ISS Propulsion Systems
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Brief History about International Space Station, its structure and the main propulsion system used and the need for propulsion
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ISS Propulsion Systems
- 1. On Board Propulsion System Of International Space Station ALAN DAS M (511316010) TAMAS PAL(511316013) KRISHANU SINGH(511314002) Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur Department of Aerospace Engineering & Applied Mechanics
- 2. Canadian Space Agency European Space Agency Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Russian Federal Space Agency CREATED BY 5 SPACE AGENCIES REPRESENTING 15 NATIONS Brief History Previous Space Stations: • Salyut – 1-7 (1971-1991) • Skylab (1973-1979) • Mir (1986-2001) • TiangGong – 1-2(2011-) • Shenzhou series
- 3. Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur Department of Aerospace Engineering & Applied Mechanics CREATED BY 5 SPACE AGENCIES
- 5. Uses & Necessity • The space station has made it possible for people to have an ongoing presence in space. Human beings have been living in space every day since the first crew arrived. The space station's laboratories allow crew members to do research that could not be done anywhere else. • This scientific research benefits people on Earth. Space research is even used in everyday life. The results are products called "spinoffs." Scientists also study what happens to the body when people live in microgravity for a long time. NASA, Roscosmos and its partners have learned how to keep a spacecraft working well. All of these lessons will be important for future space exploration. • For our plans to explore other worlds. The space station is one of the first steps. We will use lessons learned on the space station to prepare for human missions that reach farther into space than ever before.
- 6. Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur Department of Aerospace Engineering & Applied Mechanics ISS - Orbit View from above orbital plane View from above satellite Epoch (UTC): 05 August 2019 18:42:28 Eccentricity: 0.0006119 inclination: 51.6399° perigee height: 409 km apogee height: 418 km right ascension of ascending node: 115.2267° argument of perigee: 223.6999° revolutions per day: 15.51068141 mean anomaly at epoch: 136.3668° orbit number at epoch: 2294 The orbit data is extracted from the following two-line orbital elements, 1 25544U 98067A 19217.77949514 .00016717 00000-0 10270-3 0 9047 2 25544 51.6399 115.2267 0006119 223.6999 136.3668 15.51068141 22948 Ground Track
- 7. Why Propulsion System ? Atmospheric Drag Obstacles or Debris Avoidance To maneuver of Solar Panels Facts • Average 7000 Kg of Propellant Required Per Year • Propulsion Module Capacity 9808 Kg • Primary Module • Progress Module • Service Module • FGB
- 8. Progress Module Progress Cargo Module Progress Resupply Tanks Progress Propulsion System • Progress is used for propellant resupply and for performing reboosts. For the latter, Progress is preferred over the Service Module. • Progress uses four or eight attitude control engines, all firing in the direction for reboost. • Orbital Correction Engine: 1 axis, 300 kgf (661 lbf) • Attitude Control Engines: 28 multidirectional, 13.3 kgf (29.3 lbf)
- 9. FGB (Функционально-грузовой блок) Correction and Docking Engines (2) Docking and Stabilization Engines (24) Accurate Stabilization Engines (16) Propellant Tanks (16) • FGB Rocket Engines • FGB engines are deactivated once the Service Module is in use. • Correction and Docking Engines: 2 axis, 417 kgf (919 lbf) • Docking and Stabilization Engines: 24 multidirectional, 40 kgf (88 lbf) • Accurate Stabilization Engines: 16 multidirectional, 1.3 kgf (2.86 lbf) • FGB Propellant Storage • There are two types of propellant tanks in the Russian propulsion system: bellows tanks (SM, FGB), able both to receive and to deliver propellant, and diaphragm tanks (Progress), able only to deliver fuel. • Sixteen tanks provide 5,760 kg (12,698 lb) of N2O4 and UDMH storage: eight long tanks, each holding 400 L (105.6 gal), and eight short tanks, each holding 330 L (87.17 gal).
- 10. Service Module Main Engines (2) Attitude Control Engines (32) Propellant Tanks (4) • Service Module Rocket Engines • Main Engines: • 2,300 kgf (661 lbf), • lifetime of 25,000 seconds • one or both main engines can be fired at a time; • they are fed from the Service Module’s propellant storage system • Attitude Control Engines: • 32 multidirectional, • 13.3 kgf (29.3 lbf); • can accept propellant fed from the Service Module, the attached Progress, or the FGB propellant tanks • Service Module Propellant Storage • Two pairs of 200-L (52.8-gal) propellant tanks (two nitrogen tetroxide N2O4 and two unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine [UDMH]) • provide a total of 860 kg (1,896 lb) of usable propellant. • The propulsion system rocket engines use the hypergolic reaction of UDMH and N2O4. • The Module employs a pressurization system using N2 to manage the flow of propellants to the engines.
- 11. Guidance, Navigation and Control (GN&C) • The GN&C system tracks the Sun, communications and navigation satellites, and ground stations. Solar arrays, thermal radiators, and communications antennas aboard the ISS are pointed using the tracking information. • The preferred method of attitude control is the use of gyrodynes, Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMGs) mounted on the Z1 Truss segment. • CMGs are 98-kilogram (220-pound) steel wheels that spin at 6,600 revolutions per minute (rpm). The high rotation velocity and large mass allow a considerable amount of angular momentum to be stored. • The advantages of this system are that it relies on electrical power generated by the solar arrays and that it provides smooth, continuously variable attitude control. • Limited Angular Momentum
- 12. Thank You!
Editor's Notes
- How Old Is the Space Station? The first piece of the International Space Station was launched in November 1998. A Russian rocket launched the Russian Zarya (zar EE uh) control module. About two weeks later, the space shuttle Endeavour met Zarya in orbit. The space shuttle was carrying the U.S. Unity node. The crew attached the Unity node to Zarya. More pieces were added over the next two years before the station was ready for people to live there. The first crew arrived on November 2, 2000. People have lived on the space station ever since. More pieces have been added over time. NASA and its partners from around the world completed construction of the space station in 2011.
- How Big Is the Space Station? The space station has the volume of a five-bedroom house or two Boeing 747 jetliners. It is able to support a crew of six people, plus visitors. On Earth, the space station would weigh almost a million pounds. Measured from the edges of its solar arrays, the station covers the area of a football field including the end zones. It includes laboratory modules from the United States, Russia, Japan and Europe. What Are the Parts of the Space Station? In addition to the laboratories where astronauts conduct science research, the space station has many other parts. The first Russian modules included basic systems needed for the space station to function. They also provided living areas for crew members. Modules called "nodes" connect parts of the station to each other. Stretching out to the sides of the space station are the solar arrays. These arrays collect energy from the sun to provide electrical power. The arrays are connected to the station with a long truss. On the truss are radiators that control the space station's temperature. Robotic arms are mounted outside the space station. The robot arms were used to help build the space station. Those arms also can move astronauts around when they go on spacewalks outside. Other arms operate science experiments. Astronauts can go on spacewalks through airlocks that open to the outside. Docking ports allow other spacecraft to connect to the space station. New crews and visitors arrive through the ports. Astronauts fly to the space station on the Russian Soyuz. Robotic spacecraft use the docking ports to deliver supplies. Words to Know module: a self-contained unit of a spacecraft truss: a beam that serves as the space station's backbone to which some parts are connected airlock: an airtight room with two entrances that allows an astronaut to go on a spacewalk without letting the air out of the spacecraft microgravity: the condition of being weightless, or of the near absence of gravity
- How Big Is the Space Station? The space station has the volume of a five-bedroom house or two Boeing 747 jetliners. It is able to support a crew of six people, plus visitors. On Earth, the space station would weigh almost a million pounds. Measured from the edges of its solar arrays, the station covers the area of a football field including the end zones. It includes laboratory modules from the United States, Russia, Japan and Europe. What Are the Parts of the Space Station? In addition to the laboratories where astronauts conduct science research, the space station has many other parts. The first Russian modules included basic systems needed for the space station to function. They also provided living areas for crew members. Modules called "nodes" connect parts of the station to each other. Stretching out to the sides of the space station are the solar arrays. These arrays collect energy from the sun to provide electrical power. The arrays are connected to the station with a long truss. On the truss are radiators that control the space station's temperature. Robotic arms are mounted outside the space station. The robot arms were used to help build the space station. Those arms also can move astronauts around when they go on spacewalks outside. Other arms operate science experiments. Astronauts can go on spacewalks through airlocks that open to the outside. Docking ports allow other spacecraft to connect to the space station. New crews and visitors arrive through the ports. Astronauts fly to the space station on the Russian Soyuz. Robotic spacecraft use the docking ports to deliver supplies. Words to Know module: a self-contained unit of a spacecraft truss: a beam that serves as the space station's backbone to which some parts are connected airlock: an airtight room with two entrances that allows an astronaut to go on a spacewalk without letting the air out of the spacecraft microgravity: the condition of being weightless, or of the near absence of gravity
- The International Space Station The International Space Station is a permanent laboratory 400 km above the surface of the Earth where gravity has been virtually eliminated. One of the unusual consequences of this is that an astronaut only has to sneeze to be propelled backwards with a force as intense as the sneeze itself; a candle flame is perfectly round; water does not bubble when it boils. Strange effects apart, the lack of gravity can be very useful for investigating a wide range of fields. With regard to life sciences, the Station is a perfect laboratory for studying, for example, everything to do with long-term visits to space. Can vegetables be grown under weightless conditions (perhaps for personal consumption by a future crew to Mars)? And what about rearing animals? As far as the human body is concerned, some of its reactions to a long-term lack of gravity are already known. The astronauts know that, amongst other things, their bones become less dense - something which they fight with daily exercise -, and that their bodily fluids are redistributed, causing their faces to swell and their legs to become thinner – in fact it is said that astronauts have ‘birds legs’. But we need to know much more. For example, once outside the atmosphere the astronauts are exposed to radiation, sometimes very high energy particles coming from the solar wind and sources outside the Solar System. What is the long-term effect on their health? Columbus, the European laboratory The study of proteins is also related to life sciences. It is easier to grow protein crystals in weightlessness, which in turn enables their structure to be determined once they are on Earth. Ultimately, understanding the structure of proteins can help in everything from the design of new drugs to understanding the basic mechanisms of an organism. Other areas in which the lack of gravity is key are the new materials and the physics of fluids. For example, metallic foam, a very light material, but at the same time very tough, can be grown in weightlessness. The experiments in fluid physics can, among other things, give clues as to how to increase the efficiency of car and aviation fuels. The International Space Station will have six laboratories to carry out all these activities. Columbus is the European laboratory, due to be launched in the near future. The Spanish astronaut Pedro Duque has already taken part in the development of Columbus, and his flight will make a further contribution towards the completion of the Station.
- The Progress (Russian: Прогресс) is a Russian expendable cargo spacecraft. Its purpose is to deliver supplies needed to sustain human presence in orbit. While it does not carry a crew it can be boarded by astronauts when docked with a space station, hence it being classified as manned by its manufacturer.[1][2][3] Progress is derived from the manned Soyuz spacecraft and launches on the same vehicle, a Soyuz rocket. Progress has supported space stations as early as Salyut 6 and as recently as the International Space Station. Each year there are between three and four Progress flights to the ISS. A Progress remains docked until shortly before being replaced with a new one or a Soyuz (which will use the same docking port). Then it is filled with waste, disconnected, and de-orbited, at which point it burns up in the atmosphere. Due to the variation in Progress vehicles flown to the ISS, NASA uses its own nomenclature where "ISS 1P" means the first Progress spacecraft to ISS. Progress was developed because of the need for a constant source of supplies to make long duration space missions possible. It was determined that cosmonauts needed an inflow of consumables (food, water, air, etc.), plus there was a need for maintenance items and scientific payloads that necessitated a dedicated cargo carrier. Such payloads were impractical to launch with passengers in the restricted space of a Soyuz. As of December 1, 2016 there have been 155 Progress flights with three failures. All three failures have occurred since 2011. Design[edit] Progress is of much the same size and shape as Soyuz. It consists of three modules: A pressurized forward module. This carries the supplies for the crew such as scientific equipment, clothes, prepackaged and fresh food, and letters from home. The docking drogue is similar to that of the Soyuz but features ducting for the UDMH fuel and N2O4 oxidiser. A fuel compartment. The reentry module of the Soyuz was replaced with an unpressurized propellant and refueling compartment with ducting along the outside of the spacecraft. This meant that if a leak occurred, the poisonous gas would not enter the station's atmosphere. The fuel is carried in two tanks. A propulsion module. The propulsion module, at the rear of the spacecraft, remained unchanged and contains the orientation engines used for the automatic docking. It may be used to boost the orbit of the station once docked. Reduction in mass was possible because the Progress was designed to be unmanned and disposable. This means that there is no need for bulky life support systems and heat shields. A small amount of weight is saved due to the lack of automatic rescue crews system and lack of parachutes. The spacecraft also has no ability to split into separate modules. After undocking, the spacecraft performs a retrofire and burns up in the atmosphere.
- Funktsional'no-gruzovoy blok The Zarya Module, also known by the technical term Functional Cargo Block and ... acronym FGB, was the first component launched for the International Space Station Zarya (Russian: Заря́, lit. 'Dawn'), also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB (from the Russian: "Функционально-грузовой блок", lit. 'Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok' or ФГБ), is the first module of the International Space Station to be launched.[1] The FGB provided electrical power, storage, propulsion, and guidance to the ISS during the initial stage of assembly. With the launch and assembly in orbit of other modules with more specialized functionality, Zarya is now primarily used for storage, both inside the pressurized section and in the externally mounted fuel tanks. The Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Russian Salyut program. The name Zarya, which means sunrise,[1] was given to the FGB because it signified the dawn of a new era of international cooperation in space. Although it was built by a Russian company, it is owned by the United States.[2]
- Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) The International Space Station is a large, free-flying vehicle. The attitude or orientation of the ISS with respect to Earth and the Sun must be controlled; this is important for maintaining thermal, power, and microgravity levels, as well as for communications. The GN&C system tracks the Sun, communications and navigation satellites, and ground stations. Solar arrays, thermal radiators, and communications antennas aboard the ISS are pointed using the tracking information. The preferred method of attitude control is the use of gyrodynes, Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMGs) mounted on the Z1 Truss segment. CMGs are 98-kilogram (220-pound) steel wheels that spin at 6,600 revolutions per minute (rpm). The high rotation velocity and large mass allow a considerable amount of angular momentum to be stored. Each CMG has gimbals and can be repositioned to any attitude. As the CMG is repositioned, the resulting force causes the ISS to move. Using multiple CMGs permits the ISS to be moved to new positions or permits the attitude to be held constant. The advantages of this system are that it relies on electrical power generated by the solar arrays and that it provides smooth, continuously variable attitude control. CMGs are, however, limited in the amount of angular momentum they can provide and the rate at which they can move the Station. When CMGs can no longer provide the requisite energy, rocket engines are called upon.