From 1947 to 1971, in 24 years of its emergence, Pakistan had already witnessed three full scale wars (1948,1965 and 1971), two Martial laws (1958, 1969) and had lost her eastern wing (East Pakistan). Here is the brief history of Pakistan's foreign policy from year 1979 to 2000.

1. FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN
AFTER 1971
a. Nuclearization
b. Afghanistan & Pakistan Crisis (1979)
c. Siachen Glacier Dispute (1984)
d. Confidence-building Measures (CBMs) between Pakistan & India

2. Presented by: Afshan Mukhtiar Malik

3. Foreign Policy of Pakistan before
1971: A brief history
Phase-I 1947-53 Explorations and
friendship with all
1954-62 Alignment with the West
Phase-II 1962-71 Transition

4. • From 1947 to 1971, in 24 years of its emergence, Pakistan had already
witnessed three full scale wars (1948,1965 and 1971), two Martial laws (1958,
1969) and had lost its eastern wing (East Pakistan).
• It remained aligned with the West and signed many treaties (SEATO in 1954,
CENTO in 1955, Alignment with Turkey in 1954) mainly due to its insecurities
towards neighboring India.
• 60s saw a transition in Pakistan’s pro western status.
Rethinking about the Alignment Policy
Improving Relations with the Soviet Union
Improving Relations with China
Diminishing Ties with the U.S.
Pluralistic Perspective
were the salient features of Pakistan’s foreign policy during 1960s.
• Crisis in East Pakistan
• Role of India
• International response

5. Foreign Policy After 1971
The Era Of Bilateralism &Non Alignment 1972-79

6. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1972-1977
Salient Features
• Diversified Foreign Policy
• Relations with United States
• Withdrawal From SEATO
• Relations with Great Britain
• Withdrawal from Common Wealth
• Relations with India
• Simla Accord
• Kashmir
• Relations with Soviet Union
• Relations with China
• Establishing good relations with the
Muslim world
• Recognizing Bangladesh
• OIC summit 1974
• Pakistan started getting nuclear

7. “We(Pakistan) will eat grass, even go hungry, but we will get one of our own (Atom
bomb).... We have no other choice!” Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

8. NUCLEARIZATION
 Beginning (1950)
 PAEC & PINSTECH
 Z.A.Bhutto’s initiatives
 Pak-French reprocessing plant
 NPT
 Indian nuclear tests 1974
 Economic & nuclear sanctions over Pakistan
 Obstacles and hindrances
 Completion of Kahuta plant
 First atomic device generated in 1983

9. Going Nuclear
• Multiple nuclear explosion tests
conducted by India on 11 and 13 May
1998
• Pakistan in tight spot
• Economic benefits or military security
• International pressure
• National point of view
• On the afternoon of 28 May 1998,
scientists of the PAEC and KRL
conducted nuclear explosion tests in a
sealed tunnel in Chaghi Mountain in
Balochistan
• More were carried out two days later
on 30 May
• Nuclear Doctrine and Foreign Policy

10. Afghanistan Crisis 1979-1989
In the bottom half of the decade, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the country’s first
elected prime minister was overthrown in a military coup and was
hanged by General Zia al-Haq's regime. The democratic government
was replaced by the country’s third martial law. Pakistan was feeling
isolated, shunned by its friends and the world community and was
facing Washington’s India centric approach and discriminatory
sanctions. But two major happenings brought it back in limelight i.e.
The Iran revolution and The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

11. Back Ground
 Pak-Afghan dismal relations
 Durand Line
 Diplomatic relations
 Muhammad Zahir Shah 1933-1973
 Sardar Mohammad Daud 1973-1978
 Nur Mohammad Taraki (PDPA) 1978-1979
 Hafizullah Amin 1979
 Soviet Invasion in Afghanistan

12. Revival of the US Alliance
 Afghan invasion
 Pakistan’s diplomatic reaction
 U.N resolution
 Talks with neighbors and friendly nations
 US prompt reaction
 Invasion an imminent threat to U.S interests in
Asia
 President Carter’s offer
 Pakistan declined
 President Reagan’s offer 1981
 U.S Aid and negotiations
 Pakistan became Front Line State
Complex &
multilayered
strategic
threats
Buffer
status
deflated
Refugees
burden on
Pakistan
Warm
waters
Joint
Indo-
Soviet-
Afghan
threat

13. Pakistan Became Front Line State
Geneva Accord

14. ‘Our main and prime objectives are to keep out the Soviet Union and Afghanistan in the north
and to safeguard the safety and security of Pakistan from India in the east’. Gen.Zia ul-Haq

15. Siachen Glacier Dispute 1984
A By-Product of the Kashmir Conflict

17. Introduction
• Located in Eastern Karakoram range in Himalaya mountains, and is the largest one
• Northeast to point NJ9842
• Second largest outside the polar region
• Largest single source of fresh water
• There are three main passes: Sia La, Bilafond la & Gyong La
• The zone of conflict comprised an inverted triangle resting on NJ9842
History
• Cease-Fire line agreement signed by both the country in 1949
• Before the conflict began, Siachen was a no man’s area
• International expeditions sought authorization from Pakistan to visit Siachen’s nearby mountain peaks
• Siachen was shown in Pakistan in international maps and guides
• India’s protest against the cartography
Operation Meghdoot
• Code name of Indian army’s operation to capture the glacier
• Launched on 13 April 1984
Pakistan’s Retaliation
• Launched counter-attack in 1987 headed by Brig. Pervez Musharraf
• Managed to capture few high points before being pushed back
• Assaulted again unsuccessfully in 1989
• Ground position remained and is still the same

18. Strategic Importance, Interpretations, Claims,
Advantages, Current Status & Views
Pakistan
 Siachen is strategically important for Pakistan because
Karakoram highway between China and Pakistan is very
close to Siachen
 Pakistan’s Interpretation: Their territory continue from
NJ9842 to Karakoram pass
 Pakistan claims that the line joins point NJ9842 with the
Karakoram Pass that lies towards the Northeast, putting
Siachen within Pakistan’s territory
 Pakistan holds a logistic advantage since its farthest post
is only 20km away from the road-head
 Pakistan control Gyong La pass that overlook India’s
access to Leh District
 Pakistan is of the view that the conflict should be
resolved through talks but is against the demarcation
India
 It can be an entry point in Kashmir, for both Chinese and
Pakistani troops, even though it is very difficult due to
weather conditions
 Indian interpretation: Pakistan’s territory extended only
to Saltoro Ridge
 India claims that the LOC runs from point NJ9842 along
the watersheds formed by the Saltoro ridge that puts
the entire Siachen glacier within Indian territory
 India controls some of the top most heights holding
onto the tactical advantage but the same factor is a
logistic disadvantage.
 Currently India holds entire 75km of Siachen glacier
along with Sia La and Bilafond La
 India is of the view that both the nations should jointly
demarcate the current troop positions in the region

19. Talks& Proposals
 Year after India took over the glacier the talks started.
 Between 1986 and 1998, there were 7 rounds of talks
between the 2 countries in search of a solution. At one
time it seemed as if agreement was near on
redeployment and the creation of a zone of tranquility,
but the political climate changed and the moment was
lost.
 After cease fire agreement 2003, no single bullet has
been fired directly at each other's posts
 Number of proposals have been made to resolve the
problem including,
Declaring the area a peace park
Joint patrolling of the region
International peace keeping force being deployed in the
region

20. End Note
 At present, with a million armed men facing each other across the Kashmir
border, talk of ending the fighting and of peace parks seems remote. But the
dawn always comes after the darkest period: perhaps there will also be a dawn
for the Siachen.

21. On 7 April 2012, an avalanche hit a Pakistani military base in Gayari Sector, near the Siachen
Glacier region, trapping 140 soldiers and civilian contractors...

22. Confidence-Building Measures
Confidence-building measures or confidence- and security-building measures are actions taken
to reduce fear of attack by both parties in a situation of conflict.
In international relations, it’s an action that reflects goodwill toward or a willingness to exchange
information with an adversary. The purpose of such measures is to decrease misunderstanding,
tension, fear, anxiety, and conflict between two or more parties by emphasizing trust and limiting
conflict escalation as a form of preventive diplomacy. Confidence-building measures have
traditionally been discussed in connection with wars, national security, and peacekeeping and are
now relevant within political and diplomatic spheres.

23. Basic Objectives of CBMs
 To eliminate the causes of tensions.
 To promote confidence and contribute to stability and security.
 To reduce the danger of armed conflict arising from misunderstanding or miscalculation.

24. CBMs Between Pakistan & India From
1947-2000
• The Karachi Agreement 1949
• The Indus Water Treaty 1960
• The Tashkent Declaration 1966
• The Rann of Kutch Agreement 1968
• Direct Communication Link 1970
• The Simla Accord 1972
• Agreement on Non-attack of Nuclear Facilities 1988
• International Observation of Military Exercises 1989
• Agreement on Prior Notification of Military Exercises
• Agreement on Violation of Airspace 1992
• Joint Declaration on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1992
• Male Summit 1997
• The Lahore Summit 1999

25. CBMs Between Pakistan & India From 2000-2020
 Formal ceasefire along the International Border 2003
 Biannual meetings between Indian Border Security Forces and Pakistani Rangers 2004
 Agreement on Advance Notification of Ballistic Missile Tests, in effect since 2005
 Establishment of a communication link between Pakistan Maritime Security Agency and Indian
Coast Guard in 2005
 Delhi-Lahore bus service, started in 1999, but ceased in light of the Kargil conflict, was resumed
in 2003
 The Samjhauta Express was resumed in 2005, and despite the 2007 blasts, has continued to run
 A Joint Anti-Terrorism Institutional Mechanism to identify and implement counter-terrorism
initiatives and investigations in both countries was brought into effect in 2006
 In 2008, triple-entry permit for cross-LoC travel was introduced

26. Post Cold War Scenario
 Rifts in US-Pak relationship
Ojhri Camp Fiasco
 Pakistan’s nuclear program
Pressler Amendments
 Destabilization of Afghanistan
Peshawar Accord
Islamabad Accord
 Tensions escalated between India and Pakistan on Kashmir
 Emergence of Taliban
 Kargil Conflict

27. Though all these matters , be it Afghan crisis or Siachen, originated
during 80s, they are still unresolved and are still relevant in Pakistan’s
foreign policy.

28. Thank You