about vegetable seminar

1. MASTER’S CREDIT SEMINAR
VSC 591 (1+0)
Abinash Mishra
Final year M.Sc(Ag) vegetable science
Adm no : 211222604
Department of Vegetable Science
College of Agriculture
ODISHA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY,
BHUBANESWAR 1
Enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops:
Role of conventional and molecular breeding approaches

2. Introduction
Need of stress tolerant plants
Most commonly encountered abiotic stresses
Grafting for abiotic stress tolerance
Case study
Future thrusts and conclusion
Breeding for stress tolerance
2
Impact of abiotic stress on vegetables
Seminar Outline

3. • Situations where environmental stimuli that
normally influence plant development, growth,
and productivity, exceed thresholds (species-
specific), damaging the plant act as Abiotic stress
factors and are naturally occurring.
• Any factor of environment that interferes with the
complete expression of genotypic potential of the
plant.
3
Singh, 2000

4. Environment
Stress
BIOTIC
Animals, insects, fungi ,
etc.
ABIOTIC
Atmospheric
Air pollution Light stress
Temperature
stress
Edaphic
(soil)
Water Stress Salt Stress
4

5. Moisture
Heat
Salt
Cold
Light
Optimum
Drought
High and
low
temperat
ure
Water
logging
Salinity
Reduced
yields
 The negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific
environment.
5

6. Impact of Abiotic stress on vegetables
Short duration crops
very specific edaphic and
climatic requirement
Pronounced effects of
abiotic stress
Crucial role in ensuring food and nutritional security
But vegetables are highly perishable
Under some stress conditions price vary rapidly
Putting them out of reach of the poor
Why vegetables are more affected by stress ??..
6

7. Effect and response of abiotic stress--
Effect
on plant
Plant
response
Meena et al., 2017
7

8. Losses due to abiotic stress
Abiotic stress accounts for loss of 50% average
yields for most major crop plants.
(Acquaah, 2007)
The Brassica are soft and succulent and have
more than 85% water thus more effected by
water stress.
(Cardoza and Stewart 2004)
Yield, volume, diameter, and composition (i.e.,
lycopene and total soluble sugars) of tomato
fruits is greatly hampered by drought.
(Sivakumar, 2016)
8

9. Need of stress tolerant plants..?
Abiotic stresses limits the geographical distributions of plants on earth.
Abiotic stresses usually cause severe loss of crop yields.
Abiotic stresses affect global crop production system and endanger food security of human being.
Meena et al., 2017
9

10. Breeding for stress tolerance
Conventional
For Self Pollinated Crops
1) Introduction
2) Selection
3) Hybridization
4) Pedigree Method
5) Mutation
For Cross Pollinated Crops
1) Mass Selection
2) Recurrent Selection
* Simple recurrent selection
* Recurrent selection for
General Combining Ability
* Recurrent selection for
Specific Combining Ability
* Reciprocal recurrent
selection
Modern
approaches
Molecular breeding
approaches
Quantitative trait loci –
(QTL) mapping-marker
assisted selection (MAS),
somaclonal variations,
genetic engineering
Grafting
10

11. Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection (MAS) is an indirect selection
process where a trait of interest is selected based on
a marker (morphological, biochemical or DNA/ RNA variation) linked to a trait of interest
(QTL) (e.g. productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and quality), rather than
on the trait itself.
 MAS refers to the use of DNA markers that are tightly linked to target loci as a
substitute for or to assist phenotypic screening.
 MAS can be performed in early segregating population and at early stages of plant
development.
Molecular breeding
1. Marker Assisted Selection
11
Rosyara, 2006

12. The bulk progenies are screened for tolerance in a wide range of environments
For each individual cross, a skeleton genetic map is developed with loci that are polymorphic between the
two parents of the cross
A tissue sample is taken from each F2 plant for analysis using DNA markers and the individual segregating
plants are self-fertilized and bulked to produce progenies
F1 plant is grown from a single seed, self fertilized, and the resultant F2 seed
These are crossed to produce heterozygous F1 seed
To map QTL for particular trait, highly inbred homozygous parents are chosen
SEARCH FOR ASSOCIATIONS WITH TRAITS OF INTEREST
12

13. • The Somaclonal Variation is defined as
genetic and epigenetic changes
between clonal regenerants and the
corresponding donor plants.
• Tissue-culture-induced phenotypic
and genotypic variations.
Kokina et al., 2017
2. Somaclonal variation
13

14. The effect of somaclonal variation on salt tolerance and glycoalkaloid content of
potato tubers
Australian journal of crop science
Average root length of in vitro plants of parental and tissue culture derived regenerants of potato, subjected
to NaCl stress (100mM).
Khan et al., 2014
14
CASE STUDY - 1

15. 3. Genetic engineering
• Genes of resistance are introduced from
unrelated species through recombinant
DNA technology  GMOs
Recent success-
At IIVR water deficit stress tolerant
transgenic tomato was developed
using AtDREB1A gene.
Source: annual report IIVR 2013-14
15

16. • A bacterial mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) gene driven by the
constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was transferred into
tomato plants.
• Transgene integration was confirmed by PCR analysis and Southern blot analysis,
and transgene expression was confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and
direct mtlD (EC 1.1.1.17) activity.
• Drought (polyethylene glycol in medium) and salinity (sodium chloride in
medium) tolerance tests revealed that transgenic lines exhibited a higher
tolerance for abiotic stresses than non-transformed plants.
16
Khare et al., 2010
CASE STUDY - 2

17. Most commonly encountered Abiotic stresses
DROUGHT
WATER
LOGGING
HEAT
STRESS
COLD
STRESS
SALINITY
17

18. DROUGHT
Drought is a climatic hazard which implies
the absence or very low level of rainfall for a
period of time, long enough to cause moisture
depletion in soil with a decline of water
potential in plant tissues.
Effect Of Drought On Some Vegetables
Low water stress
Protoplasm get dehydrated, enzyme activities
reduced and rupturing of protoplast
Reduced water leads to synthesis of abscisic
acid and ethylene
Stomata get closed
Ions get accumulated along with pH change
Less transpiration also leads to increase in temp
on plant surface
Water stress is more damaging at high temp
Chatterjee et al., 2015

19. Screening criteria for drought tolerance
Yield potential
Leaf characteristics like leaf rolling, water retention by leaf and leaf stomata.
Root characters: root mass and distribution
Seed germination, seedling emergence, survival, vigor and recovery
Photosynthetic rates
Membrane stability
Water use efficiency
• During selection, characters should posses high heritability and high correlation with
yield under stress across the environment. 19

20. Kumar et al., 2012
Sources of Drought tolerance
20

21. Mechanisms of drought resistance
• Drought Escape
• Drought Avoidance
• Drought Tolerance
Incorporation of drought tolerance
• Transfer of drought tolerance in pre-existing high yield genotype
• Back cross method
• Recurrent selection
• Pedigree and bulk method
• However, transforming drought tolerance in high yielding genotypes is complicated.
21

22. Drought Tolerance of Several Tomato Genotypes Under Greenhouse Conditions
Wahb-Allah MA, Alsadon AA and Ibrahim AA. 2011.
World Applied Sciences Journal 15: 933-40
• Four commercial tomato cultivars (Imperial, Pakmore VF, Strain-B and Tnshet Star), a drought-
tolerant breeding line (L 03306) and their hybrid combinations were selected in this study to evaluate
drought tolerance and to develop initial material for drought tolerance breeding program.
• Four-weeks-old seedlings were transplanted into soil under greenhouse conditions.
• Six irrigation treatments were imposed during a 140-day growing period through a drip irrigation
system.
• Vegetative growth, flowering and yield traits were measured while water use efficiency (WUE) was
determined.
• Significant differences among genotypes were found for all traits, suggesting that they could be taken into
account when selecting for drought tolerance. Pakmore VF and the breeding line L 03306 had good yield
performance under different deficit irrigation treatments. These genotypes could be selected for in a
breeding program as recurrent (female) and donor (male) parents, respectively.
Wahb-Allah et al., 2011
CASE STUDY - 3
22

23. WATER LOGGING
Water logging
Water gets filled in the pores occupied by O2
Anaerobic conditions
Reduced decomposition of organic matter
Suppresses the formation and branching of
root hairs, plant become chlorotic in 3-4 days.
Synthesis of toxic alcohols.
• Water logging is defined as the
condition of soil where excess water
inhibits gas exchange of roots with
atmosphere.
Severe soil drainage affects
approximately 10% of global land area.
(FAO, 2002).
Hypoxia
Anoxia
• Deficiency of
oxygen in soil
environment
• Complete
absence of
oxygen.
23
FAO, 2002

24. Source of Waterlogging tolerance in different crops
Crop Tolerant variety References
Tomato L123 Kuo and Chen, 1979
Potato Gem, Jasper Martin, 1984
Broad bean Maries Blaze Alvino et al., 1983
Sweet potato LO-360, LO-323 Ton, 1978
24

25. Tolerance mechanism
Morphological and Anatomical mechanism of tolerance-
• Adventitious/Nodal root development- e.g. in tomato
• Formation of aerenchyma tissues- Roots develop large air space
• Root porosity- Higher root porosity is found in tolerant plants. Many
plant species develop large intercellular spaces also.
• Changes in root geotropism- Root grow towards ground surface for
respiration, thus plant can retain partial aerobic respiration.
25

26. Breeding strategies for Waterlogging tolerance
• The major criteria required for germplasm improvement are
1. Genetic diversity for tolerance- Water logging can appear
at any stage of plant development due to excess rainfall so
evaluation of genetic diversity should be done at different
stage of development.
2. Study of genetics of tolerance.
3. Hybridization (Heritability of traits).
4. Reselection in breeding programme.
26

27. 1. A study was conducted to evaluate the plant responses to drought and flooding in eight genotypes of
brinjal (Solanum melongena L. cvs. IIHR3, BMG-1, BPLH-1, Arka Kesav, Arka Neelkanth, Arka
Nidhi, Arka Shirish, Mattu Gulla) and a wild type Solanum macrocarpon.
2. Genotype BMG-1 performed photosynthetically better under drought, while under flooding Arka Nidhi
and Arka Keshav has shown higher photosynthetic rate.
3. The closure of stomata in drought was gradual, while during flooding the closure was quick as shown the
differential response of stomatal conductance in brinjal genotypes under these two conditions.
4. The better recovery after releasing flooding was found in Arka Keshav, Arka Neelkanth, IIHR-3 and
BPLH-1 followed by S. macrocarpon and Mattu Gulla, while after releasing the drought stress, better
recovery was observed in BMG-1, Arka Shirish, Arka Neelkanth, Arka Nidhi, S, macrocarpon, and
BPLH-1.
Bhatt et al., 2014
Response of brinjal genotypes to drought and flooding stress
Bhatt RM, Laxman RH, Singh TH, Divya MH, srilakshmi and Nageswar Rao ADDVS. 2014.
Vegetable science 2: 116-124
CASE STUDY - 4
27

28. SALT STRESS
• Salt tolerance- ability of plants to
prevent, reduce or overcome injurious
effects of soluble salts present in their
root zone.
• Salinity can be overcome by-
1. Soil reclamation- costly, time
consuming and short lived.
2. Resistant varieties- less costly, more
effective, long lasting but require longer
period to develop.
SALT AFFETED SOIL TYPES-
High salt (NaCl)
20% of the world’s irrigated lands are
affected by salinity
Inhibition of transpiration, respiration,
photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation
Delay in seed germination and slow growth.
Leaves appear smaller and darker than normal, marginal and tip
burning of leaves followed by yellowing and bronzing.
Poor yield
28

29. 1. Germination test in saline medium-most commonly used
2. Sand culture- pots are filled with sand and subsequently irrigated with saline
water.
3. Seedling root dip- roots of 30 days olds seedling are dipped in 0.5% salt
solution for 72 hours. Salt tolerant varieties are characterized by lower
absorption of salt.
4. Natural selection- based on season and involve more cost. Breeding material
must be evaluated under naturally occurring saline soil to improve selection
efficiency.
5. Young seedling screening – requires small number of seeds, rapid screening
and relatively high accuracy of result.
6. Cell membrane stability – it involves application of stress to the leaf after it
has been subjected to hardening followed by the measurement of electrolyte
leakage using the conductometric method.
SCREENING FOR SALT TOLERANCE
29

30. SALT STRESS TOLERANT SPECIES AND GENOTYPES OF
VEGETABLES
Crop Resistance Source
Tomato S. cheesmanii, S. pimpinellifolium, S. peruvianum, S. hirsutum and S.
pennellii, Sabour Suphala
Okra Pusa Sawani
Onion Hissar 2, Punjab Selection
Bean Gevas Sirik 57 (GS57)
Brinjal Pusa Bindu, CO-1, S. macrocarpon, S. gilo
30

31. BREEDING FOR SALINITY TOLERANCE
Two approaches
Improving Yield Level of
Salt Tolerant Cultivars
Traditional cultivars of salt affected area
are improved for their productivity without
affecting their salt tolerance ability.
Transfer of Salt Tolerant
Genes To High Yielding
Cultivars
By transferring salt tolerance genes
from salt tolerant cultivars through
Hybridization and Selection in stress
target environment
31

32. Breeding Approaches in Salt
Tolerance
• Conventional Approach
1. Introduction
2. Selection (Mass selection /Pureline selection)
3. Hybridization
• Non Conventional Approach
1. Transgenic Approach
2. Molecular Approach (MAS)
3. Mutation breeding
32

33. • Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes studied for salt tolerance, moderately tolerant and sensitive ones on the
basis of germination and emergence parameters.
• Genotypes were exposed to different saline treatments (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1) along with control (0 dS m-1).
• Germination test, conducted in petri dishes in incubator, revealed that salinity stress significantly decreased final
germination percentage, germination index and embryo axis length of tested genotypes.
• Emergence test of bell pepper genotypes conducted in pots under greenhouse conditions, shown that salinity
decreased the seedlings fresh and dry biomass, number of leaves, leaf area and root and shoot length.
• On the basis of overall percent decrease ranking table, genotypes were grouped into comparatively salt tolerant (Zard,
Tasty, Super shimla, Aristotle), moderately tolerant (Capistrano, CW-03, Kaka-01, Orable, Yolo wonder, Crusadar)
and sensitive ones (PEP-311, Admiral, Lafayette, Colossol).
• Germination and emergence tests are reliable screening tools for evaluating pepper genotypes for salt stress at seedling
stage.
• Useful for local farmers to utilize their marginal soils by growing relatively salt tolerant bell pepper genotypes.
Tehseen et al., 2016
Assessment of salinity tolerance in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes on the basis of
germination, emergence and growth attributes
Tehseen S, Ayyub CM, Amjad M and Ahmad R. 2016.
Pakistan journal of botany 48: 1783-91
CASE STUDY - 5
33

34. HEAT STRESS
High temperature stress
Soil and atmospheric drought
Generally plants above 440C temp dies
Respiration and transpiration increases
Shortage of organic substances required
for growth
Synthesis of normal protein declines
Heat shock proteins HSPs appear at high
temperature provide protection
• Rise in temperature beyond a threshold level for
a period of time, sufficient to cause irreversible
damage to plant growth and development
(Wahid et al., 2007)
A transient elevation in temperature, usually 10-
15˚C above ambient, is considered heat shock or
heat stress.
Paupière, 2014
34

35. SOURCES OF HEAT TOLERANCE
Crop Genotypes Reference
Tomato Moneymaker, Red Cherry Johijma et al., 1995
Sonali, Hotset, Kewalo, Saladette, NDTVR-60, S. cheesmanii, S.
cerasiformae (cherry tomato), Phillipine, Punjab Tropics, EC
130042, EC 162935,
Nainer et al., 2004
Brinjal S. macrocarpon, S. gilo _
Potato S. chaconense, Kufri Surya
Okra A. manihot var. manihot _
Bean G 122, G5273 Shonnard & Gepts, 1994
GUNI 59 Udomprasert et al., 1995
Haibushi Suzuki et al., 2001
Cornell 503 Rainey & Griffiths, 2005
Chinese cabbage Qngyan 1 Li et al., 1999
35

36. Criteria characteristics Parameters for selection Remarks
Germination Percent germination under stress It is performed when the crop faces high temperature
during germination.
Growth and development Longer hypocotyls Rapid and useful technique for screening heat tolerance
Internodes elongation Direct selection criteria
Early vigor of seedlings Indirect selection, may correlate with yield
Yield Most commonly used, a significant correlation was
recorded between heat tolerance and yield.
Dry matter content Recurrent selection for 6 cycle for high dry matter content
significant increase survival rate, tuberization and yield
under high temperature
Sensitivity of reproductive
phase
Fruit setting Displayed high level of heat tolerance based on fruit setting
Pollen fertility Pollen from heat tolerant genotypes expressed higher
fertility than the heat sensitive cultivars.
Membrane stability Solute leakage measured by conductivity
test
Membrane stability bears considerable relation with plant
performance under stress environments
Selection criteria for High temperature tolerance
36

37. Tolerance mechanism
Heat Avoidance- It is the ability of the plants to scatter the radiation energy causing cooling effect at
stress temperature.
 High transpiration cause cooling of micro environment
 Leaf pubescence: Soft and short hairs (trichomes) on leaves or soft stem helps to shade the surface and hence
protecting them from heat.
 Reduction in amount of foliage e.g. small leaf blades
Heat Tolerance -Tolerance mechanisms generally associated with cellular and sub cellular
components and biomolecules are involved.
 Osmoregulators content: Osmoregulators viz Proline protects several enzymes from heat
inactivation.
 Plant growth regulators: Abscisic acid (ABA): Helps protect plant under stress, Salicyclic acid:
Results in thermo tolerance .
 Membrane stability: Heat tolerant genotypes have higher percentage of saturated fatty acid in their
membrane and they exhibit less increase in fluidity associated with heat than unsaturated fatty acids.
37

38. Breeding approaches for heat tolerance
Traditional breeding approaches :
1. Screening
2. Selection
The common technique for selection:
To grow breeding materials in a hot target production
environment and detect individuals/ lines with higher
yield.
38

39. COLD STRESS
Low temperature stress
More in tropical/subtropical plants
Stress due to freezing temp (Frost Stress)
Intracellular ice formation and rupturing of cell
Temp <100C for chilling sensitive plants
(Decrease root growth, increase leakage of ions
and ethylene production).
Transpiration remains constant resulting in
desiccation of plants.
Cold resistant plant develops woolly growth on whole
body surface which act as an insulator.
Plants of tropical origin suffers cold
damage when exposed to temperature
below 20˚C.
Chilling
injury
When temperature is above 0˚C to <10-
15˚C.
Freezing
injury
When temperature is below 0℃
39

40. SCREENING AND SELECTION OF COLD TOLERANT GENOTYPES
S. No. Selection Criteria Screening technique Remarks
1. Chlorophyll loss Leaf/seedling colour Effect of light intensity
2. Growth under stress Dry weight, stem/leaf dry weight ratio Commonly used
3. Germination Field emergence/germination in
incubators under stress
Extensively used
4. Membrane stability Leakage of solute determined by
conductivity meter
Quite useful
5. Photosynthesis Variable chlorophyll florescence at 685
nm
Promising technique
6. Seedling mortality Seedling survival under stress Simple
7. Seed/fruit set Fruit/seed produced under stress Simple
8. Pollen fertility Pollen sterility under stressed plants Indirect selection
40

41. SOURCES OF COLD TOLERANCE
CROP DONOR
Tomato S. habrochites, S. pimpinellifolium, Cold Set, Pusa Sheetal
Potato S. acaule
French Bean P. filliformis, P. angustissimus
Okra A. angulosus
Pea PI-102888, -125673, -163131, -251051, K-1053, K-5284, K-6140, K-3198,
Orlovski-29, Izum rud, Raman, Mutant-57, Dalibor
41

42. Grafting for abiotic stress tolerance
•Grafting is a Vegetative and asexual method of
plant propagation.
•Done by combining two separate plants i.e., upper
part which contain shoot system of high yielding
commercial cultivar known as ‘Scion’ and lower
part for its ability to resist or tolerate any stress is
called ‘Rootstock’ into a single plant possessing
interested traits.
•Both scion and rootstock can influence tolerance of
grafted plants to adverse environmental conditions.
42

43. 1. In this study, plants of 18 genotypes of Capsicum species were evaluated during 5 months to select
salt tolerant plants to be used as rootstocks in greenhouse under controlled conditions.
2. Their net photosynthetic rate was used as a rapid and sensitive methodology for screening.
3. According to photosynthesis rate, the commercial rootstock ‘Tresor’ and the genotypes ‘Serrano’ (C.
annuum), ‘ECU-973’ (C. chinense) and ‘BOL-58’ (C. baccatum) were the most tolerant during this
period.
4. Finally, the selected genotypes as salt-tolerant were validated under field conditions as rootstocks,
concluding that using the rootstocks selected by the net photosynthetic rate improved the salt tolerance
of the scion in terms of marketable yield and fruit quality.
Pennella et al., 2013
Evaluation for salt stress tolerance of pepper genotypes to be used as rootstocks
Penella C, Neabauer SG, Galarza SL, Sanbautist A, Gorbe E and Calatayud A. 2013.
Journal of food agriculture and environment 11: 1101-07
CASE STUDY - 6
43

44. ROOTSTOCK SCION REMARK
Unifort (Tomato cv. Farida) Drought tolerance and high WUE.
(Mohammad and Wahab, 2014)
Luffa cylindrica Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Drought tolerance by increasing ABA
biosynthesis (Liu et al., 2015)
Pumpkin PS 1313:
(Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×Cucurbita
moschata Duch)
Mini-watermelons Drought tolerance due to an
improvement in water and nutrient
uptake, indicated by a higher N, K, and
Mg concentration in the leaves, and
higher CO2 assimilation. (Rouphael et
al., 2008).
Interspecific tomato hybrid Maxifort and
Arnold
(S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites)
Cuore di Bue (Heirloom tomato) Tolerance to salinity through sodium
partitioning within the shoots.
(Frensesco and Angelo, 2013)
Radja or Pera Moneymaker Salinity tolerance (Rodriguez et al.,
2008)
Torvum Vigor
(Solanum torvum)
(Eggplant cv.Suqiqie) Lower leaf Na+ and Cl- content leads to
soil salinity tolerance. (Wei et al., 2007)

45. Strongtosa
(Cucurbita maxima Duch. ×C. moschata
Duch.)
Watermelon Cv. Fantasy Tolerant to salinity due to efficient Na+
exclusion from the watermelon shoot. (Goreta
et al., 2008).
C. maxima and Lagenaria siceraria Crimson Tide watermelon Higher growth performance under saline
conditions.
(Yetisir and Uygur, 2010).
Cucurbita ficifolia Cucumber Improved salinity tolerance due to increased
superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
Eggplant rootstock: IC-354557 and IC-111056 Tomato Cv. Arka Rakshak and Arka Samrat Waterlogging tolerance
Arka Neelkanth (Brinjal) Tomato Cv. Arka Rakshak Showed better survival and plant yield after
experiencing flooding. (Bhatt et al., 2015)
Eggplant: EG195 or EG203 Tomato Flooding tolerance (WVC, 2003)
Luffa cylindrica R. Cv. Cylinder Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L. Cv. New
Known)
Improved flooding tolerance.(Liao and Lin,
1996)
Interspecific hybrid of Lycopersicum X
Solanum habrochaites
Tomato Low root- temperature stress (Okimura et
al.,1986)
Jiaozhen108 Sweet pepper cv. Hongxing No. 2 Tolerant to low temperature stress due to active
oxygen-scavenging enzymes.(Chang Shu et al.,
2016)
Sweet pepper rootstocks Chilli scions Highest yield under high-temperature
conditions (Paladu and Wu 2008) 45

46. Achievements
46
Crop Variety/Hybrid Special Features
Cabbage Pusa Ageti High temperature tolerant
Carrot Pusa Meghali Temperate type, bolting and seed setting
under high temperature
Cauliflower Pusa Himjyoti Curd develop in May in lower hills
Pusa Meghna Suitable for cultivation under hot and humid
weather
Radish Pusa Chetki High temperature tolerant
Pusa Himani Low temperature tolerant

47. Crop Variety/Hybrid Special Features
Tomato Pusa Sheetal Cold Set variety
Pusa Sadabahar Both Hot and Cold Set
Pusa hybrid-1 Hot Set hybrid
Arka Vikas Tolerant to moisture stress
Solan Vajr Drought tolerant
Turnip Pusa Sweti Tolerates hot and humid climate
Brinjal HBL-25 Tendency to set fruit at high temperature.
HBL-12 Tolerant to high temperature
Coriander Hisar Surbhi Tolerant to frost
47

48. Future thrust and conclusion
• Development of resistant or tolerant cultivars is one of the best options to
minimize the losses due to abiotic stresses.
• Those strategies should be adopted which may be used to get maximum
crop stand and economic returns from stressful environments.
• Plant breeders need to broaden the genetic base and must include wild
relatives, landraces, and exotic germplasm of crops in their hybridization
programs, as these have genes of resistance against various abiotic stresses.
• Modern plant breeding methods like transgenic approach, somaclonal
variation and Marker Assisted breeding have great potential to be used in
future for breeding crops against abiotic stresses.
• Grafting is also one of the best approach in developing abiotic stress
resistance.
48

49. • Bhatt, RM, Laxman, RH, Singh, TH, Divya, MH, Srilakshmi and Nageswar Rao (2014).
Response of brinjal genotypes to drought and flooding stress. Vegetable
Science. 2: 116-124.
• Chatterjee, A. and Solankey, S.S., 2015. Functional physiology in drought tolerance of
vegetable crops: an approach to mitigate climate change impact. Clim. Dyn. Hortic.
Sci, 1, pp.149-171.
• Development of water deficit stress tolerant transgenic tomato. Annual
Report IIVR 2013-14.
• Khan, M.S., Adnan, M. and Ahmed, D. The effect of somaclonal variation on salt
tolerance and glycoalkaloid content of potato tubers. Australian Journal of Crop
Science 8 (12), 1597-1606, 2014.
• Khare, N., Goyary, D., Singh, N.K., Shah, P., Rathore, M., Anadhan, S., Sharma, D., Arif,
M. and Ahmed, Z. Transgenic tomato cv. Pusa Uphar expressing a bacterial mannitol-
1- phosphate dehydrogenase gene confers abiotic stress tolerance. Plant cell tissue
and organ culture, Nov. 2016, Vol. 103, issue 2, pp 267-277al Report IIVR 2013-14.
REFERENCES
49

50. • Meena, Kamlesh K., Ajay M. Sorty, Utkarsh M. Bitla, Khushboo Choudhary, Priyanka
Gupta, Ashwani Pareek, Dhananjaya P. Singh et al. "Abiotic stress responses and
microbe-mediated mitigation in plants: the omics strategies." Frontiers in plant
science 2017 8: 172.
• Penella, C., Neabauer, SG, Galarza, SL, Sanbautist, A., Glorbe, E. and Kalatayud, A.
(2013). Evaluation for salt stress tolerance of pepper genotypes to be used as
rootstocks. Journal of food agriculture and environment. 11: 1101-07.
• Roy, R., Purty, R.S., Agarwal, V. and Gupta, S.C. (2006). Transformation of tomato
cultivar Pusa Ruby with bspA gene from Populus tremata for drought tolerance.
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (2006). 84: 55-67.
• Tehseen, S., Ayub, CM, Amjad R. and Ahmed, M. (2016). Assessment of salinity
tolerance in bell pepper genotypes on the basis of germination, emergence and
growth attributes. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 48: 1783-91.
• Wahb-Allah, M.A., Alsadon A.A. and Ibrahim, A.A. (2011). Drought tolerance of
several tomato genotypes under greenhouse conditions. World Applied Sciences
Journal 15: 933-40.
50

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