2. Human resources
● Human Resources are the people who make up
the workforce of a nation.
● Any nation's greatest resource is its
people.The skills and abilities of people turn
them into resources.
● It is the building block of a country's
development.
● Human resources are unequally distributed
across the globe.
● Increased population indicates rich human
resources.
● Population becomes human capital when
there is investment made in the form of
education,training and medical care.
3. ● Human capital us the stock of skill and
knowledge that the country possesses
● Looking at the population from its productive
aspect emphasises its ability to contribute to
the creation of the gross national
● This is the positive side of large population
that is over looked at the negative side,
considering the problems of providing food,
education and health facilities
● The human resources can be further
developed by becoming more educated and
healthy, we call it human capital formation
● Investment in human capital ( through
education, health and training ) yields a return
just like in physical capital. This can be seen
in higher incomes
4. India’s population and it's
distribution
● As per census of 2011 India’s population as on
March 2011 stood at 1.21 billion.
● India has about 2.4 % of the world population
● India has about 17.5 % of the total world population.
● India ranks next to China in population which is
the largest population in the world to cross the
mark of I billion officially
● In terms of population, USA ranks third in the
population but there is huge gap between these two
countries
● The United Nations has estimated that the world
population is growing at an annual rate of 1.4 %
whereas
5. Geographical distribution
● Population of our country is not evenly distributed.
● Uttar Pradesh continues to be the most populous state if
the country with almost 200 millions of people living
there, which is more than the population of Brazil, the
fifth most populous country in the world.
● Whereas Himalayan state Sikkim has population about
0.5 million.
● Such an uneven spatial distribution of population in
india suggests a close relationship between physical,
socioeconomic, and historical factors.
● The physical factors like terrain, climate and Availability
of water largely determines the pattern of population
distribution.
● we observe that the North Indian Plains, deltas and
Coastal Plains have higher proportion of population than
the interior districts of southern and central Indian
States, Himalayas, some of the north eastern and the
western states.
6. Development of population
The Development of population resulted in
moderate to high portion of population in areas
which are thinly populated :
● Development of irrigation in Rajasthan
● Availability of minerals and energy resources in
Jharkhand
● Development of transport network in peninsular
states
7. The socioeconomic and historical factors
● important ones are evolution of settled agriculture and
agricultural development; pattern of human
settlement; development of transport network,
industrialisation and urbanisation.
● The population of the regions falling in the river
plains and coastal areas of India have larger
population.
● Even though the natural resources like land and water
are degradation, the concentration of population
remains high because of na early history of human
settlement and development
8. Population density
● Density of population, is expressed as number of
person per unit area
● It is better a way to understand the distribution of
population
● The density of population in India (2011) is 382
person per square km and ranks third among the
most densely populated countries of Asia following
Bangladesh (849 persons ) and Japan ( 334 persons )
● Bihar has the highest density of population about
1103 square.km
● Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest density of
population about 17 persons per sq. Km.
10. ● Composition of population by their respective places of
residence is an important indicator of social and
economic characteristics
● Contrary to rural population, the proportion of urban
population (31.16 %) in India is quite low but it is
showing a much faster growth rate over the decades.
● In fact since 1931 , the growth rate of urban population
has accelerated due to enchanced economic
development , more employment opportunities, better
living conditions and better services like education,
health, transportation , communication and banking
etc.
● The distribution of urban population too, as in the case
of total population, has a wide variation throughout the
country.
11. ● At the state level, the pattern of
urbanization is very diverse, but
economically advanced states more or
less show higher levels of urbanisation.
● All the southern states, along with
Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra
and West Bengal, have higher
urbanisation levels than the national
average, whereas Himachal Pradesh,
Bihar, Assam and Odisha are least
urbanised states of India.
● The level of urbanization in India
increased from 27.7% in 2001 to 31.1% in
2011
2011 (crore) In (%)
India 121.0 100
Rural 83.3 68.84
Urban 37.7 31.16
12. Sex ratio
Sex ratio is defined as the number of
females per 1000 males in the
population.This information is an
important social indicator to measure
the extent of equality between males
and females in a society at given time.
The sex ratio in India remained
unfavorable to females due to :
● Neglect of girl child
● Sex selective abortions
14. Education and health are reasonable good
indicators of development in a society.It
forms an important input in the overall
development of individuals enabling them to
comprehend their social, political and
cultural environment better and respond to
its opportunity. Low level of literacy is a
serious obstacle for economic and social
development.
15. Education
The literacy rate for the country as a whole
in 2011, was 74.4 %; 82.14 % for males and
65.46 % for females for the population
aged seven years and above.
Kerala, where literacy rate is 93.91%, holds
the first rank in the country closely
followed by Mizoram (91%). Bihar has
lowest literacy rate of 63.82%.
16. Health
● Health does not mean survival only, it concerns
physical, mental, economic and social well being
of an individual as well.
● Health is an important component of the
development process.
● With sustained efforts after the independence,
significant Improvement has been registered in
the health status of the population.
● A wide range of activities are covered under
health, such as population control, family
welfare, drug control, immunisation and
eradication of majer communicable and non-
communicable disenses.
18. A skilled worker is any worker who has special skill, training,
knowledge, and (usually acquired) ability in his work.
Illiterate and unhealthy population are a
liability for the economy. Literate, skilled and
healthy population are an asset
The quality of population depends upon the
literacy rate, health, and skill formation acquired
by the people of the country. The quality of the
population ultimately decides the growth rate of
the country.
19. Are Education and Training necessary
Education and Training are necessary as they :
● Enhances people's capacities and creativity, opportunities, at work:
● Empower people to develop their full capacities and seize employment and social
opportunities;
● Raise productivity of workers and of enterprises;
● Contribute to boost future innovation and development;
● Encourage domestic and foreign investment, thus job growth lowering unemployment
and underemployment;
● Lead to higher wages; and
● Reduce inequalities between different groups of people.
20. Skills development is a central pillar of economic
growth and development. The present skilled
workforce in India is only 2 percent, which is
much lower when compared to the developing
nations. As per a report, the number persons aged
15 years who have received or be receiving skills
is merely 6.8 percent. Dearth of formal vocational
education, lack of vide variation quality, high
school dropout rates, inadequate skill training
capacity, negative perception towards skilling, and
lack of industry ready skills even in processional
courses are the cause of poor skill levels of
India's workforce.
21. India's Green Revolution
India's Green Revolution is a dramatic
example of how the input of greater
knowledge in the form of improved
production technologies can rapidly
increase the productivity of scarce
land resources.
22. IT Revolution
It in revolution is another example which
show how the importance of human capital
has come to acquire a higher position than
that of material plant and machinery. Large
investments by the Central and State
Governments in Education, research and
Training led to “IT Revolution” in
Bengaluru.
23. Countries like Japan have invested in human
resource. They did not have much natural
resource. These countries are developed/rich
countries. They import the natural resource
needed in their country. How did they become
rich/developed? They have invested on people
especially in the field of education and health.
These people have made efficient use of other
resource like land and capital. Efficiency and the
technology evolved by people have made these
countries rich/developed.
How did they become rich/developed ?
24. Important points
● Human as Resource, is an effort to explain population as an asset for the
economy rather than a liability.
● As per census of 2011 India's population as on March 2011 stood at 1.21
billion.
● Density of population, is expressed as number of persons per unit area.
● Bihar has the highest density of population about 1102 persons per sq.
km, whereas Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest density of population i.e.
17 persons per sq. km.
● Education and health are reasonably good indicators of development in a
society.
