2. Direct visual inspection of the cervical canal and uterine cavity
First described by Panteleoni in 1869
It used for diagnostic as well as for therapeutic purposes
3.
4. EQUIPMENTS
1.Hysteroscopes
It can be flexible or rigid
Majority of it are rigid with a 4 mm diameter scope and outer sheath
OPERATING SHEATH MAY HAVE ABOUT 6-7 mm in diameter
One of the smallest ones are Bettochi hysteroscope 2.8 mm scope
with 4mm sheath
5. OPERATING HYSTEROSCOPE
oIt include telescope,the inflow sheath and the outflow sheath
oInflow sheath brings the distension media,while the out flow
withdraws the media
DIAGNOSTIC HYSTEROSCOPE
A single sheath inflow is sufficient
This enables smaller outer diameter so it is possible as outpatient
procedure with out anesthesaia
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Oblique angled telescopes are available may be of varying angles
12,30 etc.
Flexible telescopes have an advantage with no touch technique
Discomfort is minimal and anesthesia is not required
13. Light source and light cable connected to the telescope
Camera connected to the scope which in turn transmits the images
to the monitor
Recording is by video or DVD recorder and one copy is available to
the patient
14. 3.Distension media
€As the anterior and posterior walls of the uterus are opposed
together
€Inorder to get good view uterine cavity should be distended with
fluid or gas
media indication Risks
Carbon dioxide Diagnostic only Gas embolism
1.5 % glycine Operative with
monopolar
diathermy
Volume overload
Hyponatremia
Normal saline Operative with bipolar
diathermy
Volume overload
Others 3 % sorbitol
15. †These solutions does not disperse current except NS in monopolar
†NS is safe in bipolar diathermy
17. INDICATIONS
◊Aub for endometrial sampling.superior than blind curettage
◊Evaluate infertility and recurrent miscarriages and infertility
◊Missing IUD with out strings
18. PROCEDURE
Patient in modified lithotomy position
Parts painted and draped
Many doesnot need anesthesia
Prostaglandin E1(misoprostol) tablets can be used to dilate cervix
prior to procedure
Some time there is need for anesthesia GA/SA
Usually procedure is planned immediately for post menstrual
phase,ie endometrium is least vascular and thinnest
19. After local cleansing sims speculum is inserted and anterior lip of
the cervix is held with a volsellum forceps
Then the hysteroscope is inserted
Dilatation is done only if absolutely needed
Next cervical canal and endometrial cavity is visualised
Uterine distension allows good visualisation
Scope is advanced to fundus and rotated to inspect ostias
Each wall is systematically inspected for polyps and fibroids
20. Septums may be visualised
Adhesions may be visualised
Missing IUD may be seen
21. OFFICE HYSTEROSCOPY
evaluation of AUB and infertility
No anesthesia is required
Endometrial samplings can be done
All evaluation of AUB in a single visit
26. A.Polypectomy
Polyps can be removed by using grasping forceps,but larger ones
need resectoscope
B.Myomectomy
Best removed hysteroscopically
Better toAssess the myomas sonohysterographically prior
Myomas less than 5 cm can be removed
Resectoscopes are best used for large myomas
28. 5.Endometrial ablation
o for menorrhagia that does not respond to medical management
oTranscervical resection of endometrium using electrosurgery
resectoscope
oRoller ball electrodes are also used to coagulate the endometrium
oLaser ablation can also be done
6.Sterilisation
Not much performed
Occlude tubes using plugs/sclerosing agents
29. 7.Tubal cannulation
Novy tubal cannulation catheter system is threaded through an
operating port of hysteroscope
Under direct vision outer catheter is advanced and placed at one of
the tubal ostia
Inner catheter is threaded approximately 2 cm into the proximal
fallopian tube
Inner catheter is flushed with water soluble dye
Using laparoscope presence or absence of spill is visualised