Evolution of Telecommunication

5/1/2020 1
PROJECT REPORT
Prepared by: Abhishek Bhat

5/1/2020 [Project Name]
INTRODUCTION
 Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant
distances to communicate.
 A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations,
each equipped with a transmitter and a receiver.
 The transmitter and receiver at any station may be combined into a single
device called a transceiver.
 The medium of signal transmission can be electrical wire or cable (also
known as "copper"),optical fiber or electromagnetic fields.
 The free-space transmission and reception of data by means of
electromagnetic fields is called wireless.

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
 A communications network is a collection of transmitters, receivers,
and communications channels that send messages to one another.
 Some digital communications networks contain one or more routers that work
together to transmit information to the correct user.
 An analog communications network consists of one or more switches that
establish a connection between two or more users.
 Examples of telecommunications networks are:
• Computer networks
• Internet
• Telephone network
• Global Telex network
• Aeronautical ACARS network

TELECOMMUNICATION
CLASSIFICATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
PROVIDER
(IP)
TELE SERVICE
PROVIDER
(TSP)
MANAGE SERVICE
PROVIDER
(MSP)

INFRASTRUCTURE PROVIDER
 INDUS TOWER
 BHARTIYA INFRASTRUCTURE PROVIDER
 INDIA TELECOM INFRA LIMITED(ITIL)
 GTL INFRASTRUCTURE PROVIDER(GIL)
 ASCEND TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE PRIVATE LIMITED (ASTER)
 QUIPPO TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED (QTIL)
 AIRCEL INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED
 Viom.

TELE SERVICE PROVIDER
(TSP)
 A telecommunications service provider or TSP is a type of communications
service provider that has traditionally provided telephone and similar services.
 TSPs provide access to telephone and related communications services.
 These TSPs are also known as OPERATORS , use to operate the telecom system.
TELECOM SERVICE PROVIDER
• Bharti Airtel
• Reliance Communications
• Idea Cellular
• Tata Communications
• Tata Teleservices
• Spice Communications
• Aircel

MANAGED SERVICE PROVIDER
(MSP)
 A managed service provider (MSP) provides delivery and management of
network-based services, applications, and equipment to enterprises,
residences, or other service providers.
 Managed service providers can be hosting companies or access providers
that offer services that can include fully outsourced network management
arrangements, including advanced features like IP telephony, messaging and
call center.
MANAGED SERVICE PROVIDER
• AIRTEL
• ERICSSON
• ZTE
• HUWAII
• MOTOROLA
• VODAFONE
• ALCATEL LUCENT

INTRODUCTION
Wireless Network Planning.
14
 When planning to deploy a wireless network, you must first determine the
number of clients you expect to serve, the type of traffic you expect on the
network, the amount of throughput you want the network to provide, and the
number of access points you need and where to mount them for optimal
coverage.

16
 Setting Coverage and Capacity Goals:-
The major initial tasks of any wireless deployment involve setting coverage and capacity
goals, creating a predictive model that calculates how many access points (APs) is
needed and where to place them to satisfy those goals within the physical environment
of the site, verifying the accuracy of the predictions by performing a manual site survey,
and then making any adjustments as necessary.
STEP’S
 How to Determine Network Needs:-
Determine network needs by interviewing stakeholders and, if replacing an existing
network, by using network monitoring tools to learn about its characteristics.
The following factors must be considered when determining the type and number of
APs to deploy:
the maximum number of client devices that will be concurrently transmitting and
receiving traffic on each SSID
1. the types and capabilities of the client devices
2. the types of applications they will use
3. the mobility of users while on the network.

5/1/2020 [Project Name] 17
A common way to gather this information is to interview people such as site managers
as well as the people who will be using the network. You can conduct interviews in
person as well as send questionnaires to them.
 For new wireless deployments, start by asking the people at each site to estimate
how many users—and, more importantly, how many wireless devices--they anticipate
will be active on the network simultaneously. Ask them what types of devices will be
used and what the users’ objectives are. Managers’ estimates about employees and
company devices should be fairly accurate because they already know how many
employees and devices will be on the network, the device types, and their intended
uses.
 Regarding the number of visitors using wireless devices, estimates will necessarily
be less precise but still worth gathering. Ask not only about their immediate
requirements but what they imagine they will need five years from now. In many
cases, you will receive business objectives (shorter checkout lines in stores) that
you must translate into technical objectives (suggest using mobile POS). Educating
people about how technical solutions can satisfy business objectives is part of the
planning process.

 When replacing an existing wireless network, ask the same questions but in
addition to collecting future estimates, also get statistics and observations about the
network being replaced. Try to obtain access to such measurements if they are
available.
 You can then take the information you have gathered and check LAN and WLAN
traffic studies to develop bandwidth targets for the different types of users, client
devices, and traffic types. Also, because you are replacing an existing network, it
must have had some shortcomings that prompted the change. Find out what
problems people had with the network and where in the building they tended to
occur.
 It is also important to learn as much as you can about the wired network with which
the wireless devices must integrate, such as its addressing scheme and topology.

NOMINAL PLANNING
 In order to produce a nominal plan or to validate an existing plan, engineers
must undertake several tasks:
 Calculate the link budget
 Optionally, calibrate the propagation model
 Design or validate the nominal plan
 Define the engineering guidelines for planning
Link Budget Calculations
 Each link budget is unique to the operator.
 It takes into account the operator’s environment and particular
infrastructure.
 Link budget calculations produce results for:
• Maximum allowable path loss
• Required coverage thresholds

Propagation Model Tuning
 A calibrated propagation model is crucial before using any planning tool.
 An unreliable propagation model will result in a poor nominal plan, with:
 too many sites (i.e. investing too much) or
 too few sites (i.e. not meeting the service requirements and a huge cost to rectify
the situation).
 Propagation model calibration includes:
 Defining the clutter classes,
 Measurements of those different clutter classes,
 Statistical analysis of the measurements,
 Tuning of the planning tool propagation models and parameters and final
selection of propagation models.
 Tuning the propagation model is an iterative process which requires defining new
clutter classes to obtain better results.

The Nominal Plan
 Nominal planning produces a nominal or master plan for a geographical area – in
the form of a site grid.
 Effective nominal planning, with a minimal number of sites will enable you to
fulfil the requirements of your marketing and business plans in the most cost
effective way.
 Nominal planning consist of two planning terms:
 short-term plans
 long-term plans
 In a first planning phase, the nominal planning is undertaken for services up to
five years from now, to maximise the current investment and to minimise
unnecessary cost. This is long term planning.
 The short term plans detail the requirements for today and for the immediate
future. The short-term plans contain a subset of sites from the long term plan.
 By completing short-term and longer term plans, engineers protecting
investment for today and the future and making the best decisions for the
business – both strategically and financially.

Engineering Guidelines
 Engineering guidelines are typically drafted during the first nominal planning production,
but reviewed during the early roll-out and pilot network testing.
 The engineering guidelines will form the basis for a uniform approach to cell planning.
 The engineering guidelines will include rules on:
• Antenna height and locations
• Preferred antenna configurations
• Rules for antenna tilting and azimuth
• The use of tower mounted amplifiers, boosters.

COVERAGE PLANNING
 Radio coverage is frequently perceived to be the most important
measurement for network quality.
 Radio coverage planning plays a major role in GSM network planning,
because it decides:
 extent of coverage area,
 speech quality,
 mobility and customer satisfaction.
 The objective of coverage planning phase in coverage limited network areas is
to find a minimum amount of cell sites with optimum locations for producing
the required coverage for the target area.
 Coverage planning is normally performed with prediction modules on digital
map database.
 The basic input information for coverage planning includes:
• Coverage regions
• Coverage threshold values on per regions (outdoor, in-car, indoor)
• Antenna (tower height limitations)
• Preferred antenna line system specifications
• Preferred BTS specification

 Activities such as propagation modeling, field strength predictions and
measurements are usually referred to as coverage planning.
SITE SELECTION
 Coverage planning and site selection are performed on parallel.
PROPAGATION MODEL
 Propagation models are essentially curve fitting exercises.
 Propagation tests are conducted at:
 different frequencies,
 antenna heights,
 locations over different periods and distances.
 The receive signal data is analyzed using mathematical tools and are fitted to an
appropriate curve.

 Some of the major propagation models are:
• Long-distance propagation model
• Longley-Rice model (irregular terrain model)
• Okumara
• Hata
• Cost 231-Hata (similar to Hata: for 1500-2000 MHz band)
• Wolfish-Ikegami Cost 231
• Wolfish-Xia JTC
• XLOS (Motorola proprietary model)
• Bullington
• Du Path loss model
• Diffracting Screens model
 Propagation models have traditionally focused on predicting the received signal
strength at a given distance from the transmitter, as well as the variability of
the signal strength in a close spatial proximity to a particular location.
 Propagation models are useful for predicting signal attenuation or path loss.
 This path loss information may be used as a controlling factor for system
performance or coverage so as to achieve perfect reception

CELL PLANNING
 Cell planning activity is divided in two stages :
 Preliminary Cell Plan
 Final Cell Plan
(i) Preliminary Cell Plan: The activities involved in this stage includes locating
dummy sites in the planning tool, defining their parameters to the best
knowledge of cell planner, choosing appropriate model and predicting the
coverage. The planner fine tunes his predictions and generates a preliminary
prediction report as per the final roll out plan and results predicted for each
phase of the network.
(ii) Final Cell Plan: This involves carrying out field survey of candidate for sites,
propagation(CW) test for candidates as listed by the planner, model tunning, re-
calculating link budget and re-predicting coverage with actual coordinates, height,
tunned model and more realistic link calculations. A final report is prepared which
after internal review is handed over to the customer with final site list

PRELIMINARY CELL PLAN

FINAL CELL PLAN

CAPACITY PLANNING
 Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by
an organization to meet changing demands for its products.
 In the context of capacity planning, "capacity" is the maximum amount of work
that an organization is capable of completing in a given period of time.
 Capacity analysis involves accessing the demanded and available traffic for
different service requirements considering :
 the activity factor,
 overbooking/contention ratio,
 TDD ratio for the up link and down link.

 Capacity Planning:
• Coverage and capacity planning and analysis
• Addition of new cell sites
• Upgrade of existing cell sites
• Signaling/SDCCH dimensioning
• Additional spectrum use
• Traffic Management
 Capacity calculation:
 The capacity of a given network is measured in terms of the subscribers or
the traffic load that it can handle.
 The former requires knowledge of subscriber calling habits (average traffic
per subscriber) while the latter is more general.
 The steps for calculating the network capacity are
• Find the maximum no of carriers per cell that can be reached for the
different regions based on the frequency reuse patterns and the available
spectrum.
• Calculate the capacity of the given cell using blocking probability and the
number of carriers.
• Finally the sum of all cell capacities gives the network capacity

Power budget calculations
 To guarantee a good quality in both directions (uplink and downlink) the power of
BTS and MS should be in balance at the edge of the cell.
 The main idea behind the power budget calculations is to receive the maximum
output power level of BTS transmitter as a:
 function of BTS and MS sensitivity levels,
 MS output power, antenna gain (Rx & TX),
 diversity reception,
 cable loss,
 combiner loss, etc….
The power budget calculations provide following useful results:
 BTS transmitted power: BTS transmitted power is adjusted to provide a balanced
radio link (i.e. Uplink Downlink radio link performance is the same) for given:
 BTS and MS receiver performance,
 MS transmitter performance,
 antenna and feeder cable characteristics.

 Isotropic path loss: this is the maximum path loss between BTS and MS
according to given radio system performance requirements.
 Coverage threshold: downlink signal strength at coverage area border for
given location probability.
 Cell range for indoor and outdoor coverage: this is a rough indication
about cell range in different area types and can be used for network
dimensioning. It can also be used for comparing the effect of different
equipment specification and antenna heights for the cell range.

SITE SURVEY
35
1. A telecom site survey (sometimes called an on-site survey or network survey) is the
process of planning and designing an entire network to provide a solution that will deliver
the required: cabling, network components & installation requirements
2. The survey usually involves a site visit and requires analysis of building floor plans,
visual inspection of the facility, and usage of site survey tools.
3. The ultimate goal of a site survey is to supply enough information to determine the
number and placement of wired and wireless access points that provides adequate
coverage throughout the facility.

36
5. Verify access point locations. This is when the real testing begins. Many wireless LAN
vendors, including Cisco, Symbol, and Proxim, provide free RF site survey tools that
identifies the associated access point, data rate, signal strength, and signal quality.
6. Document findings. Once you’re satisfied that the planned location of your network
elements and access points which will provide adequate coverage, identify them on the
facility diagrams and recommended mounting locations. Our or any installers will need
this information.
Now, there are two types of method L1 and L2 to define either the area is feasible or not.
1. In L1 method the survey is taken by online tools like GOOGLE EARTH etc.
2. In L2 method the survey is taken physically onto the ground like LAT. LONG., LOS
etc.
Let have a further insight of these method.

L1 METHOD
37
This method consist of virtual work for completing the model of a site. In this method we
use software like PLANET(Planning Tool), Google Earth etc.
Lets us talk about GOOGLE EARTH first.

38
Now, put Lat. , Long. Of the customer in GOOGLE EARTH search option. To get exact
location of the customer.

39
Now, by database provided locate the nearest BASE STATION TOWER(BTS) to the
Customer to provide GOOD Strength of SIGNALS.
In this case we have taken a BTS and located the customer. By this we can conclude
the distance and degree of customer where is he situated.

In this picture we can see that there is elevation tab downside, This tab is used to clear
that if there are obstruction from BTS to Customer & at what height are the obstruction.
This is all about L1 method which described BTS CUSTOMER and the OBSTACLES
between customer and BTS as per virtually.

LOS SURVEY.
41
Now, under this topic the real data for customers and BTS will be displayed, also the
picture of obstacles between customer and BTS with there respective LAT. LONG.
1. In this picture REGION is described as this report belong to NORTH Region.
2. After that the customer name and where is the location of customer
3. LAT. LONG. of the customer is also described as it was taken by the device named
“GARMIN GPS”
4. Base station name and its LAT. LONG. Is also taken into this report
5. BTS height and which type of BTS it is also described here BTS is RTT(rooftop tower)

6. As this is the RTT tower then the height of the building should also be described
7. AMSL is also the main factor in RF surveying.
8. Then the obstruction are described like viz. which kind of obstruction it is like tree,
building etc.
9. After defining that which type of obstruction it is then the height of the obstruction is
defined and also the AMSL of the obstruction.
10. The LAT. LONG. Of the obstruction is also measured as to be plotted on google
earth for better result.
11. Like the above steps all other obstruction are defined and are summoned into a
report.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE:-

Feasibility Process
45
Points to be considered:
1. Provide Detailed survey report as per format
2. Provide accurate GPS Reading
3. Antenna height –Where you are going to mount the ODU.
4. Provide Obstruction details should be marked from Customer to BTS if not visible with
naked eye use Binoculars.
5. Note the Obstruction details from BTS to Cst.(Binoculars) Lat/Long, Ht. AMSL.
6. Obstruction details are w.r.t distance and AMSL from BTS.
7. If Customer end any UBR links are existing, we should inform the same to Cust. & get
confirmation to proceed to install one more link.(To avoid interference)
8. Mention clearly the pole & Mast location where we are going to mount ODU.
9. Snaps for both end BTS and Cust. end should be taken.
10. ODU mounting location at SM end in case of existing Mast.
11. Should provide back side, left, right and front of SS photographs so as to analyze
clutter around SM.
12. Feasibility team needs to map the SM to the nearest BS and attach snap from
Google in L2 report.
13. SM should not hold by Hand (Fix the SS on Pole/Wall/Mast) at the time of survey.
14. At the time of Survey the SM should be fixed in the Pole/Wall/Existing Mast, SM
should be stable at the time of survey.

OPTIMISATION
 This is the last step of the network planning procedure. It can start during the
network trial period and continues after opening the commercial service and
during the network expansion.
 The aim of this process is to evaluate and maximize the quality of service in the
network with the corresponding set of quality criteria.
 Optimization is the fine tuning of a nominal cell plan to a real environment.
 Imperatives for Optimisation:
 RF optimisation remains one of the key challenges in any network.
 Identifying potential faults in the network and resolving them before
 they affect network performance.
 Rectifying causes of faults affecting network performance.
 Leads to efficient use of the spectrum.

Objective:
 To achieve 100% compliance to:
 The design criteria in regards to coverage ,capacity, and quality.
 The standards defined by local government authority.
 Need for optimisation:
 Perceived reduction in network quality.
• Indications from network performance monitoring.
• Subscriber's experience of using the network.
 Maximising the use of existing infrastructure.
• Operators wants to ensure the best returns on investment.
 Introduction of new services.
• Change in original design parameters
• Flawed original design in format.
• Original design information has changed.

 The popular optimization methods to improve coverage
1. Adjust antenna azimuth, down tilt, height;
2. Replace antenna type and adjust antenna gain, beam width, adopt electric-down tilt
antenna;
3. Adjust cell power;
4. Clear out outside interference;
5. Add new BTS or radio-remote station or repeater;
6. Add indoor distribution system;
7. Move BTS and adjust network topology structure
 GSM Network Optimization Methodology
 Hardware Analysis
• Analysis of potential hardware problems in the network not detected by ‘normal’ fault
management methods.
 Performance Statistics
• Analysis of performance statistics, with standard graphical information sheet for each
cell.
• Analysis of potential hardware problems in the network not detected by ‘normal’ fault
management methods.
 Call Trace Analysis
• Detects problems with antenna tilts.
• Detects problems with BaseTransceiver Subsystem (BTS) outputpower.Frequency
Planning Optimization
• Re-definition of handovers and assigned frequencies.

Network optimization
 Network Optimization can be defined as a continuous process of
improving overall network quality .

CASE STUDY
51
1. Troubleshooting is a method in which we analyse or solve the fault occurred in existing network.
2. The troubleshooting includes physical & logical RF parameter tuning like- RSSI & CINR,
modulation, frequency etc.
3. RSSI:- RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATOR. It should be less than -75dbm.
4. CINR:- CARRIER INTERFERENCE NOISE RATIO. It should be greater than 20db.
5. Modulation: Signal Bandwidth.
6. For the case study we use a software named as SECURE CRT which provide us the current
status of RF parameter (subscriber & base station).
 Let us study a case of a subscriber station.
1. This is RF parameter of the
subscriber station, this pic
shows that parameter of SS
are not good i.e.
RSSI & CINR of the SS is
DL: (-73dBm,12dB)
UL: (-75dBm,9dB)

AFTER OPTIMISATION.
As optimisation is done then the SS parameter are changed, here we increased the
height of the SS on mast from 15m to 25m to get clear LOS between SS & BTS. Now
the parameters are (-62,21)DL – (-75,23)UL which are considered as normal.

This is the BS parameters which is shown below as the parameter are not good as
required the RSSI AND CINR are very low and are also causing INTERFERNCE
between the sectors.

After the optimisation the parameters are changed to normal i.e. shown above for
different customers, also the interference is also normal now. In this optimisation the
height of the antenna is increased and DOWNTILT was given to it for clearing the LOS
between SS & BTS.

CONCLUSION
55
1. In this report we have studied about wireless telecommunications network.
2. Telecom network evolution to 2G,3G,4G,5G as per increasing demand in data rates
by the end user.
3. To supplement the increasing data trend various techniques used in building cellular
networks from Macro to heterogeneous n/w, small cell to WIFI zones.
4. Various tools & data like 3D maps/terrain maps, Google imagery, LOS are used for
efficient coverage & capacity planning.
5. Efficient n/w planning will comprised of building indoor/outdoor coverage with
topology design & building femtocells, in building solutions & PTP.
6. Convergence of mobile computing & telecommunication industry give rise to every
possibility of future wireless technology evolution like IOT, M2M , Big Data & cloud
computing.
7. Data usage trends moving from mobile computing to the SMAC characteristics-
social mobile analytics & cloud.
8. Interconnection with INTERNET is providing greater reach to end customers &
service providers.
9. Technological advancement is continuing to meet the end user requirements of
higher data rates & to access everything through their mobile devices.

THANK
YOU
PREPAREDBY:
Abhishek bhat

Evolution of Telecommunication

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