Linux Systems Programming: Inter Process Communication (IPC) using Pipes
Horizontal Curves المنحنيات الافقية
1. Engineering
Surveying
(1) ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ - ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ
Horizontal Curves - Part (1)
M. Sc. Ahmed Q. Hameed
Lecturer at Surveying Engineering Department
Collage of Engineering / Middle Technical University
Email / ahmedhaloub2@yahoo.com
2. Concepts:
At the end of this lecture. Students will be able to….
• Introduction.
• Types of Horizontal Curve.
• Elements of Simple Curve.
• Basic Simple Curve Equations
3. • Horizontal Curve:
Provides a transition between two tangent lengths of
roadway. Necessary for gradual change in direction when a
direct point of intersection is not feasible.
Introduction
4. Types of Horizontal Curve.
1. Simple Circular Curve….
The simple curve is an arc of a circle that has one
radius with a central angle. It is the most commonly used.
The radius of the circle determines the sharpness or flatness
of the curve.
5. Types of Horizontal Curve.
2. Compound Circular Curve….
A compound curve has two or more radius and
central angle with the curvature in the same direction to
right or left.
6. Types of Horizontal Curve.
3. Reverse Circular Curve….
A reverse curve consists of two simple curves joined
together but curving in opposite directions.
7. Types of Horizontal Curve.
4. Spiral Curve….
The spiral is a curve with varying radius used on
railroads and some modern highways. It provides a
transition from the tangent to a simple curve or between.
8. Elements of Simple Curve.
T
T
R
R
M
E
L
C
∆
∆
90ᵒ 90ᵒ
P.C
P.I
P.T
P.I : Point of Intersection
∆ : Deflection angle = Central angle
P.C : Point of curvature (Beginning of curve)
P.T : Point of tangency (End of curve)
R : Radius of curve
T : Tangent length
L : Length of curve
C : Chord length
M : Middle ordinate
E : External distance
o
180-∆
