a naturally
occurring plant product which has been used successfully in the treatment of
hyperpigmentary disorders.
•Arbutin acts by the inhibition of tyrosinase, thereby decreasing melanin formation.
5)Niacinamide
•Niacinamide (nicotinamide), the biologically active amide form of niacin (vitamin B3),
can reduce pigmentation by reversibly preventing the transfer of melanosomes from
melanocytes to the keratinocytes.
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19. FORMULATION OF
HYPOPIGMENTATION CREAM
Paraffin oil and coconut oil
Cetomacrogol 1000
Cetostearyl alcohol
Glycerin
Lemon oil
Distilled Water
Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra
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20. PROCEDURE FOR FORMULATION
Preparation of base
•Water in oil (W/O) cream was prepared by the addition of aqueous phase to the oily
phase with continuous agitation.
• To prepare base; oily phase that consisted of paraffin oil, beeswax, coconut oil and
surfactants (cetomacrogol 1000 and cetosteatyl alcohol), is heated up to 75°C±1°C.
Aqueous phase consisting of glycerin and water is heated to the same temperature.
Preparation of formulation
• The formulation was also prepared by same method; the only difference is the
addition of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (active drug) that is added in aqueous phase
consisting of glycerin and water.
• Each formulation consists of preserved water (propyl paraben 0.02% w/w and methyl
paraben 0.1% w/w) to 100g. The formulations were neutralized by Triethanolamine to
pH=5.5 at 25°C. 20

21. IV. WRINKLES
•A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in
the skin .
•Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of aging processes such
as glycation, habitual sleeping positions, loss of body mass, or
temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water.
•Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions,
aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other
factors.
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22. TREATMENT OF WRINKLES
1)The fillers :
•The filler is a biological or syntactical mean to inject in hypoderm or in derma tissue,
so to implement or enhance a limited area of body (usually face) for aesthetic purpose.
•The used substrates are bovine collagen, autologous collagen, cadaveric collagen.
2)Peelings :
•Peeling is a medical treatment consisting in a micro-abrasion of epidermis or the
superficial and medium derma, by means of chemical or physical agents.
•The peels used in these treatments are pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, retinoic acid,
tricloroacetic acid (T.C.A.) at 10%-20%.
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23. 3)Botulinum toxin
•Botulinum toxin injection for treatment of facial wrinkles is one of the most common
entry procedures for clinicians seeking to incorporate aesthetic treatments into their
practice.
•Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits release of acetylcholine at the
neuromuscular junction.
4)Lasers
•The cosmetic use of the laser represents a valid non-invasive intervention for the aged
skin. The used lasers are the CO2 laser.
•They are indicated for treatments of aesthetic lesions, for resurfacing, for non-ablative
rejuvenating and for hair removal.
Other treatments are Dermabrasion, surgery ,Ultrasound therapy 23

24. FORMULATION OF ANTI-WRINKLE
CREAM
Extracted seed oil of Moringa oleifera - 2%
Stearic acid - 10 %
Cetyl alcohol - 6 %
Liquid paraffin - 6.6%
Glycerol - 3 %
Methyl paraban - 0.02%
Propylene glycol - 30 %
Water, qs, - 100%
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25. PROCEDURE FOR FORMULATION
OF ANTI-WRINKLE CREAM
•Oil in water (O/W) emulsion-based cream (semisolid formulation) was
formulated. The emulsifier (stearic acid) and other oil soluble
components (Cetyl alcohol, liquid paraffin) were dissolved in the oil
phase (Part A) and heated to 75° C.
• The preservatives and other water soluble components (Methyl
paraben, Glycerol, Propylene glycol, ethanol extract of Moringa
oleifera seeds were dissolved in the aqueous phase (Part B) and
heated to 75° C.
•After heating, the aqueous phase was added in portions to the oil
phase with continuous stirring until cooling of emulsifier took place.
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26. THANKYOU…
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