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LV SYSTOLIC FUNCTION
Fahmi R Darkuthni
Echo Club
Introduction
• Left ventricular function measurements
are used to quantify how well the left
ventricle is able to pump blood through
the body with each heartbeat.
• Left ventricular function (LVF) is an
important parameter in echocardiography
as it can alter in several diseases.
• LVF correlates with numerous clinical
symptoms such as the severity
of dyspnea you can encounter in your
patients
Paramater of LV Function
Chengode S. Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography. Ann Card Anaesth
2016;19:S26-34.
Eyeballing systolic
function
NORMAL ≤6mm
EF<50% >7mm
EF≤35% ≥13mm
E-point septal separation (EPSS)
The distance in space separating the anterior MV leaflet
from the septal wall is referred to at the E-point septal
separation (EPSS).
EPSS can be thought of most simply as an estimation of
left ventricle contractility and ejection fraction.
Fractional shortening
• Derived from 2D-guided M-mode or preferably
from linear measurements obtained from 2D
images
• Appropriate only if there are no regional wall
motion abnormalities
• Proved in uncomplicated hypertension, obesity,
or valvular diseases
• FS = ((LVEDD − LVESD)/LVEDD) × 100%
Ejection Fraction
• Metode ellipsoid (Teicholz)
• Elipsoid single plan (Area-
lengt/A-L)
• Modified simpson rule
(Simpson’s)
• Ejection fraction is derived from
the End Diastolic Volume and End
Systolic Volume estimates.
• It is the relation between the
amount of blood expelled during
each cardiac cycle relative to the
size of the ventricle.
Metode ellipsoid (Teicholz)
• Use Parasternal Short-Axis or Long-
Axis views to measure LVIDD and
LVISD
• Measurement is taken perpendicular
to the ventricle at the level of tip of
mitral leaflet
• Assumes that no significant regional
wall motion abnormalities are
present
Elipsoid single plan (Area-lengt/A-L)
• Using single plane
• Apical 4 chamber
• Focus or zoom the LV
• Trace endocardial border (area)
and measure length of LC ( A- L )
iin systolic and diastolic cycle
Modified simpson rule (Simpson’s)
• Volume left ventricle
- manual tracings in systole
and diastole
- area divided into series of
disks
- volume of each disc(πr2x h )
summed = ventricular
volume
LV-ED LV-ES
Stroke Volume &
Cardiac Output
CARDIAC OUTPUT= STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE
TDI Velocity of the Mycardium
• Tissue Doppler Velocity imaging (TDI) is a
signal which correlates with myocardial
motion
• Usually TDI is placed on the septal or lateral
mitral annulus.
• The annular velocity in systole has shown a
correlation with left ventricular ejection
fraction
Contractility Dp/dt
Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (MAPSE)
Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion is another
approach to quantify LVF
For the calculation the M-Mode is placed in an
apical four-chamber view on the lateral mitral
annulus
MITRAL ANNULAR PLANE EXCURSION
• M-mode tracings in systole
• The magnitude of systolic motion is proportional to the longitudinal shortening of the LV
• Normal mitral annular systolic motion is > 8mm (average 12 +/- 2 on apical4 or apical 2 views)
• If motion is < 8 mm, the EF is likely < 50%
• If <8mm -98% sensitive & 82% specific for EF <50%
Deformation Parameter (strain, strain rate)
Speckle-tracking echo- cardiography (STE), a new method to assess LV function.
In speckle tracking, complex image analysis software identifies features of the image (i.e. bright speckles, as
indicated by the green dot) and follows them over time from frame to frame. Analysing the displacement of
several speckles over time allows to calculate motion, velocity, strain, and strain rate
Speckle-tracking echo-cardiography (STE) : GLS, GCS and GRS
Deformation Parameter (strain, strain rate)
Global longitudinal strain
• The most commonly used strain-based
measure of LV global systolic function
• Obtained often with speckle tracking, less
frequently with Doppler tissue imaging (DTI)
• GLS is the relative length change of the LV
myocardium between end-diastole and end-
systole
• GLS measurements obtained in the three
standard apical views should be averaged
Global longitudinal strain
Mayo Clin Proc. January 2019;94(1):125-138
Global longitudinal strain
Global longitudinal strain
Assesment Regional Function
Lv systolic function
Lv systolic function
Lv systolic function
Lv systolic function
Lv systolic function

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Lv systolic function

  • 1. LV SYSTOLIC FUNCTION Fahmi R Darkuthni Echo Club
  • 2.
  • 3. Introduction • Left ventricular function measurements are used to quantify how well the left ventricle is able to pump blood through the body with each heartbeat. • Left ventricular function (LVF) is an important parameter in echocardiography as it can alter in several diseases. • LVF correlates with numerous clinical symptoms such as the severity of dyspnea you can encounter in your patients
  • 4. Paramater of LV Function Chengode S. Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography. Ann Card Anaesth 2016;19:S26-34.
  • 6. NORMAL ≤6mm EF<50% >7mm EF≤35% ≥13mm E-point septal separation (EPSS) The distance in space separating the anterior MV leaflet from the septal wall is referred to at the E-point septal separation (EPSS). EPSS can be thought of most simply as an estimation of left ventricle contractility and ejection fraction.
  • 7. Fractional shortening • Derived from 2D-guided M-mode or preferably from linear measurements obtained from 2D images • Appropriate only if there are no regional wall motion abnormalities • Proved in uncomplicated hypertension, obesity, or valvular diseases • FS = ((LVEDD − LVESD)/LVEDD) × 100%
  • 8. Ejection Fraction • Metode ellipsoid (Teicholz) • Elipsoid single plan (Area- lengt/A-L) • Modified simpson rule (Simpson’s) • Ejection fraction is derived from the End Diastolic Volume and End Systolic Volume estimates. • It is the relation between the amount of blood expelled during each cardiac cycle relative to the size of the ventricle.
  • 9. Metode ellipsoid (Teicholz) • Use Parasternal Short-Axis or Long- Axis views to measure LVIDD and LVISD • Measurement is taken perpendicular to the ventricle at the level of tip of mitral leaflet • Assumes that no significant regional wall motion abnormalities are present
  • 10. Elipsoid single plan (Area-lengt/A-L) • Using single plane • Apical 4 chamber • Focus or zoom the LV • Trace endocardial border (area) and measure length of LC ( A- L ) iin systolic and diastolic cycle
  • 11. Modified simpson rule (Simpson’s) • Volume left ventricle - manual tracings in systole and diastole - area divided into series of disks - volume of each disc(πr2x h ) summed = ventricular volume LV-ED LV-ES
  • 12. Stroke Volume & Cardiac Output CARDIAC OUTPUT= STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE
  • 13. TDI Velocity of the Mycardium • Tissue Doppler Velocity imaging (TDI) is a signal which correlates with myocardial motion • Usually TDI is placed on the septal or lateral mitral annulus. • The annular velocity in systole has shown a correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction
  • 15. Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (MAPSE) Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion is another approach to quantify LVF For the calculation the M-Mode is placed in an apical four-chamber view on the lateral mitral annulus
  • 16. MITRAL ANNULAR PLANE EXCURSION • M-mode tracings in systole • The magnitude of systolic motion is proportional to the longitudinal shortening of the LV • Normal mitral annular systolic motion is > 8mm (average 12 +/- 2 on apical4 or apical 2 views) • If motion is < 8 mm, the EF is likely < 50% • If <8mm -98% sensitive & 82% specific for EF <50%
  • 17. Deformation Parameter (strain, strain rate) Speckle-tracking echo- cardiography (STE), a new method to assess LV function. In speckle tracking, complex image analysis software identifies features of the image (i.e. bright speckles, as indicated by the green dot) and follows them over time from frame to frame. Analysing the displacement of several speckles over time allows to calculate motion, velocity, strain, and strain rate Speckle-tracking echo-cardiography (STE) : GLS, GCS and GRS
  • 19. Global longitudinal strain • The most commonly used strain-based measure of LV global systolic function • Obtained often with speckle tracking, less frequently with Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) • GLS is the relative length change of the LV myocardium between end-diastole and end- systole • GLS measurements obtained in the three standard apical views should be averaged
  • 20. Global longitudinal strain Mayo Clin Proc. January 2019;94(1):125-138

Editor's Notes

  1. Terim kasih doc, atas waktunya hari saya akan mempresentasikan topic di echo club dengan judul LV systolic function
  2. mengapa pentimgnya kita melakukan pengukuran : Karena fungsi ventriker kiri ini mengukur seberapa baik fungsu ventrikel kiri dapat memompa darah keseluruh tubuh dalam setiap beatnya Fungsi ventriker kiri ini merupak suatu paramater penting yang pada beberap penyakit Fungsi ventrike kiri ini juga berhubungan dengan derajat berat dyspnea yang sering kita temukan pada pasien kita
  3. Ada berbagai macam parameter menilai fungsi sistloik ventrikel kiri, di beberapa kepustakaan ada yang membagai penilai secara kalsik atau konvensional dan pengukuran secaara modern Untuk pengkuran secara klasic kita menilai lv systolic fucntioan dengan menghitung LV size, lV volume dan EF Dan para paratmeter modern kita menalia lV sistolic function menggunakan Adapu paramameter LV systolic function yang kita akan bicarakan nanti kedepan Pada klasik dimana kita hanya mnegkur dimensi, volume dan EF, dan parameter modern seperti GLS dengan speck tracking.. Ini muruapakan berbagai macam parameter dalam menilai fungsi sistolik yang akan kita bicara kedepan, untuk TEI indeks saya tidak akan bicarakan karena lebih banyak dibahas dalam pembahasan disfungsi diastolik yang akan ada materi khussus Fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri global dapat dinilai secara tidak langsung dengan ekokardiografi dengan menggunakan bebarpa paremeter • Perubahan volume LV atau dimensi LV, termasuk curah jantung (CO) • Indeks kontraktilitas sistolik (dP / dt) • Regangan longitudinal global (GLS) dengan spekel pelacakan ekokardiografi (STE). Ada beberap kepustakaan menyerbutkan pengukuran LV volume dab DP dt merupan cara konvensional sedangkan STE cara modern, STE terbagi atas tiga Dan beberap buku lagi menilai fungsi sistolik LV dengan menilai sebagai berikut
  4. Penilaian sistolic function yang paling sederhana adalah eyeballing systolic function Hal ini didasarkan pada pengamatan fungsi miokard regional dengan kata lain penebalan dinding dan gerakan endokard pada beberapa segmen miokard. Setiap segmen harus dinilai dalam berbagai tampilan. Menurut pedoman American Society of Echocardiography, model 17-segmen digunakan. Setelah penilaian kemungkinan kelainan gerakan dinding dan kontraktilitas miokard, LVF dapat memperkirakan secara visual. Dengan menilai pergerakan fungsi vnetrikel kiri kita bisa menebak berapa kira2 EF pasien, biasa hanya dilakuka yang sudah ahli Parameteter berikutnya adalah epoint septal seperation
  5. Cara penilaain systolic function yang sederhana dengan menggunakan M mode yang kedua adalah dengan mengukur EPSS EPSS merupakan jarak antara leaflet anterior dengan MV dengan dinding septal yang didapatkan dengan menggunakan E. mode EPSS dapat secara sederhana memperkirakan kontraktirilitas ventrikel dan EF
  6. Pengukuran systolic FS ketiga adalah FS Dengan mengunakan M mode kita mengukur left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) Berasal dari mode M panduan 2D atau lebih disukai dari pengukuran linier yang diperoleh dari gambar 2D pengkuran ini Sesuai hanya jika tidak ada kelainan gerakan dinding regional Terbukti pada hipertensi tanpa komplikasi, obesitas, atau penyakit katup jantung
  7. Pengukuran systolic function berikutnya adalah Ejection fraction, pengkuran ejekction fraction pada prinsipnya ini didapatkan adalah dengan mengukur Volume akhir diastolic dan Volume akhir systolic EF ini menilai hubungan antara jumlah darah yang dikeluarkan selama setiap siklus jantung relatif terhadap ukuran ventrikel ada beberap metode yang dapat di gunakan
  8. Pengukuran EF dengan dapat menggunakan short axis atau long axis view dengan mengukur LV internal diastolic dan LV internal diameter systolic akan diperoleh EF Pengukuran ini dilakukan tepat pada mitral valve tips perpendicular terhadap long axis Asumsikan bahwa tidak ada kelainan gerakan dinding regional yang signifikan
  9. Dengan menggunakan single plan Apical 4 chamber Focus pada LV kemudian kita lakukan trcae endocardial dan mengukuran length secara otomatis EF kita akan dapatkan
  10. Pemgukuran EF dengan Simpson rule merupakan metode yang direkomendasi oleh ase Pengkuran dilakukan dengn menggunakan Biplane view apical 4 chmaber dan 2 chamber kita trace endococard masing view secara otomatis hasil kana kita dapatkan Menggunakan bidang ganda Apical 4 dan 2chamber Fokuskan atau perbesar LV Lacak batas endokard (area) dan ukur panjang LC (A- L) dalam siklus sistolik dan diastolik
  11. Stroke volume didapatkan dengan perkalian CSA x VTI CSA diperoleh dengan pemgukuran PHI xR2, R diperoleh dengan mengukur LVOT pada view PLAX jangan lupa di zoom biar hasil lebih akurat 0.5 sampai 1 cm dari aorta valve leaflet insersition pada mid systolic VTI menggambarkan cepat darah yang mengalir dalam selinder dalam setai beatnya VTI diperoleh dengan menempatkan sample volume pw tepat dibawah aortic valve baik pada 3 chamber maupun 5cgamver Yang paling penting adalah bagaimana arah pw kita sejajarkan/pararel terhadao arah aliran darah
  12. Tissue Doppler Velocity imaging (TDI) adalah sinyal yang berkorelasi dengan gerakan miokard mengukur bergerakan horizontal miokard Biasanya TDI ditempatkan di septum atau anulus mitral lateral. dikatakan bahwa velocity mitral annulus berkorelasi dengan lef vetririkel Ejection fractiom Kecepatan annular pada sistol telah menunjukkan korelasi dengan fraksi ejeksi ventrikel kiri
  13. DP/DT merupakan parameter myocardial kontraktility. Dengan menggunakan parameter ini kita dapat menilai kontraktilitas LV dengan echo, parameter ini singkatnya kita menilai perubahan tekanan saat fase systolic lv Kecepatan di ukur pada duat titik yang berbeda biasanya pada menit pertama. Dengan menit 3 Membutuhkan mitral regurgitation
  14. Mitrak annular plane systolic excursion merupakan salah satu metode untuk mengukur LV function Dengan menggunakan M mode sama seperti kita mengukur TAPSE denga meletakan sample volume pada lateral mitral valve anulus pada view four chamber kita akan mendapatkan mapse Mapse ini mengukur ekkursi mitral valve saat systole dan diastole, mapse lebih dari 1 dikatakan normal. Dari mapse ini kita bisa memperoleh EF dengan menggunakan rumus ini
  15. Nilai normal MAPSE adalah
  16. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) merupakan salah satu metode baru dalam menilai fungsi systolic Pada prinsipnya speckle tracking menila perpindahan satu titik ke titik lain dan mengikutinya dari waktu ke waktu yang memungkinkan kita menilai Gerakan, kecapatan, regangan dan laju regangan. Pengukuran STE ada 3, GLS, GCS dan GRS namun yang sering gunakan di echo lab adalah GLS
  17. Ini merupakna pergerakan myfibril jantung yang disebutkan tadi ada longitudinal dibagian epicard circumfereci di bagian mid dan radial dibagian epicard
  18. Dari ketiha specle tracking yang digunakan GLS merupakn paling sering digunkan GKS merupakan penilaian fungsi systolic global yang paling banyak digunakan Pengukuran GLS ini menggunakan Speckle tracking, jarang menggunakan TDI GLS merupakan perubahan Panjang relative miokardium ventrikel kiri antara end diastolic and sistolik. Pengukuran GLS ini diperoleh dengan menggunakan tiga tampilan apical standar yang harus dirata ratakan. Ketika pelacakan regional kurang optimal di lebih dari dua segmen miokard dalam satu tampilan, perhitungan GLS harus dihindari
  19. Ini merupakan salah satu contoh aplikasi GLS pada pasien breash cancer yang mendapatkan trastuzumad, pada gambar merupakn base linenya gambar b steleah pemberian trastuzumad terjadi penurunan GLS namun EF pasiein belum turun, jadi GLS bisa mendeteksi lebih awal, gambar C stlah obat tersebut dihentikan terjadi partial recovery Jadi GLS bisa mendeteksi subclinical dysfunction systolic, sebelum terjadinya penurunan EF
  20. Ini nilai normalnya antara intervendor berbeda beda
  21. Ada bebrapa hal penting dalam yang harus kita ingat dalam penggunaan GLS : 1.Karena variabilitas intervendor dan antar perangkat lunak ...... penilaian seri GLS pada setiap pasien harus dilakukan dengan menggunakan peralatan vendor yang sama dan perangkat lunak yang sama 2. Ketika kita melakukan tracking kita dapatkan ada gambar yang suboptimal lebih dari 2 segment pada single view pengukuran dengan GLS ini harus kita hindari
  22. Salah satu cara menilai fungsi ventrikel krir dengan melihat kinetik wall sama dengan kita menilai dengan eyeballing hanya kita dibantu dengan parameter GLS spectral traching echo cardiografi, nah daerah mana yang terganggu ini sesuai dengan distrbusi aliran koronernya dan melihat segment mana yang mengalami masalah