My special talk on 'GIS & Remote Sensing-Introduction to the Primer’ is a part of the 'Learn from the Leaders- 2' webinar series organized by IEEE SIGHT, Bombay section on May 25th, 2021

1. GIS & REMOTE SENSING-
INTRODUCTION TO THE PRIMER
Organized by
IEEE SIGHT, BOMBAY SECTION
22nd MAY 2021.
Presented by AdityaAllamraju

2. TAKE-AWAYS OF THE WEBINAR
• To understand the basic concepts of GIS
• Geographic Information System (GIS) Resources
• Concepts of Remote Sensing
• Remote Sensing & GIS Workflow
• Remote Sensing Learning Resources
• ISRO vision
• NASA vision

4. Introduction
Mapping has transfigured how we contemplate about location. Maps are important
decision-making tools. They help us get to places, and are becoming more immersed
in our day-to-day lives.
------
Geospatial technologies is a term used to describe the range of modern tools
contributing to the geographic mapping and analysis of the Earth and human
societies.
Geographic Information System is worth a million words.

5. GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY
An important aspect of a GIS is its ability to assemble the range of geospatial data into
a layered set of maps which allow complex themes to be analyzed and then
communicated to wider audiences.
This ‘layering’ is enabled by the fact that all such data includes information on its
precise location on the surface of the Earth, hence the term ‘geospatial’.

7. The power of GIS for storing, management and organization of spatial data (even
for very large data sets), as well as the ability to integrate and manipulate
different kinds of spatial information previously unrelated, are the next most
preferred advantages suggested by the professionals.
Other advantages were also mentioned, although less frequently, such as
flexibility and speed, and the precision, accuracy, and reliability of GIS.

8. 5 Types of Questions GIS can Answer
1. Where is it?
By locating geographic places or objects.
2. What is at?
GIS is to calculate the distance from your house to social amenities like schools,
hospitals, and shopping centers.
3. What has changed?
GIS looks at changes over time through spatio-temporal analysis.
4. What patterns/relationships exist?
Spatial statistics helps us to quantify patterns and relationships within spatial data
in a scientific manner.
5. What if …?
GIS can use spatial relationships to build predictive models that help to answer
questions in respect of the future.

9. A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware, software, data,
people, and methods.
Hardware- Today, GIS software runs on centralized computer servers to
desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations.
Software-GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store,
analyze, and display geographic information.
Data- Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or
purchased from a commercial data provider.
People- GIS users range from technical specialists to the end-users.
Methods-A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and
business rules.

10. Components of Geographic Information Systems

11. Types of Data in Geographic Information Systems
GIS stores location data as thematic layers. Each data set has an attribute table
that stores information about the feature. The two main types of GIS data
are raster and vector:
Raster
Raster look like grids because they store data in rows and columns. They can
be discrete or continuous. For example, we often represent land cover,
temperature data and imagery as raster data.
Vector
Vectors are points, lines and polygons with vertices. For example, fire
hydrants, contours and administrative boundaries are often vectors.

15. Characteristics of Geographic Data
1. Spatial data: features orientation shape, size &
structure
2. Non-Spatial data: Information about various
attributes like area, length & population

16. Characteristics of Non-Spatial Data
Different kinds of data values which we can use to represent
different “phenomena”
1.Qualitative Data
(i) Nominal/ Categorical Data – describe data of different categories
(e.g. soil data)
(ii) Ordinal Data – differentiate data by a ranking relationship (e.g.
soil erosion, road network)
2.Numeric Data
(iii) Interval Data – data having known interval between values (e.g.
temperature)
(iv) Ratio Data – data having absolute values (e.g. population
density)

20. Types of GIS software
1. Open source software- Open-source GIS software is free and the
source code is openly available - meaning anyone can study it
and/or make changes. In most case, free GIS software doesn't have
the same functionality and support as commercial GIS. That said,
some open-source options are still quite powerful.

22. Types of GIS software
2. Proprietary software- commercial GIS involves a paid subscription
or a one-time per user fee.
ArcGIS (Esri)
Geomedia (Hexagon Geospatial)
MapInfo Professional (Precisely)
Global Mapper (Blue Marble)
Manifold GIS (Manifold)
Smallworld (General Electric)
Bentley Map.
MapViewer and Surfer (Golden Software)

23. REMOTE SENSING

24. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon
without making physical contact with the object under investigation, in contrast
to in situ or on-site observation. The term is applied especially to acquiring
information about the Earth and other planets.

25. Physics of Remote Sensing

26. Wave model of EMR- This represents an EMR which is carried by a
series of continuous waves which are equally spaced as well as repetitive
in time and space.
The relationship between wavelength and frequency is given by
C = Vλ where:
C = Speed of Light (3.0 x 108m/s)
V= Frequency (Oscillations/second or Hz).
λ = Wavelength

27. Particle model of EMR– This emphasizes the behavior of the EMR as if
the radiation were composed of a collection of discrete particles like
objects known as quantum or photons.
Quantum energy is calculated as:
Q= hv =hc/ λ Where;
Q= Energy of photos in Joules
H= Plank’s constant. (6.626×10-34J)
V= Frequency (Hz)
λ = Wavelength (m)

28. Components in Remote Sensing

29. Typesof RemoteSensing
1.PassiveRemoteSensing-Remotesensingofenergy withhelpofnaturally
reflectedorradiatedfromtheterrain.OpticalRemoteSensingisanexample.(Visible
&NearInfrared)
2.ActiveRemoteSensing-Remotesensingmethodsthatprovidetheirownsource
ofelectromagneticradiationtoilluminatetheterrain.RadarRemoteSensingisone
example.

30. TypesofResolutionsinRemoteSensing
1.Spatialresolution-Thesmallestspatialmeasurement.
2.Temporalresolution-Frequencyofmeasurement.
3.Spectralresolution-Thenumberofindependentchannels.
4.Radiometricresolution-Thesensitivityofthedetectors.
Dependsonthesatelliteorbitconfigurationandsensordesign.Resolutionsaredifferent
fordifferentsensors

31. Spatial Resolution
Spectral Resolution

32. Temporal
Resolution
Radiometric Resolution

33. RemoteSensingandGISWorkFlow

34. IIRS/ISRO Outreach Programme: Capacity Building
IIRS Outreach Programme focusses on strengthening the Academia
and User Segments in Space Technology & Its Applications using
Online Learning Platforms.
Under this programme the two mode of content delivery system is
developed using online learning platform (i.e.) Live & Interactive
mode (known as EDUSAT) and e-Learning mode(E-CLASS).

36. IIRS/ISRO Outreach Programme
https://elearning.iirs.gov.in/

37. NASAApplied Sciences: Capacity Building
Applied Remote Sensing Training Program (ARSET)
https://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Provide online and on-site trainings tailored to:
• policy makers • regulatory agencies • applied environmental
professionals to increase the use of NASA Earth Science models & data
for environmental applications.

38. GIS Online Tutorials
•Beginners Guide - OpenStreetMap Wiki Step by step instructions on how to use the
software
•Center for Geographic Analysis Harvard Resources of online GIS training materials
•Cornell University Library GIS Guides An excellent collection of GIS guides and
tutorials, including various software and data sources
•Geographic Information System (GIS) And Advanced Mapping Technology Tutorial
Series Provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
•Getting Started with ArcGIS StoryMaps An ESRI tutorial on their next-generation,
place-based, story-telling tool.

39. GIS Online Tutorials
•GIS@San Diego Tutorials Guides and links compiled by UC San Diego Libraries
•GIS Basic Tutorial Tutorial by Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access Center (Pasada)
•Learn ArcGIS guided Lessons Tutorials provided by ESRI
•QGIS Training Manual Complete training manual for the open sources software QGIS
•Training on Lynda Access through my.pitt.edu. Online technology training available to
all students, faculty, and staff through a partnership with lynda.com.

40. GIS Online Courses
Hint: Try using terms such as GIS, Geospatial, Geodesign and Geographic
Information Systems. The sites below offer free and at cost classes.
• Coursera | Build Skills with Online Courses from Top Institutions
https://www.coursera.org
• edX | Free Online Courses by Harvard, MIT, & more
https://www.edx.org
• Udemy: Online Courses - Learn Anything, On Your Schedule
https://www.udemy.com
•MOOC List - A list of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) offered for free by
the best universities around the world.
•GeoAcademy free GIS Course The GeoAcademy is an independent consortium of
GIS educators dedicated to promoting the use of open source software for geospatial
technology education

41. Remote Sensing Learning Resources

42. Remote Sensing Learning Resources cont..

43. Remote Sensing Data Resources

44. Remote Sensing Data Resources cont…

45. Remote Sensing Software Resources

46. S. No. Tool Web Address Type Category Salient Features
1 GADM http://gadm.org Human
Geography
Administrative
Boundaries
Spatial data on administrative boundaries of
different countries are available in shape file,
geodatabase, KMZ and RData format.
2 Gridded Population of
the World (GPW)
http://sedac.ciesin.col
umbia.edu/data/collec
tion/gpw-v4
Human
Geography
Population Provides population estimates for the years
2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The GPW
data collection provides openly-available,
licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0
3 MODIS Global Land
Cover
http://visibleearth.nas
a.gov/view.php?id=61
004
Global Land Cover Global land cover data in 1Km and 4Km
from MODIS.
4 Harmonized World
Soil Database
http://webarchive.iias
a.ac.at/Research/LUC
/External-World-soil-
database/HTML/inde
x.html?sb=1
Global Ecology Regional and national level soil database
generated under LUC programme of FAO.
The spatial data is available resolution of 30
arc-second.
5 Open Street Map http://www.geofabrik.
de/data/download.ht
ml
Human
Geography
Buildings, Roads
and Points of
Interest
OSM is a collaborative project to create a
free editable map of the world. Contributors
use aerial imagery, GPS devices, and low-
tech field maps to verify that OSM is
accurate and up to date.
6 Gateway to Indian
Earth Observation
Bhuvan Geoportal
http://bhuvan.nrsc.go
v.in/data/download/in
dex.php
India General Online geo-visualization, data download and
thematic services for variety of EO
applications. Also offers various tools and
services to analyse the geo-data.
Base Layers & Thematic Data Information

47. S. No. Web
Portal
Web Address Coverage Category Salient Features
1 Bhuvan https://bhuvan-
app1.nrsc.gov.in/
bhuvandisaster/
India Natural
Disasters
Portal provides space based information
on major natural disasters apart from
other events as data processed apart
from 3D visualization
2 Google
Earth
Engine
(GEE)
https://earthengi
ne.google.com/
Global Engine GEE combines a multi-petabyte catalog
of satellite imagery and geospatial
datasets with planetary-scale analysis
capabilities to detect changes, map
trends, and quantify differences on the
Earth's surface.
3 Global
Surface
Water
Explorer
https://global-
surface-
water.appspot.co
m/map
Global Thematic
Layers
Maps location & temporal distribution of
water surfaces at global scale over the
past 3.5 decades, & provides statistics on
their extent and change to support better
informed decision-making
4 UN-
ASIGN
Crowd
https://www.arcg
is.com/apps/web
appviewer/
Global Application Facilitates collection of photos,
assessments, and geo-located text
messaging in the field, works over low
bandwidth.
Data Visualization, Analysis & Collection

48. References and Further Reading
Natural Resources Canada
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/satellite-imagery-
airphotos/satellite-imagery-products/educational-resources/9309
Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing
http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/image.htm
Earth Observatory
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSensing/remote_06.p hp
EOS-Goddard
http://fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Front/tofc.html
Spectral Resolution
http://web.pdx.edu/~jduh/courses/Archive/geog481w07/Students/Cody_Spectral
Resolution.pdf

49. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://spatiality.co.ke/5-types-of-questions-gis-can-answer/
2. http://maps.unomaha.edu/Workshops/Career/ESRI/comp_gis.html
3. ITC (2009). Principles of Geographic Information Systems: An introductory
textbook. Otto Huisman, Rolf A. de By (eds.), ITC Educational Textbook Series,
Fourth Edition.
4. Chang, K.T. (2008). Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

50. Thank you all!
Aditya Allamraju
allamrajuadi@gmail.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/aditya-allamraju/
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aditya_Allamraju