This document provides information about a microprocessor: - It is a 16-bit microprocessor with 40 pins that can perform 16-bit arithmetic and logic operations. - It has two banks for memory addressing and can address up to 1 megabyte of memory. - It has a clock speed of up to 5MHz and can perform 16-bit data transfers to memory or I/O devices.

2. •Md.Rabiul Islam(Robi)
•Computer Department
•BS.C ENGINEER (CSE)
•MobileNumber:01722923254
•01674880270
•National Polytechnic Institute,Dhaka

3. • Department Name:Computer Technology
• Subject Name:Microprocessor &Microcomputer-2
• Subject Code:6661
• Time:45 .00 Min

4.  Gi wc‡bi msL¨v40wU|
 GwU GKwU16-weU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi|
 Gi ALU Ges Af¨šÍixY †iwR÷vi¸‡jv 16- we‡Ui evBbvwi IqvW© wb‡q KvRKi‡Z
cv‡i|
 ‡Rbv‡ij cvicvm†iwR÷vi¸‡jv †jvqvi 8weU, nvBqvi 8weU ev16weU e¨enviKiv
hvq|
 ‡ggwi‡K `yBwU As‡k, AW †ggwi e¨vsKIB‡fb †ggwi e¨vsK,fvM K‡i e¨enviKiv nq|
AW Av‡‡Wªm AW †ggwie¨vsKGes B‡fb G‡Wªm B‡fb †ggwi e¨vsK e¨enviK‡i|
 Gi WvUvevm 16we‡Ui|
 ‡ggwi I †cv‡U©8 ev16 we‡Ui WvUv wiW evivBU Ki‡Zcv‡i|
 GWªm evm20 we‡Ui| A_©vr gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmiwU 220 = 1,048,576 †jv‡Kkb(1
†gMvevBU) G‡Wªm Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K†jv‡Kkb GK evB‡Ui| IqvW© A_©vr `yB
evB‡Ui Rb¨ ci ci`yBwU †jv‡Kkbe¨eüZnq|
 G‡Wª‡mi cÖ_g16wU jvBb G‡Wªm I WvUvjvBb wn‡m‡e A_©vr gvwë‡cø·W
Ae¯’vq KvRK‡i|
 ‡ggwi‡K 64wK‡jvevB‡Ui †mM‡g›Uwn‡m‡e e¨enviKiv nq| cÖ‡mmiwU GKmv‡_
me©vwaK4 (Pvi)wU †mM‡g›UA_©vr 256wK‡jvevBU wb‡q KvR KvRKi‡Zcv‡i|
 GwU `yBwU †gvW,wgwbgvg †gv‡W(BDwbcÖ‡mmi wm‡÷g) I g&¨vw·gvg†gv‡W

5.  GwUGKwU8-weU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi|
 Gi WvUvevm 8 we‡Ui|
 ‡ggwi I †cv‡U© ïay 8 we‡Ui WvUv wiW ev ivBU Ki‡Z cv‡i| 16
we‡Ui WvUv wiW ev ivBU Kivi Rb¨ `yBwU wiW ev ivBU
Acv‡ik‡bicÖ‡qvRb|
 GWªm evm 20 we‡Ui| A_©vr gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmiwU 220 =
1,048,576 †jv‡Kkb (1 †gMv evBU) mivmwi G‡Wªm Ki‡Z
cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K †jv‡Kkb GK evB‡Ui| IqvW© A_©vr `yB evB‡Ui
Rb¨ci ci `yBwU†jv‡Kkbe¨eüZ nq|
 G‡Wªm jvB‡bi cÖ_g 8 wU jvBb G‡Wªm I WvUv jvBb wn‡m‡e
A_©vrgvwë‡cø·W Ae¯’vqKvRK‡i|
 Bb÷ªvkbwKD4 we‡Ui|

6.  +5V±10% cvIqvi mvcøvBe¨enviKivnq|
 b‡qR Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡mmiwU‡Z`yBwU MÖvDÛ wcbe¨envi Kivn‡q‡Q|
 BbcyU K¬KwmMbv‡ji Rb¨ G·Uvi‡bjK¬K †Rbv‡iUi cÖ‡qvRb| 8284 Gi mv‡_ Avjv`v
wµ÷vj e¨enviK‡iK¬Kwd«‡Kv‡qwÝ DrcbœKiv nq| wµ÷v‡ji wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ 8086 Gi
Af¨šÍwiY wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ A‡cÿv wZb¸Y n‡Zn‡e|
 ‡h‡Kvbwc‡b -1V ‡_‡K +7V cÖ‡qvMKivhvq|
 cÖ‡mm‡iicvIqvi wWwm‡ckb 2.5W.
 -0.5V ‡_‡K +0.8V BbcyU †fv‡ëR‡K BbcyU jwRK †j‡fj 0 Gi Rb¨ mwVK aiv nq|
 +2V ‡_‡KVcc+0.58V BbcyU †fv‡ëR‡K BbcyU jwRK †j‡fj 1 Gi Rb¨ mwVKaiv nq|
 me©vwaK+0.45V †fv‡ëR‡K AvDUcyU jwRK †j‡fj 0 Gi Rb¨ mwVK aiv nq|
 b~¨bZg+2.4V †fv‡ëR‡K AvDUcyU jwRK †j‡fj 1 GiRb¨ mwVK aiv nq|

7. µwg
K bs
cv_©‡K¨i welq 8086 8088
1| cÖ‡mm‡ii
we‡Ui msLv¨
16 8
2| WvUv evm 16 we‡Ui 8 we‡Ui
3| WvUv I G‡Wªm
evm
AD0 n‡Z AD15 ch©šÍ 16
wU jvBb WvUv I
G‡Wªm jvBb
gvwë‡cø·W
AD0 n‡Z AD7 ch©šÍ 8
wU jvBb WvUv I
G‡Wªm jvBb
gvwë‡cø·W
4| ‡ggwi 1 †gMvevBU wm‡÷g
‡ggwi 512 wK‡jvevBU
K‡i AW I B‡fb e¨vs‡K
wef³
1 †gMvevBU wm‡÷g
avivevwnKfv‡e
e¨envi Kiv nq| AW I
B‡fb e¨vs‡K wef³ bq|
5| BHE wmMbvj Av‡Q| bvB|
6| ‡ggwi ev AvB/I
wm‡jKkb
M/IO wmMbvj e¨eüZ
nq|
IO/M wmMbvj e¨eüZ
nq|
7| wKD 6 we‡Ui 4 we‡Ui

9. wmMbvj wcb bs ‡gvW dvskb
GND 1, 20 Both
Modes
Ground
Vcc 40 “ +5V cvIqi mvcøvB|
CLK 19 “ BbcyU K¬K
AD0-AD15 16-2, 39 “ 8086 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡i AD0-AD15 wcb¸‡jv 16 we‡Ui Ges 8088 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡i AD0-AD7
wcb¸‡jv 8 we‡Ui WvUv I G‡Wªm evm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| evm mvB‡K‡ji ïiæ‡Z A_©vr T1
‡÷‡U ALE wmMbvj †jv †_‡K nvB nIqvi mgq 8282/8283 j¨v‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ G‡Wªm a‡i ivLv nq|
evm mvB‡K‡ji Aewkó mgq D³ AD0- AD15/ AD8 jvB‡b WvUv mwVK Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
A16/S3, A17/S4,
A18/S5, A19/S6
39-35 “ T1 †÷‡U A16, A17, A18 I A19 G‡Wªm evm wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| †ggwi I AvB/I Acv‡ik‡b T2, T3,Tw
Ges T4 †÷‡U G¸‡jv ÷¨vUvm evm wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| S3 IS4 Gi dvskb n‡jv: S4S3 = 00 n‡j Extra
Segment, S4S3 = 01 n‡j Stack Segment, S4S3 = 10 n‡j Code Segment I S4S3 = 11 n‡j Data SegmenteySvq| S5 IS6
Gi dvskb n‡jv: S5 B›UvivÞ Gb¨vej d¬v‡Mi ÷¨vUvm wb‡`©k K‡i Ges S6 wb‡`©k K‡i †h,
8086 wm‡÷g evm e¨envi Ki‡Q| Hold Acknowledge K¬K wcwiq‡W S6 UªvB‡÷W Ae¯’vq weivR
K‡i| d‡j Ab¨ evm gv÷vi wm‡÷g evm e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
NMI 17 “ bb-gv¯‹¨ej B›UvivÞ| evwni †_‡K GB wc‡b wmMbv‡ji gva¨‡g B›Uviv‡Þi m„wó nq| GB
B›UvivÞ Disable (Masked) ev eÜ Kiv hvq bv|
INTR 18 “ GB wc‡bI evwni †_‡K wmMbv‡ji gva¨‡g B›Uviv‡Þi m„wó Kiv hvq| Z‡e B”Qv Ki‡j Bnv
Disable (Masked) ev eÜ Kiv hvq|
BHE/S7 34 “ Bus High Enable/Status I A0 wcb GK‡Î WvUv †ggwii AW, B‡fb ev Dfq e¨vsK wbe©vPb Kivi Rb¨
e¨eüZ nq| †hgb, BHE, A0=00 n‡j Both Bank, 01 n‡j Odd Bank, 10 n‡j Even Bank wm‡j± n‡e|
MN/MX 33 “ MN/MX wcbwU nvB n‡j cÖ‡mmiwU wgwbgvg †gv‡W Ges †jv n‡j g¨vw·gvg †gv‡W KvR
Ki‡e|
RD 32 “ RD wcbwU ‡ggwi ev AvB/I mvB‡Kj wb‡`©k K‡i|
TEST 23 “ WAIT Bb÷ªvKkb GB wcbwU e¨envi K‡i| WAIT Bb÷ªvKk‡bi ci GB wcb †jv bv nIqv ch©šÍ
cÖ‡mmi Ajm Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
READY 22 “ ‡ggwi ev AvB/I wWfvB‡mi WvUv UªvÝdvi m¤úbœ Kiv GB wcb Øviv wb‡`©k K‡i|
RESET 21 “ Kgc‡ÿ 4 K¬K mvB‡Kj ch©šÍ GB wcb nvB _vK‡j cÖ‡mm‡ii Pjgvb mKj Kvh©µg eÜ K‡i

10. wmMbvj wcb bs ‡gvW dvskb
RQ/GT0,
RQ/GT1
30, 31 Maximum gvwëcÖ‡mmi wm‡÷‡g GB wcb `yBwU Øviv Ab¨ †jvKvj evm gv÷vi
8086 cÖ‡mm‡ii wm‡÷g evm wbqš¿‡Y †bqvi Rb¨ wi‡Kv‡q÷ †cÖiY
Kiv nq| RQ/GT1 A‡cÿ RQ/GT0 Gi cÖv‡qvwiwU †ekx|
LOCK 29 “ GB wmMbvj Øviv 8086 Ab¨ evm gv÷vi‡K wm‡÷g evm wbqš¿‡Y †bqv
†_‡K weiZ iv‡L|
S2, S1, S0 28, 27, 26 “ 8288 evm K‡›Uªvjvi S2, S1, S0 Øviv †ggwi I AvB/I e¨env‡ii mKj
wmMbvj ˆZwi K‡i|
S2 S1 S0
0 0 0 B›Uviv‡Þ hvIqv
0 0 1 AvB/I ‡cvU© wiW
0 1 0 AvB/I ‡cvU© ivBU
0 1 1 në
1 0 0 ‡KvW †mM‡g‡›U hvIqv
1 0 1 ‡ggwi wiW
1 1 0 †ggwi ivBU
1 1 1 wbw®Œq
QS1, QS0 25, 24 “ 8086 cÖ‡mm‡ii Bb÷ªvKkb wKD (Queu)-Gi Ae¯’v eySvq| †hgb, QS1,
QS0 Gi gvb 00 n‡j ‡Kvb Acv‡ikb eySvq bv, 01 n‡j wKD †_‡K Ac-
‡Kv‡Wi cÖ_g evBU G‡·wKDkb BDwb‡U hvq, 10 n‡j wKD Lvwj
eySvq, 11 n‡j cieZ©x evBU G‡·wKDkb BDwb‡U hvq|

11. wmMb
vj
wcb bs ‡gvW dvskb
HOLD,
HLDA
30, 31 Minimum DMA (WvB‡i± †ggix GK‡mm) Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ DMA K‡›Uªvjvi HOLD
wc‡b nvB wmMbvj †cÖiY K‡i gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi‡K Aby‡iva cvVvq|
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi HLDA nvB wmMbvj †cÖiY K‡i Aby‡iva MÖnY K‡i| G
Ae¯’vq DMA K‡›Uªvjvi‡K gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi wm‡÷g ev‡mi wbqš¿Y †Q‡o
†`q| DMA Acv‡ikb †k‡l HOLD wc‡b †jv wmMbvj Avm‡j gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
HLDA wc‡b †jv wmMbvj †cÖiY K‡i wm‡÷g ev‡mi wbqš¿Y MÖnY K‡i|
WR 29 “ GB wcb †jv n‡j M/IO (8088 Gi †ÿ‡Î IO/M) wmMbv‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i †ggwi
ev AvB/I wWfvB‡m WvUv ivBU K‡i| A_©vr †ggwi ivB‡Ui †ÿ‡Î WR=0,
M/IO=1 (8088 Gi †ÿ‡Î IO/M=0) Ges AvB/I ivB‡Ui †ÿ‡Î WR=0, M/IO=0
(8088 Gi †ÿ‡Î IO/M=1).
M/IO 28 “ GB wcb nvB (8088 Gi †ÿ‡Î IO/M †jv) n‡j †ggwi Ges †jv (8088 Gi †ÿ‡Î
IO/M nvB) n‡j AvB/I GK‡mm eySvq|
DT/R 27 “ GB wcb nvB n‡j gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi 8286/8287 WvUv evm UªvwÝfvi gva¨‡g
WvUv †cÖiY Ges †jv n‡j MÖnY K‡i|
DEN 26 “ GB wcb ‡jv n‡j 8286/8287 WvUv evm UªvwÝfvi Gbvej nq|
ALE 25 “ G‡Wªm j¨vP Gbvej jvBbwU nvB n‡j A0-A15, A16-A19 Ges BHE 8282/8283
Gi AvDUcy‡U j¨vP nq| †h‡Kvb evm mvB‡K‡ji T1 †÷‡U ALE nvB nq|
INTA 24 “ B›UvivÞ wi‡Kv‡q÷ Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ GB wcb †_‡K †jv wmMbvj †ei nq|

12. wcb/cÖ‡qvM wgwbgvg †gvW g¨vw·gvg †gvW
MN/MX wcb nvB A_©vr +VCC Gi
mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`qv nq|
‡jv A_©vr Gnd Gi mv‡_
ms‡hvM †`qv nq|
24 †_‡K 31 bs wcb¸‡jvi
dvskb n‡jv h_vµ‡g
INTA, ALE, DEN, DT/R,
M/IO, WR, HLDA I
HOLD
QS1, QS0, S0, S1, S2,
LOCK, RQ/GT1 I
RQ/GT0
cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ BDwb cÖ‡mmi wm‡÷g|
evm K‡›Uªvjv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
gvwë cÖ‡mmi wm‡÷g|
evm K‡›Uªvjvi e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq|