AKHCP_lecture_9_March_2019.ppt

Aga Khan Trust for Culture
Education Programme
AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE
Education Programme, July 2018
CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF
Architecture and Cultural Heritage of India, Arabia and the
Maghreb

Overview
This series of lectures was prepared in collaboration between the Centre for the Study of Architecture and
Cultural Heritage of India, Arabia and Maghreb (ArCHIAM), based at the University of Liverpool, UK and
the Education Programme of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC).
The material presented in these lectures was collected from different archival sources, mainly the AKTC
and its related AKDN agencies, as well as the ArCHIAM Centre.
The Aga Khan Documentation Centre, MIT was a main archival source, as well as the open access
resource www.archnet.org website.
AGA KHAN TRUST FOR CULTURE
Education Programme, July 2018
CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF
Architecture and Cultural Heritage of India, Arabia and the
Maghreb

LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this lecture you will learn about:
• the importance of building a resilient community through collaborative rehabilitation efforts;
• participatory design methods and strategies applied to restoration and adaptive reuse initiatives;
• the necessity of addressing community needs and anticipating future aspirations, particularly in
contexts of the Islamic world;
• a community rehabilitation project, the Earthen Architecture Programme in Mali, as well as an
establishment of a community cooperative in Misfat al-Abriyin, Oman.

LIST OF ACRONYMS
AKAA Aga Khan Award for Architecture
AKDC Aga Khan Documentation Centre - MIT
AKDN Aga Khan Development Network
AKF Aga Khan Foundation
AKHCP Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme
AKTC Aga Khan Trust for Culture
AKVA Aga Khan Visual Archive
ArCHIAM Centre for the Study of Architecture and Cultural Heritage of India, Arabia and the
DGAM Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums in Syria

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Participation and its
Importance
9.3 Case Studies 9.4 Summary & References
Lecture 9: The Community

In the previous eight lectures, parallels between
architectural and urban characteristics of high end
and vernacular examples were presented.
Moreover, issues of conservation, restoration and
adaptive reuse were addressed.
This lecture will focus on the importance of
enhancing the resilience of communities by
involving them in rehabilitation projects, with
particular regard to public open spaces.
Workers during Humayun's Tomb Complex restoration, India, 2011
Source: AKHCP, 2018
9.1 Introduction
Importance

After looking at methods and strategies for local
community participation, two case studies – in
Mali and Oman – will be addressed.
The aim is to illustrate successful examples of
implementation of participatory approaches in
community rehabilitation initiatives.
Southeast facade of Djenne Great Mosque after restoration, Mali
Source: AKDN, 2018
9.1 Introduction
Importance

Rehabilitation projects are crucial in building resilient
communities. Engaging local communities through
through collaborative efforts is particularly impactful
when these efforts:
• include restoration work, which are a source of
employment for locals;
• utilize the skills of local craftsmen and workers,
while helping them develop new expertise;
• provide a springboard for local socio-economic
development, since revitalized areas attract
tourism and, therefore, bring more opportunities;
Restoration and documentation workshop in M’Hamid Oasis, Morocco
Source: ArCHIAM, 2017
9.1 Introduction
Importance

• raise local awareness and motivation so as to promote active participation and involvement of the community;
• build local capacity, which acts as inspiration for neighbouring communities;
• restore pride and hope among local communities, boosting their self-esteem, as well as their sense of
belonging and responsibility;
• reinforce respect for cultural diversity;
• keep historically important sites alive and ensure their maintenance;
• improve health, wellbeing and education.
9.1 Introduction
Importance

Since the 1990s the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) has addressed all of the above tasks
through projects that focus on the revitalization of traditional urban fabrics of historical and cultural
importance.
Projects implemented by AKHCP in Syria, North Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Egypt and Tanzania,
amongst others, have successfully rehabilitated a number of private and public spaces.
National Park in Bamako, Mali, 2017
Source: AKDN, 2018
9.1 Introduction
Conservation in Posteen Doz House, Afghanistan, 2010
Source: AKHCP, 2018
Regeneration of Khorog Park, Tajikistan, 2006
Source: www.archnet.org, accessed Mar 2018
Importance

9.2 PARTICIPATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Community involvement and participation
Participatory rehabilitation projects underline the
importance of incorporating needs while
the future aspirations of communities.
The basic principles of such projects are:
• interdisciplinary cooperation;
• local community participation;
• mutual learning;
• diversity and equality.
9.1 Introduction 9.3 Case Studies
Importance
9.4 Summary & References
Participatory design principles diagrams
Mutual learning
Interdisciplinary cooperation
Community participation

The reasons for including the local community in the design process are the following:
• citizens’ preferences are recorded during the process and then translated into design propositions for new
spatial arrangements;
• decision-making is aided as decision-makers can have direct access to grass-roots information;
• chances that decisions are implemented become higher by virtue of local communities involvement;
• a new relationshp between residents and public space is cultivated throughout the process, from design to
operation, thus ensuring the sustainability of interventions.
9.1 Introduction
Importance

Methods and approaches
Community participation is achieved through the
following initiatives:
• participatory design workshops, which involve
9.1 Introduction 9.3 Case Studies
Importance
Participatory design workshop in Misfat al-Abriyin, Oman

• urban regeneration programs involving
active community engagement and putting
solutions based on recorded requirements
various AKHCP projects, some of which are
addressed in lectures 7 and 10);
• restoration or documentation programs and
workshops training local craftsmen and
in traditional skills and techniques (e.g.
Terrachidia/ArCHIAM’s ‘Restoration,
Documentation of Earthen Architectural
Workshop in Morocco).
Buildings and rooftops, part of Darb al-Ahmar Conservation Project, 2008, Egypt
Source: AKVA, 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction 9.4 Summary & References
Importance

“Go and meet your people, live and stay with them, love them, work with them. Begin with what they have,
plan and develop from what they know, and in the end, when the work is over, they will say: We
did it ourselves.” (Lau Tse)
9.3 Case Studies
Importance
Rehabilitation of the Old City of Shibam in Wadi Hadhramaut, completed in 2005, Yemen
Source: AKDN, 2018

The following case studies are an urban rehabilitation project in Mali and an organization establishment initiative,
that led to a rehabilitation project, in Oman.These two projects have been chosen because:
• they have both been successful in terms of community participaton and involvement;
• they embody two different approaches that involve the community in urban rehabilitation processes;
• they concern different scales of urban spaces, the first one refering to a whole region of a country and the
second to a small village settlement, both of them though in vernacular Islamic contexts.
9.1 Introduction
Importance

Case Study 1:
Earthen Mosques of Mali

9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case studies
9.3.1 Earthen Mosques of Mali
West side of Djingereyber Mosque courtyard, Mali, 1982
Source: AKVA, 2018
Earthen Mosques of Mali - fact file
Site Location
Timbuktu, Djenné and Mopti, Mali
Date
1325 CE, 1906, 1936-1943
Building Type
Religious Architecture
Building Usage
Mosques
Restoration
AKHCP 2004 - 2010
Importance

Program and objectives
This rehabilitation project marked the start of
AKHCP’s ‘Earthen Architecture Programme’ and
included the restoration of the mosques of Mopti,
Djenné and Timbuktu in Mali.
These three buildings, together with their bustling
surroundings, are landmarks of Mali’s culture as
well as the largest ensemble of earthen
architecture in the Islamic world.
9.1 Introduction
Djenné Monday Market and Great Mosque of Djenne in background, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, Accessed Mar 2018
9.3 Case studies
Importance

9.3 Case studies
9.1 Introduction
The program’s main objectives were:
• to build and improve the local capacity in architectural heritage management;
• to train people in traditional earth building techniques;
• to develop knowledge in restoration methods, applied technologies and materials for future
generations.
Distant view, from north, of Great Mosque of Mopti, with town and area normally under water in foreground, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, 2018
Importance

Strategies and participation
For the accomplishment of this rehabilitation
AKHCP:
• worked in cooperation with local institutions
stakeholders;
• involved experienced local masons and
during the restoration process with a hands-on
approach;
• provided the necessary training as well as job
opportunities for local craftsmen.
Street scene, looking towards Great Mosque of Mopti, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, 2018
9.3 Case studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

The three renovated mosques are the:
• Djingareyber Mosque inTimbuktu;
• Great Mosque of Djenné; and
• Great Mosque of Mopti.
Outdoor prayer court in Djingareyber Mosque, Mali, 2001
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Rendered façade of Djenné Great Mosque, Mali, 2009
Detail of Mopti Mosque exterior, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, 2018
Importance

Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu
• This mosque, built in 1325 CE by the
architect Abou Ishak, is the oldest in this sub-
Saharan region.
• In 1988 it was included in the UNESCO World
Heritage List.
• According to AKHCP survey and analysis work
in 2007, it lay in a highly deteriorated state
stone, mud brick masonry and render suffering
from moisture ingress, and timber beams
by termites.
Aerial view of Djingareyber Mosque, before restoration works, Mali, 2007
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

Roof restoration, Mali, 2008
Source: AKHCP, 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Northern elevation of Djingereyber Mosque, Mali, 2010
Source: Source: www.archnet.org, accessed Mar 2018
Interior courtyard elevation, Mali, 2009
Source: AKHCP, 2018
The mosque was found to be in danger of collapse
because of the accumulation of mud from previous
maintenance works. Restoration was undertaken of:
• the exterior environment of the mosque;
• the foundations and walls;
• the roof and drainage system;
• the interior and exterior wall coatings and
decoration.
Importance

Because of Timbuktu’s remote location, the sourcing of
construction materials proved challenging. In addition,
there was a lack of skilled mid-level labour, as well as
various security threats.
Therefore, the restoration works were managed
internally by employing traditional masons active in
the neighbourhood’s mason’s guild (known as the
barey ton).
This strategy led to a better control of workmanship
and use of resources, as well as the training of more
than 140 masons and craftsmen in traditional building
techniques and contemporary conservation methods.
South view of Djingareyber Mosque, along the east façade, Mali, 2001
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

Great Mosque of Djenné
• This mosque, built in 1906 and located in the
historic city core, is the largest mud mosque in
sub-Saharan region.
• It sits on an elevated platform overlooking the
main marketplace square, thus acting as a
focal point.
• In 1988 it was included in the UNESCO World
Heritage List, along with the rest of the Old
Djenné.
Entrance into court of Djenné Great Mosque, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

The mosque’s construction technique:
• is called djenne-fey;
• consists of small, hand-made cylindrical mud bricks;
• was developed by local masons grouped in a guild
like association called barey ton (barey means
officially recognized mason)
Because of this ‘invention’ of theirs, the traditional
masons held maintenance responsibility, and their
technical skills were associated with magical powers,
which elevated their standing within the community.
Djenné ferey (traditional mud bricks) manufactured by hand, Mali, 2009
Source: www.archnet.com, accessed Mar 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

Until the AKHCP restoration project took place, the
mosque was maintained through the annual
Crépissage de la Grand Mosquée festival of Djenné.
‘Crepissage de la Grand Mosquée’ festival, Mali, 2005
Source: www.archnet.com, accessed Mar 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

A damage assessment was drafted and a restoration
plan was put in place, which included:
• consolidation of carpentry and wall-bearing system;
• full conservation of interior and exterior wall
surfaces;
• improvement of ventilation, acoustics and lighting.
Mosque south view, Mali, 1981
Source: AKHCP, accessed Mar 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
West elevation of Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali, 2010
Source: Source: www. archnet.org, accessed Mar 2018
Corner detail, Mali,1981
Source: AKVA, accessed Mar 2018
Importance

9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
On this occasion too the work was managed internally, with hands-on training of more than 120
community masons and local craftsmen in conservation methods.
Community members race to re-plaster the Great Mosque of Djenné as part of its regular maintenance, Mali, 2005
Source: www. archnet.org, accessed Mar 2018
Importance

Great Mosque of Mopti
• This mosque is also called Mosque of Komoguel
was built between 1936-1943.
• It is an earthen structure in the traditional
style, built on the site of an earlier mosque
back to 1903.
• As the seventy-year-old mosque was found in
danger of collapse, following preliminary
and studies AKHCP undertook its rehabilitation
Entrance on western façade of Mopti Great Mosque, Mali, 2009
Source: www. archnet.org, accessed Mar 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
View after rehabilitation, Mali, 2009
Source: AKHCP, 2018
Like other earthen buildings in Mali the mosque had
been previously maintained by the community with a
traditional render of mud and rice chaff plaster.
However, an incompatible layer of cement was applied
in the 1978 restoration. This caused damage to the
upper part of the walls, preventing the building from
breathing and weakening its structure.
View before rehabilitation, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, 2018
Importance

The first phase of works, which started in 2004,
included the restoration of:
• the roof, where structural and decorative timber
elements were replaced. Subsequently, a new
earthen plaster was applied;
• the suffering upper part of the building, from which
the cement layer was removed and replaced with
traditional earthen mortar and bricks.
Western minaret of Great Mosque of Mopti, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

AKHCP’s strategy throughout the process included:
• cooperation with local stakeholders and
institutions;
• direct participation of local masons;
• provision of training and job opportunities to locals.
To assure proper future maintenance of the mosque,
training courses in traditional building crafts and
contemporary conservation methods were offered to
over than 60 local craftsmen and masons.
Interior prayer space of Great Mosque of Mopti after rehabilitation, Mali, 2009
Source: AKHCP, 2018
9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
Importance

9.3 Case Studies
9.1 Introduction
As the Great Mosque of Mopti was the first of the three mosques to be rehabilitated by the AKHCP, it
served as a model for subsequent rehabilitation projects of earthen architecture with community
engagement in the region.
Distant southeast view to Great Mosque of Mopti from causeway to town, including medical centre complex in the front, Mali, 1981
Source: AKVA, 2018
Importance

Impact
The restoration of the three mosques as the start of the ‘Earthen Architecture Programme’ contributed
• reversing the deterioration process of three significant monuments;
• preserving and developing traditional skills at risk of disappearance, to be applied in the annual
the mosques;
• economic benefits leading to self-sufficiency, employment and tourism development;
• a series of subsequent projects in the country, as part of the AKHCP rehabilitation program, including
‘Komoguel Water and Sanitation Programme’ in Mopti and the ‘National Park of Mali’ in Bamako, in
which the local community was actively involved.
Importance
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies

Case Study 2:
Misfat Community Cooperative

Misfat Community Cooperative - fact file
Site Location
Misfat al-Abriyin, Oman
Establishment Date
2015
Initiative Type
Community, Commercial, Tourism
Outcomes
Raising awareness and community involvement
Participatory Workshop
ArCHIAM and Misfat Community Cooperative - 2017
9.1 Introduction
Importance
9.3 Case Studies
9.3.2 Misfat Cooperative

The Misfat Community Cooperative is a business
organisation operating in the traditional mountain
oasis settlement of Misfat al-Abriyin.
Its establishment emanates from the Heritage
Management and Tourism Development Plan
(HMTDP) initiated by the Ministry of Tourism,
Oman, and produced by ArCHIAM in 2014-2015.
Proposed by ArCHIAM as a jointly-owned and
democratically-controlled enterprise, comprised of
individuals with common economic, social and
cultural needs and aspirations, its establishment is
unprecedented in Oman, since no such
organization existed until then.
View of Misfat al-Abriyin, Oman
Importance
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies

In 2015 ArCHIAM proposed that the Misfat al-Abriyin Tourism Association – an initiative that locals and
associated stakeholders had started with the aim of advising and guiding the HMTDP implementation –
expand its role from mere guidance to leadership in the day-to-day management and administration of
Misfat’s economic potential.
9.1 Introduction
Panoramic view of Misfat al-Abriyin, Oman
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

Program and objectives
The proposed main responsibilities of the
include:
• ensuring fair and balanced sharing of resources
among the local stakeholders, and protecting
interests;
• taking charge of the continued upkeep and
maintenance of both the buildings and the
• providing employment opportunities for locals;
• providing a market for local produce and
Sikkat at Tawi passage in Misfat al-Abriyin, Oman, 2014
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

• engaging in training and education towards the continued survival of traditional skills in agriculture, building
and craft manufacture;
• managing the visitor stream, as well as providing the best possible experience to them;
• engaging in outreach projects to disseminate
the acquired experience and knowledge for
the establishment of similar organisations
elsewhere in the region.
The principal objectives of the Cooperative are:
• the creation of a self-sustained and stable local
economy based on tourism and local production;
9.1 Introduction
Diagram showing the cooperative structure and interactions
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

• the promotion of the notion of ecological and
economic sustainability to other communities;
• the retaining of traditional knowledge associated
with agriculture, construction and manufacture of
crafts.
Activities
In November 2016, the Misfat Cooperative was
instrumental in organizing the Prince of Wales’ official
visit to the settlement.
9.1 Introduction
Presentation of the Cooperative to the Ministry of Tourism in Al-Hamra, Oman, 2014
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

The success of the visit played a crucial role:
• in increasing international exposure of Misfat al-
Abriyin as a prime example of traditional inhabited
settlements through unprecedented media
coverage and public debate; and
• and as a result, in the rise of visitor numbers.
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Prince of Wales’ visit to Misfat al-Abriyin, Oman, 2016
Importance

In July 2017 a joint initiative between the
Cooperative and ArCHIAM – a Participatory Design
Workshop – was held in Misfat al-Abriyin.
Male and female residents from different age
groups were invited to participate, so that they
could express their aspirations and requirements in
relation to the Misfat al-Abriyin Adaptive Reuse
Project, which is addressed in lecture 10.
The Cooperative played a key role in organizing
the workshop, raising interest within the local
community and engaging the participants in the
various activities.
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
ArCHIAM, Cooperative members and workshop participants, Oman
Importance

The main objectives of the workshop were to:
• inform the residents about the project in an
effective and playful way;
• gauge and record their expectations;
• help them achieve a greater awareness of their
living environment.
9.3 Case Studies
Importance
9.1 Introduction

The workshop focused on programmatic aspects, more specifically the new uses proposed by ArCHIAM
for two buildings and surrounding open spaces.
These included a kitchen/bakery, a restaurant and the open space between them.
9.1 Introduction
ArCHIAM team members preparing the workshop handout material, Oman
Facilitator briefing participants about the workshop, Oman
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

Strategies and participation
• Reconnaissance tour of the sites guided by two
Arabic-speaking facilitators.
• Division of participants into small groups
comprising children from the age of 4,
and adults, both male and female.
• Briefing in Arabic by the facilitators, who
answer questions and provide additional
information to the participants.
‘Redesigning an existing building’ workshop activity, Oman
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

The workshop was divided into three activities,
following different methodologies:
i. Exercise 1 - ‘Redesigning an existing building’;
ii. Exercise 2 - ‘Rethinking Harat as-Shua’;
iii. Exercise 3 - ‘Rethinking Misfat’s old bakery’.
‘Rethinking Harat as-Shua’ workshop activity, Oman
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

i. Exercise 1 - ‘Redesigning an existing
building’
The goal of this two-hour exercise was to develop
design ideas for the conversion of an existing
building into a restaurant.
The ArCHIAM team gave an overview of the
current condition of the building by showing
drawings, physical models and photos.
At the same time, participants had an opportunity
to ask questions and discuss issues.
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

Participants were then provided with ‘room cards’
(printed icons depicting different spaces, furniture
and appliances), which they had to combine
together to suggest different spatial configurations.
Each group built its own physical model using a
wide range of both man-made and natural handout
materials, and placed the ‘room cards’ in different
parts of it.
This ensured that all participants played an active
part in the transformation of a ruinous building into
a fully functional eating place.
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

ii. Exercise 2 - ‘Rethinking Harat as-Shua’
The following two-hour exercise was designed to
effectively organize the open space of Harat as-
based on the new programme for the
and restaurant, located adjacent to it.
The participants were:
• introduced to the design concept developed by
ArCHIAM team; and
• given a 3D model of both the open space and
surrounding buildings.
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

Then, each group was provided with a model of the open space. Participants were asked to translate into
it ideas for its rehabilitation, in connection with the proposed uses for the surrounding buildings.
Each group had to slot their own model into the aforementioned one.
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

iii. Exercise 3 - ‘Rethinking Misfat’s old
bakery’
The final exercise aimed to discuss how the old
building was used in the past and how residents
like the new kitchen/bakery to be organised.
The participants were asked:
• to create a collage of cut-outs, each
different kitchen units, based on personal
preferences; and
• to label the activities they would like to take
in and around the kitchen/bakery.
‘Rethinking Misfat’s old bakery’ workshop activity, Oman
9.3 Case Studies
Importance
9.1 Introduction

Impact
The cooperative establishment and the participatory workshop constituted the first step towards the
Abriyin Adaptive Reuse Project, which is addressed in lecture 10.
The information gathered from the local community throughout the process was later integrated in
design scheme. More specifically, the participants suggested the following:
• seating adjacent to the buildings surrounding Harat as-Shua on the north side;
• shading canopies above the seating areas;
9.1 Introduction
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

• the use of various paving materials to create pathways and hardscaped features in Harat as-Shua, especially
around the tannur (underground pit, traditionally used for cooking). This suggestion was translated into
flagstones and pigmented concrete slabs;
• a roof terrace in the restaurant building to be used for outdoor dining.
9.1 Introduction
Participants’ proposals for shading, seating and various materials in Harat as-Shua, Oman, 2017
Source: ArCHIAM
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

This lecture has:
• highlighted the necessity and importance of community involvement in rehabilitation efforts in
contexts of the Islamic World;
• presented methods and strategies for community participation in design initiatives;
• illustrated paradigms of inclusion of local communities in heritage rehabilitation and development
the establishment of a local cooperative and a participatory design workshop.
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

References
ArCHIAM, 2017. Managing Heritage, Empowering Communities, Changing Policies: A Pilot Project in Misfat Al-Abriyin, Oman
Awan, N. et al, 2011. Spatial agency: Other ways of doing Architecture. New York: Routledge
Baker, P., ed. 2004. Architecture and Polyphony: Building in the Islamic World Today. London: Thames and Hudson
Bandyopadhyay, S., 2011. Spatial Implications of Omani Tribal Dynamics: Harat al-Bilad in Manah Oasis. Orient 52(1): 67-73
Bandyopadhyay, S., 2010. Conflation of Celestial and Physical Topographies in the Omani Decorated Mihrab. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 40: 29-40
Bhabha, H. K. & Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 2007. Intervention Architecture: Buildings for Change. I B Tauris & Co Ltd
Holod, R. & Rastorfer, D., eds. 1983. Architecture and Community. New York: Aperture
Jodidio, P., ed. 2011. The Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme: Strategies for Urban Regeneration. Munich: Prestel
Ministry of Tourism Sultanate of Oman and ArCHIAM, 2014. Al Hamra: Misfat Al-Abriyin. Tourism Development Plan. Printquarter, UK
Sanoff, H., 2000. Community Participatory Methods in Design and Planning. New York: John Wiley
Steele, J., ed. Architecture for a changing world. The Aga Khan Award for Architecture Academy Editions
The Aga Khan Award for Architecture. The Changing Rural Habitat: Volume 1 Case Studies. Singapore: Concept Media Pte Ltd.
Xydia, S. et al, 2015. Citizen Manual: Public Space participatory design. Athens: Place Identity gr
Xydia, S. et al, 2015. Toolkit: Cooperation methods & strategies of participatory design. Athens: Place Identity gr
9.3 Case Studies
Importance

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