How can you find DNA and RNA on a scene using spectroscopyHow c.pdf

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How can you find DNA and RNA on a scene using spectroscopy? How can you find DNA and RNA on a scene using spectroscopy? Solution It is a big challenge for Forensic scientists to evaluate the effectiveness of sample collection methods, the DNA and RNA samples should be intact and the storage should be proper accurate and reliable collecting of DNA for further analysis. Before the sample collection process is started, it is valuable to know if even the DNA or RNA is intact. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique basically is a spectrometric teqnique to check the integrity of the DNA and RNA. This technique is usefull when we are dealing with the bone sample because excessive heat can damage the DNA. FTIR spectroscopy basically estimate the bond of collagen, which correlate with similar hydrogen and covalent bonds in DNA..

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Imagine a factorial design in which there are two factors. Each factor has two levels. One factor is a between-groups factor (also known as an independent-groups factor or between-subjects factor) and the other is a within-groups factor (also known as a repeated-measures factor or within-subjects factor). If you wanted to have 40 participants in each cell of this design, how many unique participants would be needed for the study? Solution So When we are using between subejcts factor, different group of participants are used for each level of the factor and for within-subjects variable, testing is done on each participant at each level of the factor. Now we want 40 participants in each cells, this implies for between groups there would be a need of 40+40 different subjects and for within groups same set of 40 participants would be tested, hence we would need (40+40+40 = 120) unque participants..

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How has technology impacted our society? Solution By the following ways the technology has impacted our society Absolute paths at all times begin by means of a slash. Relative paths do not contain a slash at the beginning, but can have one or two dots. So, First and thrid are absolute paths. second and fourth are relative paths Auditors realize that computer had impacted their capability to carry out the verification job. business and information giving out management documented that computers were key capital for competing in the commerce environment and alike to other valuable commerce resource within the association, and consequently, the need for manage and audit skill is critical. Professional relations and group, and administration entities documented the require for IT control and audit ability. Use of computer-assisted audit tools and technique request of standards (nationwide or worldwide) such as ISO 9000/3 and ISO 17799 to improve and put into practice quality system in software growth and meet safety standards sympathetic of business roles and prospect in the audit of systems under growth as well as the purchase of software covering and project organization appraisal of information safety and privacy issues which can put the association at danger test and confirmation of the organization compliance by means of any IT-related legal issues that may put at risk or place the association at risk Evaluation of complex systems growth life cycle (SDLC) or new development technique e.g., prototyping, end user compute, rapid systems, or request development coverage to organization and the theater a follow-up review to ensure actions taken at work.

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Give definitions for comparative anatomy and embryology. Why do evolutionary biologists seek data from multiple lines of evidence to support evolution as a theory? Solution Ans.) Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of diverse species. It has quite a long served as confirmation for development; it demonstrates that different organisms share a typical progenitor. Likewise, it helps researchers to group the living organisms with their comparative qualities on the basis of anatomical structures. A typical case of comparative anatomy is the comparable bone structures in forelimbs of felines, whales, bats, and human. These members comprise of similar essential parts; yet, they serve totally unique capacities. The skeletal parts which shape a structure utilized for swimming, for example, a balance, would not be perfect to frame a wing, which is more qualified for flight. One clarification for the forelimbs\' comparative structure is plummet with alteration. Through arbitrary transformations and characteristic choice, every life form\'s anatomical structures bit by bit adjusted to suit their particular natural surroundings. Embryology is the study that reviews the pre-birth advancement of embryo, gametes and improvement of developing lives and babies. Also, embryology includes the analysis of genetic characters also which took place before birth of the progeny; this phenomenon is known as teratology. Evolutionary biologists seek data from multiple lines of evidence because they need all the support to prove their evolution theory. The research on comparative anatomy and embryology of particular organism gives insight about their evolution; that how they evolved and forms a different organism, Hence, multiple lines of evidence are required to support the new findings. The new research is completely based on such kind of studies..

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Exercise 1. Comparative Anatomy Type of Circulatory outstanding Features Hydra Grasshopper Fish mad dues they es hd. Crocodile ot 4 chamber order Testud Bird cestors uidh vocodile sin sabdas each Contract of heart muscle Human eard asse (s 49 Advantages/ Disadvantages an is Solution -Advantage: Can live up to 100 years and can wait for a year between their meals. Disadvantage: Harmful to humans and another animal as it is a successful predator. advantage: competes with fish for food in a pond Disadvantage: Can\'t be kept as a pet as the tortoises. Advantage: provides eggs and meat once the fertility decreases. Disadvantage: they can\'t control their bowel movements and thus leave lots of droppings.crocodilethe crocodiles are the most advanced reptile and have the lifespan of about 71 years on an average -Advantage: Can live up to 100 years and can wait for a year between their meals. Disadvantage: Harmful to humans and another animal as it is a successful predator.Turtlehave an outstanding feature of night vision which is due to the presence of a large number of rod cells. advantage: competes with fish for food in a pond Disadvantage: Can\'t be kept as a pet as the tortoises.birdA unique feature of birds are their beaks and the wings that are different in different species. Advantage: provides eggs and meat once the fertility decreases. Disadvantage: they can\'t control their bowel movements and thus leave lots of droppings.DogA unique characteristic of dogs is the learning ability which makes them attain outstanding leadership skills.They are best friendly pets and can be a good friend. the most disadvantage of having the dog as a pet is that you will need to maintain extra hygiene into your home.humanThe most social animal and have bones that is as much strong as granite.The biggest advantage humans have over other animals is the ability to think, speak and the intellect to act accordingly. Disadvantage: The developed brain which can do wonders as well as harm..

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Discuss the characteristics that make something a protist as well as protists acting as misfit ie.disease causing. Solution Protits are eukaryotes, the first form of eukaryotic living Talking about characteristics of protists: 1. Protists are mostly unicellular (single-celled), few of them atre multicellular. 2. Protists can be classified on the basis of how they move i,e. whether they move or not and how they obtain their nutrition. Animal like protists and fungus like protists they are dependent on other organisms for nutrition, hence they cannot prepare their own food and these are known as hetreotrophs. Aslo animal like protists are parasites which live on other large organisms. Plant like protists like algae they can make their own food and are known as autotrophs. Fungus like protists for an example slime mold, they live on dead and decaying matter and obtain their food externally. On the basis whether they can move or not they can be classified as flagella, pseudopodia or cilia. The animal like protists includes protozoans. 3. As protists are eukaryotes, they have nucleus and have bound organelles .Protists can be harmful and therefore it can be diseases causing as well. Animal protists they kill the bacteris in order to get food. Plasmodium like protists which causes malaria ,which is transferred from one person to another through mosquito female Anopheles. The sickness is caused as the parasites while living its life cycle inside the host organisms deforms the red blood cells. Therefore these protists causes diseases..

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Describe the purpose for carrying out a DNAase Hypersensitivity assay. How do you analyze and interperet the DNAse Hypersensitivity assay? Solution DNase I hypersensitivity analysis is a powerful method to analyze chromatin structure and identify genomic regulatory elements. in this technique Euchromatin regions are associated with active form (open form so more accesible to various DNAase) and can be identified by their hypersensitivity to nuclease digestion. Hypersensitive sites can be identified by DNase hypersensitivity assays, in which intact, isolated nuclei are subjected to limited digestion with the enzyme DNase I. DNase I cleavage sites are identified by restriction digestion followed by Southern blotting using radiolabeled genomic fragments to probe a specific genomic region of interest. so in undigested lane you would be able to see only one band where as in digested one more than one band. now a days this technique combined with second genration sequencing for better understanding..

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compare and contrast the morphology of Cestodes, Trematodes, and Nematodes. Solution Feature Nematodes (roundworms) Cestodes (tapeworms) trematodes (flukes) Shape thread-like, cylindrical bodies; elongate, tapered at both ends Elongated, flat, ribbon like body Dorsoventrally flattened, oval; analogous to tree leaf Segmented No Yes with segments called proglottids No Symmetry bilaterally symmetrical bilaterally symmetrical bilaterally symmetrical length from microscopic to nearly 1 m long Few mm to serval meters Few cm to 9 cm Head end Suckers & hooks absent. Well-developed buccal cavity Suckers generally with hooks Suckers with no hooks Alimentary Canal Present; Complete with both mouth and an_s Absent Incomplete; no an_s Body Cavity Present (pseudocoeloms) Absent Absent Sexes Mostly dioecious hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic except Schisto Feature Nematodes (roundworms) Cestodes (tapeworms) trematodes (flukes) Shape thread-like, cylindrical bodies; elongate, tapered at both ends Elongated, flat, ribbon like body Dorsoventrally flattened, oval; analogous to tree leaf Segmented No Yes with segments called proglottids No Symmetry bilaterally symmetrical bilaterally symmetrical bilaterally symmetrical length from microscopic to nearly 1 m long Few mm to serval meters Few cm to 9 cm Head end Suckers & hooks absent. Well-developed buccal cavity Suckers generally with hooks Suckers with no hooks Alimentary Canal Present; Complete with both mouth and an_s Absent Incomplete; no an_s Body Cavity Present (pseudocoeloms) Absent Absent Sexes Mostly dioecious hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic except Schisto.

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An important part of electrical engineering is PCB design. One important part of PCB design when using microcontrollers is determining which pin package to use. Develop a MATLAB function that requests input on whether to use an LQFP100, LQFP144, or LQFP176 pin package and outputs the corresponding pin package. The MATLAB function should receive an input of 1, 2, or 3 to determine the respective pin package. Think of it as a label maker with a dial input. It should be made sure that the full strings are returned and outputted to the console. Use a method other than the switch/case or if/else structures in order to develop this solution (i.e. build a matrix). Answer the following questions: 1) In this context, explain the terminology ‘map’. 2) What is a good way of storing such a map in MATLAB? 3) How would you change the function to use 0, 1, and 2 as inputs instead of 1, 2, and 3? 4) How does MATLAB differ from Python when using arrays / lists? Solution prompt = \'Enter values 1 for LQFP100 2 for LQFP144 and 3 for LQFP176 \'; c = {\'LQFP100\', \'LQFP144\', \'LQFP176\'}; x = input(prompt) c(1,x) A Map object is a data structure that allows you to retrieve values using a corresponding key. Keys can be real numbers or character vectors and provide more flexibility for data access than array indices, which must be positive integers. Values can be scalar or nonscalar arrays. Construction mapObj = containers.Map constructs an empty Map container mapObj. mapObj = containers.Map(keySet,valueSet) constructs a Map that contains one or more values and a unique key for each value. mapObj = containers.Map(keySet,valueSet,\'UniformValues\',isUniform) specifies whether all values must be uniform (either all scalars of the same data type, or all character vectors). Possible values for isUniform are logical true (1) or false (0). mapObj = containers.Map(\'KeyType\',kType,\'ValueType\',vType) constructs an empty Map object and sets the KeyType and ValueType properties. The order of the key type and value type argument pairs is not important, but both pairs are required. Input Arguments keySet 1-by-n array that specifies n unique keys for the map. All keys in a Map object are real numeric values or all keys are character vectors. If n > 1 and the keys are character vectors, keySet must be a cell array. The number of keys in keySet must equal the number of values in valueSet. valueSet 1-by-n array of any class that specifies n values for the map. The number of values in valueSet must equal the number of keys in keySet. \'UniformValues\' Parameter character vector to use with the isUniform argument. isUniform Logical value that specifies whether all values are uniform. If isUniform is true (1), all values must be scalars of the same data type, or all values must be character vectors. If isUniform is false (0), then containers.Map sets the ValueType to \'any\'. Default: true for empty Map objects, otherwise determined by the data types of values in valueSet. \'Key.

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Alternate Electron acceptors: Know what these electron acceptors will become after picking up electron. CO_2, SO_42-, Fe3+, NO_3-, NO_2-. Note these electron acceptors are not as efficient as oxygen. The final ATP yield will be lower if alternate electron acceptors are used instead of oxygen. Solution The alternate electron acceptor like CO2 ,SO42- ,FE3+,NO3-,NO2- are known to act as electron acceptors mainly under anaerobic conditions. In these organisms during electron transport chain instead of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptors the anaerobic bacteria use a wide variety of electron and play an important role in the processes of nitrification. As these molecules have a lesser redox potential than O2 they yield lesser ATP . Certain methylotropic bacteria use C1 compounds like methanol, formaldehyde ,formate and methylamines and completely oxidize them using the serine pathway. Acetogenesis is the process here in co2 and hydrogen are used to result in acetete . Similar to methanogenesis here also hydrogen is used as an electron donor while co2 is used a s an electron acceptor. De nitrification is the common process of fixing nitrogen by many nitrogenous bacteria . They use NO3-,NO2-, NO, N2 O to finally produce di nitrogen but some of the intermediate products that are formed like the N2 O contribute towards the increase n the green house gases and acid rain and global warming.many of the denitrifying bacteria also use other sources like Fe3 as electron acceptors. The de nitrification process is extensively used in sewage and waste water treatment. sulfate reduction SO42-Many gram negative bacteria uses sulphur as the terminal electron acceptor and produce hydrogen sulfide as the metabolic end product.These organisms use lactate or pyruvate as the electron donor. Some of the autotrophic sulfate reducing bacteria like Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans use phosphite HPO3- as electron donor while others like D.thiozymogenens are capable of sulphur disproprtination i.e spilliting of sulphur molecule and produce hydrogen sulpfide and sulfate. FE3+ or ferric ion acts as a terminal electron acceptor in many of the autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms this is similar tp normal electron transport chain but for the presence of ferric iron reductase as the final enzyme and the reaction results in nitrate .Some of the ferric reducing bacteria like Shewanella putrefaciens and Geobacter metallireducens can act upon toxic hydrocarbons like toluene they are used in decontaminating iron rich aquifers..

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A man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B have three children: a daughter with type B, and two sons, one with type AB and one with type O. What are the genotypes of the parents? Solution Answer: Human blood group is determined by multiple allele system, in which IA and IB are co-dominant to each other and dominant over IO. In the given problem, the possible genotype of father is IAIO and the possible genotype of the mother is, IBIO. This is because they had children of AB blood group and O blood group. IAIO* IBIO -à IAIO (1/4, blood group A), IAIB (1/4, blood group AB), IBIO (1/4, blood group B), IOIO (1/4, blood group O)..

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You have been exposed to each of the 8 microbes below. After a couple of days you develop the symptomes listed below. What microbe do you think has infected your (select all that apply). High fever up to 105 F Coughing out greenish, yellow, or bloody mucus Chills that make you shake Feeling like you can’t catch your breath, especially when you move around a lot Feeling very tired Low appetite Sharp or stabby chest pain (you might feel it more when you cough or take a deep breath) sweating a lot Fast breathing and heartbeat Lips and fingernails turning blue Question 3 options: Burkholderia mallei Yellow Fever virus Rickettsia rickettsii Epstein Barr Virus Rhizobium spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori Aliivibrio fischeri Burkholderia mallei Yellow Fever virus Rickettsia rickettsii Epstein Barr Virus Rhizobium spp. Klebsiella pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori Aliivibrio fischeri Solution Yellow Fever virus: Yellow fever gets its name from two of its most obvious symptoms: fever and yellowing of the skin. The yellowing occurs because the disease causes liver damage, hepatitis. For some people, yellow fever has no initial symptoms, while for others, the first symptoms appear from three to six days after exposure to the virus from a mosquito bite. An infection with yellow fever typically has three phases. The first phase of symptoms can last for three to four days and then, for most people, disappears. The first phase is generally non- specific and cannot be distinguished from other viral infections. The initial symptoms of yellow fever are: Burkholderia pseudomallei: Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei cause the diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. A well-studied aspect of pathogenesis by these closely-related bacteria is their ability to invade and multiply within eukaryotic cells. In contrast, the means by which B. pseudomallei and B. mallei adhere to cells are poorly defined..

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Which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate for \"Weights of tennis players\"? ordinal ratio interval nominal Which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate for \"Body temperatures of tennis players\"? nominal ordinal interval ratio Solution Weights are considered as RATIO Level of Measurement . In a Ratio scale , its zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured . Body Temperature are considered as INTERVAL Level of Measurement . Interval scales are numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation throughout as temperature difference between two values indicate the same magnitude of difference Note : If the Body Temperature is given in Kelvins we have to use RATIO scales.

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Which statement below regarding membrane structure and membrane transport is true? Increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids would be most likely to occur as environmental temperatures become warmer. Cyclization of membrane phospholipidfatty acids (like cyclopropane) would confer more rigid, straighter hydrocarbon chains Membrane lipids of by hyperthermophilicarchaebacteriaare of the ester-linked fatty acid type also found in non-archaebacteria and eukaryotemembranes, respectively. Cell wall-containing bacteria and archaea tend to possess a slightly hypotonic interior to create a positive turgor pressure thereby helping it to maintain cell shape and form. Group translocationis a transport mechanism that moves molecules via facilitated diffusion.A. Increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids would be most likely to occur as environmental temperatures become warmer.B. Cyclization of membrane phospholipidfatty acids (like cyclopropane) would confer more rigid, straighter hydrocarbon chainsC. Membrane lipids of by hyperthermophilicarchaebacteriaare of the ester-linked fatty acid type also found in non-archaebacteria and eukaryotemembranes, respectively.D. Cell wall-containing bacteria and archaea tend to possess a slightly hypotonic interior to create a positive turgor pressure thereby helping it to maintain cell shape and form.E. Group translocationis a transport mechanism that moves molecules via facilitated diffusion. Solution The changes in the side chains of fatty acids takes place via cyclization, it helps in rigidifying of the cell membranes that limits passive diffusion of small molecules. Therefore, the most appropriate option is B) Cyclization of membrane phospholipid fatty acids (like cyclopropane) would confer more rigid, straighter hydrocarbon chains.

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Why do cyanobacteria possess heterocysts? A- Heterocysts shield the organism\'s nitrogen fixation enzymes from oxygen B-Heterocysts serve as a primitive nucleus in these bacteria C- Bacterial photosynthetic pigments are located in heterocysts D-Heterocysts are reproductive structures similar to endospores in other bacteria Solution Heterocysts are nitrogen fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation in some cyanobacteria, hence option A is answer..

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Which of the following is/are true regarding hex digits? A. Hex digits are made of 4 bits. B. Hex digits are made of 4 bytes. C. Hex can be expressed as 0–9 and A–G. D. Hex can be expressed as 0–9 and A–F. Solution A and D are correct. Hex digits are 4 bits in length and can be manipulated to display the alphanumeric characters 0–9 or A–F. B and C are incorrect. B is incorrect because hex digits are made of 4 bits, not 4 bytes. C is incorrect because hex digits can only represent characters up to F..

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which is true of the data shown in the histogram? I. The distribution is approximately symmetric. II. The mean and median are approximately equal. III. The median and IQR summarize the data better than the mean and standard deviation. A. I and II B. I and III C. III only D. I, II, and III E. I only Solution I. The distribution is approximately symmetric. II. The mean and median are approximately equal. We have 3 beccause, it symmetric by lookinng it for both right, left at hirarchy level Mean, Median are centered, and equal.

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