Made by Aditya Gunawan (191000053) from Buddhi Dharma University. Source from Introduction to Ethical Studies by Lee Archie & John G. Archie.

1. Chapter 1:
”Conscience Determines What’s Right”
By Hubbard Winslow
Present by:
Aditya Gunawan
191000053
Buddhi Dharma University

2. Who is Hubbard Winslow?
● Hubbard Winslow (1799-1864) was an American Minister
and Author.
● He began his theological studies in Andover Theological
Seminary, and completed them at the Yale Divinity
School.
● In December 1828, he was ordained Pastor of the First
Congregational Church in Dover, New Hampshire.
● In Sept 1832, he was installed Pastor of the Bowdoin
Street Church, Boston.
● In 1844, he became principal of the Mount Vernon School
for Young Ladies, often preaching on the Sabbath in
Boston and its vicinity

3. ● He afterward made a visit to Europe, and then devoted
himself to the preparation of several books.
● In June 1857, he was installed as pastor of the First
Presbyterian Church in Geneva, New York. He remained
there two years and then went to New York, where he
opened a boarding-school for young ladies.
● In 1861 he was installed pastor of the 50th St. Presbyterian
Church in New York, but he did not continue there many
months.
● He devoted the closing part of his life to teaching and
writing for the press.
Who is Hubbard Winslow?

4. About Hubbard Winslow
● Hubbard Winslow (1799-1864) is also the
author of a popular 19th century textbook
entitled Intellectual Philosophy, 1853,
wherein he surveys the history of philosophy
and, as well, relates influential thinkers to
Christian philosophy in an accessible manner

5. Ideas of Interest from
”Moral Philosophy”
● According to Winslow, what is “the exclusive
dominion of conscience”?
● How does Winslow characterize the two elements
of conscience? How are these psychological
elements related?
● What is the distinguishing faculty of conscience
according to Winslow?
● Winslow’s three main functions of conscience.

6. Conscience
● Man alone of all creatures upon earth is
capable of moral action. He alone
realizes what is indicated by the word
ought...
● Conscience quickens the rational spirit
to discern between right and wrong.

7. Example
● If someone sees other people gossiping, he can
quickly judge whether gossiping is good or bad.

8. 1. According to Winslow, What is
“The Exclusive Dominion of Conscience”?
● Our only intuitive perceptions with which the
susceptibility of conscience is associated, are
those which relate to moral truths. Other
feeling attend other perceptions; here is the
exclusive dominion of conscience

9. 2. How does Winslow characterize the two elements
of conscience? How are these psychological elements
related?
● He stated conscience is united with the soul–both soul and
conscience are eternal.
● The two psychological elements are:
Cognitive
The experiential knowledge of the perception of a moral feeling.
Example:
Parents forbid their children from drinking alcohol because their
parents have seen or experienced the consequences before.

10. 2. How does Winslow characterize the two elements
of conscience? How are these psychological elements
related?
Motive
The volition resulting from reason to act rightly.
Example:
A person is determined not to drink alcohol because he
does not want to fall into sin and wants a happier life.

11. 3. What is the distinguishing faculty of conscience
according to Winslow?
● That which distinguishes the susceptibility of
conscience from all other susceptibilities, is its
exclusive interesting what pertains to the person’s own
conduct as morally right or wrong.
● It has nothing to do with the actions of others, nor yet
those of one’s self, except as they are related to his
personal duty. In addition to this, the feeling of
obligation, and the feeling of pleasure and of pain,
which it imparts, are unlike any other.

12. 3. What is the distinguishing faculty of
conscience according to Winslow?
● No other feeling is like that of moral
obligation; no other pain is like that which
arises from a consciousness of having done
wrong; no other pleasure is like that which
arises from a consciousness of having done
right.

13. Example:
● An employee in an office is told to falsify data (such as tax data). If this employee
does not want to, he will be fired. But his parents had taught him that cheating was
wrong.

14. 4. Winslow's Three Main Functions
of Conscience.
The three main functions of conscience are:
● The impulse to do (what we believe to be what's) right and avoid
(what we believe to be what's) wrong.
Example:
Doctors recommend to patients not to get angry easily because the
patient's blood pressure is high.
This patient knows that if he doesn't get angry easily, his blood
pressure can stabilize. Conversely, if he is still quick to anger, then
he can have a stroke.

15. 4. Winslow's Three Main Functions
of Conscience.
● The unique delightful feeling of approval
when we have acted in accordance with duty.
Example:
If the patient does what the doctor
recommends, then he feels healthier and
happier because he realizes that what he is
doing is right.

16. 4. Winslow's Three Main Functions
of Conscience.
● The unique feeling of remorse or guilt when
we fail to do our duty (it we are rightly taught
at home). Example:
If the patient doesn't do what the doctor tells
him to do, he will suffer and regret that he
realizes that what he did was wrong

17. The Law of the Operation of
Conscience
● In the early stages of transgression, its rebukes are prompt
and earnest; but if these are disregarded, its sensibility
gradually becomes less active, and, like the deep fires of a
volcano when crusted over at the top, prepare for a
tremendous outburst at a future time.
● Thus the libertine, the thief, the defrauder, the murderer,
has sometimes gone on for a series of years, realizing,
especially during the latter part of his career, but feeble, if
any, compunctions of conscience.
● He is thus greatly emboldened in crime.

18. Retribution at length overtakes the guilty
man. Perhaps the civil arm arrests him, and places
him in circumstances to reflect upon his ways. His
feelings are at first mostly those of regret and
chagrin.
But conscience is at length aroused.
His guilt now stares him in the face, and darts its
fiery stings into his inmost spirit. Remorse,
relentless and agonizing, makes him its prey, and
drags him to the gates of despair.

19. Let no one, then, who offends his
conscience, hope to escape its retributions. They
may be slow, but they are sure; and when they
come, they will
be all the more severe for the delay; for they will
find greatly enhanced guilt. Sooner or later, they
will certainly overtake him, and they will be in
proportion to his crimes.

20. “Retribution at length
overtakes the guilty man. ”

21. Bibliography
● Ethicsbook.pdf
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard_Winslow
● Picture: www.google.com/images