This document is a report on soil permeability from the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the National University of Trujillo, Peru. It discusses two laboratory methods for measuring soil permeability: constant head permeability and falling head permeability. Constant head permeability is suitable for more permeable soils like loams, sands and gravels. Falling head permeability is used for finer-grained soils like fine sands, silts and clays, where water flow is too small for accurate measurement using constant head methods. The document also defines permeability, permeability units, and provides examples of typical permeability values for different soil types.
This document appears to be a laboratory report for an equivalent sand test conducted on a soil sample. The report includes sections on objectives, theoretical framework, location/equipment/materials used, procedures, obtained data, calculations, results analysis, and conclusions. Equivalent sand tests were performed on 3 soil samples taken from a university campus. The equivalent sand content was calculated to be 87% on average based on the sedimentation heights of the sand and clay portions. According to standards, this value indicates the soil is suitable for use in vibrated or grouted concrete pavements in non-freeze/thaw areas.
This document provides instructions for conducting a field density test using the sand cone method and describes the procedure. It involves selecting a representative test location, cleaning the surface, digging a hole through the base platform, filling the hole and platform with calibrated sand from the cone, determining the mass of sand used and soil extracted, and calculating density and unit weight. Safety precautions and equipment needed are also outlined.
This document contains the results of a soil mechanics laboratory experiment on consolidation and permeability tests. It includes an introduction to consolidation and the principles behind the consolidation test. The document outlines the experimental procedures, summarizes the results in tables and calculations, and draws conclusions. Specifically, it was found that the soil sample had low permeability based on the small coefficient of permeability value calculated. The total settlement of the sample under loading was also small, likely due to proper compaction removing air from the soil.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics and soil classification systems including the Unified Soil Classification System and AASHTO system. It discusses key soil properties such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, density, moisture content, void ratio, porosity, saturation, and compaction curves. Methods for determining soil classifications and adjusting borrow fill are presented.
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
Basics of groundwater hydrology in geotechnical engineering oh ga01slideshareOmar
This document provides an overview of basic groundwater hydrology and geotechnical engineering concepts. It covers the hydrologic cycle, saturated and unsaturated zones, common geotechnical structures, stability and deformation problems, stress and strain analysis, Mohr's circle, soil mechanics theories, and example problems involving equilibrium, stress determination, and consolidation.
This document describes a test procedure for determining the degree of saturation of granular materials, such as those found in ore leaching and waste storage facilities. A portable testing device applies a controlled water flow to simulate irrigation or rainfall. Testing of samples from a Peruvian gold mine's leach pad found that degree of saturation was generally below 85%, indicating a low susceptibility to static liquefaction. Higher densities and larger particle sizes resulted in lower saturation levels.
This document appears to be a laboratory report for an equivalent sand test conducted on a soil sample. The report includes sections on objectives, theoretical framework, location/equipment/materials used, procedures, obtained data, calculations, results analysis, and conclusions. Equivalent sand tests were performed on 3 soil samples taken from a university campus. The equivalent sand content was calculated to be 87% on average based on the sedimentation heights of the sand and clay portions. According to standards, this value indicates the soil is suitable for use in vibrated or grouted concrete pavements in non-freeze/thaw areas.
This document provides instructions for conducting a field density test using the sand cone method and describes the procedure. It involves selecting a representative test location, cleaning the surface, digging a hole through the base platform, filling the hole and platform with calibrated sand from the cone, determining the mass of sand used and soil extracted, and calculating density and unit weight. Safety precautions and equipment needed are also outlined.
This document contains the results of a soil mechanics laboratory experiment on consolidation and permeability tests. It includes an introduction to consolidation and the principles behind the consolidation test. The document outlines the experimental procedures, summarizes the results in tables and calculations, and draws conclusions. Specifically, it was found that the soil sample had low permeability based on the small coefficient of permeability value calculated. The total settlement of the sample under loading was also small, likely due to proper compaction removing air from the soil.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics and soil classification systems including the Unified Soil Classification System and AASHTO system. It discusses key soil properties such as particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, density, moisture content, void ratio, porosity, saturation, and compaction curves. Methods for determining soil classifications and adjusting borrow fill are presented.
Class 8 Triaxial Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
The document summarizes laboratory tests conducted on sand and clay soils, including triaxial compression tests and unconfined compression tests. It describes the test procedures, equipment used, and how to analyze the results to determine soil shear strength parameters. Specifically, it outlines how to conduct a consolidated drained triaxial test on sand under three confining pressures and an unconfined compression test on clay to measure the undrained shear strength. Graphs and calculations of stress, strain, and shear strength are presented.
Basics of groundwater hydrology in geotechnical engineering oh ga01slideshareOmar
This document provides an overview of basic groundwater hydrology and geotechnical engineering concepts. It covers the hydrologic cycle, saturated and unsaturated zones, common geotechnical structures, stability and deformation problems, stress and strain analysis, Mohr's circle, soil mechanics theories, and example problems involving equilibrium, stress determination, and consolidation.
This document describes a test procedure for determining the degree of saturation of granular materials, such as those found in ore leaching and waste storage facilities. A portable testing device applies a controlled water flow to simulate irrigation or rainfall. Testing of samples from a Peruvian gold mine's leach pad found that degree of saturation was generally below 85%, indicating a low susceptibility to static liquefaction. Higher densities and larger particle sizes resulted in lower saturation levels.
This document describes a laboratory experiment conducted to determine the permeability of soils. The experiment involved measuring the flow rate of water through a soil sample using a permeameter. Calculations were performed to determine the permeability coefficient (k) of the soil, which was found to be 0.319 cm/s. This indicates the soil has relatively high permeability and is likely gravel. The document provides background on permeability testing methods and the importance of permeability in civil engineering applications.
This document describes a laboratory experiment on fluid viscosity using Stokes' viscometer. The experiment involves measuring the terminal velocities of spheres of different diameters falling through fluids like water, motor oil, and glycerin. This allows the viscosity of each fluid to be calculated experimentally and compared to theoretical values. Key concepts covered include viscosity, Reynolds number, drag force, and Stokes' law for calculating viscosity based on the terminal velocity of a sphere in a fluid. The laboratory setup uses acrylic tubes containing the test fluids and a set of metal spheres of varying sizes along with timing equipment.
This document presents a dimensional analysis of the sludge filtration process using a sand drying bed. The analysis derives an equation to model sludge filtration that incorporates the compressibility coefficient. Experimental data from a pilot-scale sand drying bed is used to validate the theoretical equation. The experimental and theoretical slopes and intercepts show close agreement, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.94-0.98, validating the derived equation. The equation accounts for factors such as sludge compressibility believed to affect the filtration process.
Forestland soil was the most permeable to water, allowing water to pass through in just a few minutes with 0% porosity. Clay soil was the least permeable, not allowing any water to pass through and having 100% porosity. Riverbank soil and beach soil had intermediate permeability, with riverbank soil having lower permeability than beach soil as indicated by the longer time for water to pass through. Porosity and permeability were found to be related, with soils having more pore space (higher porosity) exhibiting lower permeability.
Analysis of Bund to avoid breach in Irrigation system of Sindh, Pakistan.Farhan Hussain
Deformation problem and Instability may occur in roads of katcha regions in Sindh during floods. Here an example (in 2010) in north region of Sindh, Pakistan by failure of Thori Bund which not only fail the system of Irrigation but massive destruction comes in result due to failure of Thori bund 1.21 Million houses were damaged and 2.33 Million people were died. Regarding to this major accident we should measure the stability of existing Bunds to avoid the Flood Problem
IRJET- Study of Strength Variation in Cohesive Soil with Moisture Content a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the variation of strength in cohesive soil with moisture content and time. Standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on a silty clayey soil to determine its maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength tests were then performed on soil samples compacted at different moisture contents (ranging from 8.6% to 14.6%), and cured for different time periods from 0 to 30 days. The results showed that unconfined compressive strength and initial tangent modulus decreased with increasing moisture content, but increased with curing time, for all moisture contents tested. The study aims to understand how the strength and deformation properties of subgrade soils used in road construction can vary due to
This document defines permeability as the property of soil that allows water to flow through due to interconnected voids. It describes two laboratory methods to measure permeability - constant head and falling head tests. Darcy's law is explained, relating flow rate to permeability and hydraulic gradient. Typical permeability values are given for different soil types from gravel to clay. The constant head test procedure and calculations are outlined, along with data sheets to record measurements.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
This document outlines test method D 425 for determining the centrifuge moisture equivalent of soils in a laboratory. It involves initially air-drying soil samples, saturating two 5-gram specimens with water, and then centrifuging the specimens for 1 hour at 1000 times gravity. The water content of each specimen is then measured to determine the centrifuge moisture equivalent, which approximates the soil's water holding capacity. This property, along with bulk density, can be used to estimate aquifer storage parameters for medium-textured soils. The test is limited to disturbed soil samples passing a 2mm sieve that have low plasticity fines.
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on using a cohesive non-swelling (CNS) layer to inhibit the swelling pressure of black cotton soil (BC soil). Various tests were conducted on BC soil and potential CNS materials to evaluate their properties. Large scale tests with different CNS layer thicknesses showed that swelling deformation decreases with increased thickness. While a CNS layer is effective, its mechanism of inhibiting swelling is not fully understood and depends on factors beyond just dead weight. The study aims to better understand the interaction between CNS layer and expansive soil.
If you're not measuring water potential, or not measuring it correctly, your data could be telling you the wrong thing. Water content measurements can only tell you so much, and inferring water potential from water content is inaccurate at best, and completely misleading in worst-case scenarios.
In this 30-minute webinar, METER research scientist Leo Rivera discusses the good, the bad, and the ugly sides of measuring soil water potential. He'll walk you through the considerations and choices you need to take into account to select the perfect water potential sensor for your needs. Discover the challenges, limitations, and advantages of new sensor tech, and learn how to collect the most accurate measurements for your particular application.
Learn about:
- The large variety of technology available on the market
- The most recent trends and technologies
- Installation considerations and the tools available to make install better
- The limitations of using water content to infer water potential
- Our most recent research projects and findings
This document summarizes a numerical study on free-surface flow conducted using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The study examines the wave profile generated by a submerged hydrofoil through several test cases varying parameters like the turbulence model, grid resolution, and hydrofoil depth. The document provides background on the governing equations solved by the CFD solver and the interface capturing technique used to model the free surface. Five test cases are described that investigate grid convergence, the impact of laminar vs turbulent models, the relationship between hydrofoil depth and wave height, and the effect of discretization schemes.
The document describes an experiment to determine the consolidation properties of a soil sample. Key steps included extracting an undisturbed soil sample, placing it in a consolidometer, applying incremental loads over 15 days while measuring deformation, and generating a consolidation curve. Key parameters determined were the compression index (Cc), which describes compressibility, and preconsolidation pressure (Pc), which indicates the maximum historical pressure on the soil. The results showed the soil had high compressibility at high laboratory loads and low swelling upon unloading, consistent with a plastic soil.
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
Application Of Resistivity For Groundwater, Hydrogeology and Pollution ResearchOmokpariolaElshalom
It was a group seminar geophysics course presentation in my year 3 of which I was asked to represent the group in giving an oral presentation of how we can apply resistivity in the geophysical investigation of groundwater, pollution ansd hydrogeology.
The document discusses permeability and describes permeability as a property that measures how easily fluids can move through pore spaces in a material. It then discusses several methods to test permeability, including laboratory methods like the constant head and falling head permeability tests, and field methods like pumping tests. Finally, it outlines some common uses of permeability testing, such as determining suitability of soil for construction or wastewater treatment systems.
The document describes the process for determining the Atterberg limits of a soil sample, which are important measures of a soil's plasticity properties. The liquid limit is the water content at which a soil transitions from a plastic to liquid state, while the plastic limit is the minimum water content for a soil to exhibit plastic behavior. The test involves determining the water contents at which a soil sample exhibits these behaviors using standardized laboratory procedures and equipment like a liquid limit device. The results are used to classify soils and understand their engineering properties.
Advanced logging evaluation gas reservoir of Levantine basinFabio Brambilla
Experience gained in recent activity in the Levantine basin has allowed for the development of a formation evaluation strategy for accurate gas reservoirs description in this region. The proposed evaluation approach considers operational issues of deep water wells, challenging borehole conditions (high salinity mud, deep invasion) and other geological features of these clastic reservoirs and their fluids. Our case study highlights benefits of the integrated evaluation of new laterolog resistivity data together with 2D NMR inversion results optimized for a gas bearing reservoir. Furthermore borehole imaging logs are included in our evaluation approach. The recently developed multi laterolog tool has an advantage of four multiple depths of investigation. It provides a detailed high 1ft vertical resolution radial resistivity profile overcoming the deep invasion often present in these reservoirs. The NMR acquired in gas oriented acquisition mode exploits the multi-frequency capability of the logging device. Combined together multiple G•TE and multiple TW experiments contribute to robust determination of the T1 and T2 reservoir fluid properties. This acquisition sequence allows for continuous hydrocarbon typing applying the T1/T2 vs T2 2D maps method, which is practical for these reservoirs given the T1 contrast between gas and other fluids. Consequently we are able to perform accurate HI corrections and therefore improve the estimates of NMR permeability and saturations. Further in the workflow we compare NMR and Stoneley wave permeability’s and assess in details their differences. The geological study performed with the combination of simultaneously acquired ultrasonic and resistivity borehole images provides additional insight into the reservoir architectures, taking advantage during the analysis of the different logging responses of the petrophysical factors to acoustic and resistivity investigation for a detailed delineation of the productive beds. The advantages of this integrated approach are illustrated with field data examples.
Improving Distributed Hydrologocal Model Simulation Accuracy Using Polynomial...Putika Ashfar Khoiri
1) The document discusses applying the Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) method to optimize parameters in distributed hydrological models and improve simulation accuracy.
2) PCE involves approximating a model output as a polynomial function of uncertain input parameters. It can efficiently estimate model outputs across the parameter space.
3) The author plans to use PCE to optimize soil-related parameters like layer thickness and hydraulic conductivity in a distributed hydrological model of the Ibo River catchment. Determining the optimal polynomial order for the model is a key future task.
This document provides procedures for conducting an instantaneous change in head (slug) test to determine the hydraulic conductivity of a water-bearing zone. Key steps include understanding test design and theory, determining well conditions, selecting appropriate equipment for inducing a slug and measuring water level changes, conducting the test, assessing results, and considering special situations like wells containing floating product or testing in karst aquifers. The goal is to obtain a quick measurement of hydraulic conductivity near the well while minimizing disposal of water.
This document describes a laboratory experiment conducted to determine the permeability of soils. The experiment involved measuring the flow rate of water through a soil sample using a permeameter. Calculations were performed to determine the permeability coefficient (k) of the soil, which was found to be 0.319 cm/s. This indicates the soil has relatively high permeability and is likely gravel. The document provides background on permeability testing methods and the importance of permeability in civil engineering applications.
This document describes a laboratory experiment on fluid viscosity using Stokes' viscometer. The experiment involves measuring the terminal velocities of spheres of different diameters falling through fluids like water, motor oil, and glycerin. This allows the viscosity of each fluid to be calculated experimentally and compared to theoretical values. Key concepts covered include viscosity, Reynolds number, drag force, and Stokes' law for calculating viscosity based on the terminal velocity of a sphere in a fluid. The laboratory setup uses acrylic tubes containing the test fluids and a set of metal spheres of varying sizes along with timing equipment.
This document presents a dimensional analysis of the sludge filtration process using a sand drying bed. The analysis derives an equation to model sludge filtration that incorporates the compressibility coefficient. Experimental data from a pilot-scale sand drying bed is used to validate the theoretical equation. The experimental and theoretical slopes and intercepts show close agreement, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.94-0.98, validating the derived equation. The equation accounts for factors such as sludge compressibility believed to affect the filtration process.
Forestland soil was the most permeable to water, allowing water to pass through in just a few minutes with 0% porosity. Clay soil was the least permeable, not allowing any water to pass through and having 100% porosity. Riverbank soil and beach soil had intermediate permeability, with riverbank soil having lower permeability than beach soil as indicated by the longer time for water to pass through. Porosity and permeability were found to be related, with soils having more pore space (higher porosity) exhibiting lower permeability.
Analysis of Bund to avoid breach in Irrigation system of Sindh, Pakistan.Farhan Hussain
Deformation problem and Instability may occur in roads of katcha regions in Sindh during floods. Here an example (in 2010) in north region of Sindh, Pakistan by failure of Thori Bund which not only fail the system of Irrigation but massive destruction comes in result due to failure of Thori bund 1.21 Million houses were damaged and 2.33 Million people were died. Regarding to this major accident we should measure the stability of existing Bunds to avoid the Flood Problem
IRJET- Study of Strength Variation in Cohesive Soil with Moisture Content a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the variation of strength in cohesive soil with moisture content and time. Standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on a silty clayey soil to determine its maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Unconfined compressive strength tests were then performed on soil samples compacted at different moisture contents (ranging from 8.6% to 14.6%), and cured for different time periods from 0 to 30 days. The results showed that unconfined compressive strength and initial tangent modulus decreased with increasing moisture content, but increased with curing time, for all moisture contents tested. The study aims to understand how the strength and deformation properties of subgrade soils used in road construction can vary due to
This document defines permeability as the property of soil that allows water to flow through due to interconnected voids. It describes two laboratory methods to measure permeability - constant head and falling head tests. Darcy's law is explained, relating flow rate to permeability and hydraulic gradient. Typical permeability values are given for different soil types from gravel to clay. The constant head test procedure and calculations are outlined, along with data sheets to record measurements.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
This document outlines test method D 425 for determining the centrifuge moisture equivalent of soils in a laboratory. It involves initially air-drying soil samples, saturating two 5-gram specimens with water, and then centrifuging the specimens for 1 hour at 1000 times gravity. The water content of each specimen is then measured to determine the centrifuge moisture equivalent, which approximates the soil's water holding capacity. This property, along with bulk density, can be used to estimate aquifer storage parameters for medium-textured soils. The test is limited to disturbed soil samples passing a 2mm sieve that have low plasticity fines.
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on using a cohesive non-swelling (CNS) layer to inhibit the swelling pressure of black cotton soil (BC soil). Various tests were conducted on BC soil and potential CNS materials to evaluate their properties. Large scale tests with different CNS layer thicknesses showed that swelling deformation decreases with increased thickness. While a CNS layer is effective, its mechanism of inhibiting swelling is not fully understood and depends on factors beyond just dead weight. The study aims to better understand the interaction between CNS layer and expansive soil.
If you're not measuring water potential, or not measuring it correctly, your data could be telling you the wrong thing. Water content measurements can only tell you so much, and inferring water potential from water content is inaccurate at best, and completely misleading in worst-case scenarios.
In this 30-minute webinar, METER research scientist Leo Rivera discusses the good, the bad, and the ugly sides of measuring soil water potential. He'll walk you through the considerations and choices you need to take into account to select the perfect water potential sensor for your needs. Discover the challenges, limitations, and advantages of new sensor tech, and learn how to collect the most accurate measurements for your particular application.
Learn about:
- The large variety of technology available on the market
- The most recent trends and technologies
- Installation considerations and the tools available to make install better
- The limitations of using water content to infer water potential
- Our most recent research projects and findings
This document summarizes a numerical study on free-surface flow conducted using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The study examines the wave profile generated by a submerged hydrofoil through several test cases varying parameters like the turbulence model, grid resolution, and hydrofoil depth. The document provides background on the governing equations solved by the CFD solver and the interface capturing technique used to model the free surface. Five test cases are described that investigate grid convergence, the impact of laminar vs turbulent models, the relationship between hydrofoil depth and wave height, and the effect of discretization schemes.
The document describes an experiment to determine the consolidation properties of a soil sample. Key steps included extracting an undisturbed soil sample, placing it in a consolidometer, applying incremental loads over 15 days while measuring deformation, and generating a consolidation curve. Key parameters determined were the compression index (Cc), which describes compressibility, and preconsolidation pressure (Pc), which indicates the maximum historical pressure on the soil. The results showed the soil had high compressibility at high laboratory loads and low swelling upon unloading, consistent with a plastic soil.
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
Application Of Resistivity For Groundwater, Hydrogeology and Pollution ResearchOmokpariolaElshalom
It was a group seminar geophysics course presentation in my year 3 of which I was asked to represent the group in giving an oral presentation of how we can apply resistivity in the geophysical investigation of groundwater, pollution ansd hydrogeology.
The document discusses permeability and describes permeability as a property that measures how easily fluids can move through pore spaces in a material. It then discusses several methods to test permeability, including laboratory methods like the constant head and falling head permeability tests, and field methods like pumping tests. Finally, it outlines some common uses of permeability testing, such as determining suitability of soil for construction or wastewater treatment systems.
The document describes the process for determining the Atterberg limits of a soil sample, which are important measures of a soil's plasticity properties. The liquid limit is the water content at which a soil transitions from a plastic to liquid state, while the plastic limit is the minimum water content for a soil to exhibit plastic behavior. The test involves determining the water contents at which a soil sample exhibits these behaviors using standardized laboratory procedures and equipment like a liquid limit device. The results are used to classify soils and understand their engineering properties.
Advanced logging evaluation gas reservoir of Levantine basinFabio Brambilla
Experience gained in recent activity in the Levantine basin has allowed for the development of a formation evaluation strategy for accurate gas reservoirs description in this region. The proposed evaluation approach considers operational issues of deep water wells, challenging borehole conditions (high salinity mud, deep invasion) and other geological features of these clastic reservoirs and their fluids. Our case study highlights benefits of the integrated evaluation of new laterolog resistivity data together with 2D NMR inversion results optimized for a gas bearing reservoir. Furthermore borehole imaging logs are included in our evaluation approach. The recently developed multi laterolog tool has an advantage of four multiple depths of investigation. It provides a detailed high 1ft vertical resolution radial resistivity profile overcoming the deep invasion often present in these reservoirs. The NMR acquired in gas oriented acquisition mode exploits the multi-frequency capability of the logging device. Combined together multiple G•TE and multiple TW experiments contribute to robust determination of the T1 and T2 reservoir fluid properties. This acquisition sequence allows for continuous hydrocarbon typing applying the T1/T2 vs T2 2D maps method, which is practical for these reservoirs given the T1 contrast between gas and other fluids. Consequently we are able to perform accurate HI corrections and therefore improve the estimates of NMR permeability and saturations. Further in the workflow we compare NMR and Stoneley wave permeability’s and assess in details their differences. The geological study performed with the combination of simultaneously acquired ultrasonic and resistivity borehole images provides additional insight into the reservoir architectures, taking advantage during the analysis of the different logging responses of the petrophysical factors to acoustic and resistivity investigation for a detailed delineation of the productive beds. The advantages of this integrated approach are illustrated with field data examples.
Improving Distributed Hydrologocal Model Simulation Accuracy Using Polynomial...Putika Ashfar Khoiri
1) The document discusses applying the Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) method to optimize parameters in distributed hydrological models and improve simulation accuracy.
2) PCE involves approximating a model output as a polynomial function of uncertain input parameters. It can efficiently estimate model outputs across the parameter space.
3) The author plans to use PCE to optimize soil-related parameters like layer thickness and hydraulic conductivity in a distributed hydrological model of the Ibo River catchment. Determining the optimal polynomial order for the model is a key future task.
This document provides procedures for conducting an instantaneous change in head (slug) test to determine the hydraulic conductivity of a water-bearing zone. Key steps include understanding test design and theory, determining well conditions, selecting appropriate equipment for inducing a slug and measuring water level changes, conducting the test, assessing results, and considering special situations like wells containing floating product or testing in karst aquifers. The goal is to obtain a quick measurement of hydraulic conductivity near the well while minimizing disposal of water.
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Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
Ms,trabajo grupal,vii ciclo,i.agricola (2)
1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
INFORME GRUPAL–VII CICLO
CURSO:
Mecánica de Suelos
ALUMNOS:
Alfaro Ferrel Cesar David.
Bernabé Soles Carlos Daniel.
Flores Celis Ana Valeria.
Geronimo Salinas Edder Michel.
Lizárraga Sánchez Julinho.
DOCENTE:
Ing. Vásquez Diaz, José Lauriano
TRUJILLO – PERÚ
2021
2. 2
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FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
INDICE
INDICE DE FIGURAS................................................................................................................... 3
1. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................. 4
2. CAPÍTULO I PERMEABILIDAD DE SUELOS .................................................................. 5
2.1. ¿QUÉ ES LA PERMEABILIDAD? ................................................................................ 5
2.2. ENSAYOS DE LABORATORIO ................................................................................... 7
2.2.1. Permeabilidad de carga constante............................................................................. 7
2.2.2. Permeabilidad de carga variable ............................................................................. 11
2.3. Red de flujo o red de filtración....................................................................................... 23
2.4. Importancia desde el punto de vista agrícola ................................................................. 24
BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................................................... 25
3. 3
MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
INDICE DE FIGURAS
Figura 1:........................................................................................................................................ 8
Figura 2:...................................................................................................................................... 10
Figura 3:...................................................................................................................................... 12
Figura 4:...................................................................................................................................... 13
Figura 5:...................................................................................................................................... 13
Figura 6:...................................................................................................................................... 14
Figura 7:...................................................................................................................................... 15
Figura 8:...................................................................................................................................... 15
Figura 9:...................................................................................................................................... 15
Figura 10:.................................................................................................................................... 16
Figura 11:.................................................................................................................................... 17
4. 4
MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
1. INTRODUCCIÓN
Los suelos están formados por partículas minerales solidas que dejan vacíos entre ellas, estos
vacíos permiten el paso del agua a través de ellos. Esto convierte a los suelos en materiales
permeables al agua.
Pero el grado de permeabilidad es determinado aplicando a una muestra saturada se suelo una
diferencia de presión hidráulica, el coeficiente de permeabilidad es expresado en términos de
velocidad.
Este fenómeno se da ve en todos los tipos de suelos y en este presente informe veremos que cada
tipo de suelo tiene una permeabilidad diferente
5. 5
MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
2. CAPÍTULO I
PERMEABILIDAD DE SUELOS
2.1. ES LA PERMEABILIDAD Y CONCEPTOS BASICOS
La permeabilidad es la capacidad de un material para permitir que un fluido lo atraviese
sin alterar su estructura interna. Se dice que un material es permeable si deja pasar a
través de él una cantidad apreciable de fluido en un tiempo dado, e impermeable si la
cantidad de fluido es despreciable.
La velocidad con la que el fluido atraviesa el material depende de tres factores básicos:
La porosidad del material.
La densidad del fluido considerado, afectada por su temperatura.
La presión a que está sometido el fluido.
Para ser permeable un material debe ser poroso, es decir, debe contener espacios vacíos
o poros que le permitan absorber fluido. A su vez tales deben estar interconectados para
que el fluido disponga de caminos a través del material.
Unidades
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
La permeabilidad se mide en cm2. o m2. La unidad derivada de la Ley de Darcy,
utilizándose habitualmente el miliDarcy
Conversión:1 𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦 = 9.86923 ∗ 10−13
𝑚2
La permeabilidad se cuantifica en base al coeficiente de permeabilidad. El coeficiente de
permeabilidad puede ser expresado según la siguiente función:
k = Q / I A
Donde
k: coeficiente de permeabilidad o conductividad hidráulica [m/s]
Q: caudal [m3/s]
I: gradiente [m/m]
A: sección [m2)]
Se puede determinar directamente mediante la Ley de Darcy o estimarla utilizando tablas
empíricas derivadas de ella. La permeabilidad es una parte de la constante proporcional en la Ley
de Darcy, que se relaciona con las diferencias de la velocidad del fluido y sus propiedades físicas
(por ejemplo, su viscosidad) en un rango de presión aplicado al promedio de porosidad. La
constante proporcional específica para el agua atravesando una porosidad media es la
conductividad hidráulica. La permeabilidad intrínseca es una función de la porosidad, no del
fluido.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Tabla 1 Permeabilidad de algunos tipos de suelos
NOTA: La permeabilidad del suelo suele aumentar por la existencia de fallas, grietas, juntas u
otros defectos estructurales. Algunos ejemplos de roca permeable son la caliza y la arenisca,
mientras que la arcilla o el basalto son prácticamente impermeables.
2.2. ENSAYOS DE LABORATORIO
2.2.1. Permeabilidad de carga constante
Es un método es uno de los utilizados para determinar la permeabilidad. Realiza la
medición, manteniendo constante el nivel de agua en el tubo conectado al permeámetro, en
el otro lado de la muestra el agua que sale se la recolecta para medir su volumen. En este
método el caudal de agua es constante. Se utiliza un permeámetro el cual evalúa la cantidad
de agua que fluye a través de una muestra.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Este tipo de permeámetro es aplicable para suelos relativamente permeables como puedes
ser limos, arenas y gravas. Esta permeabilidad de carga constante viene a ser uno de los
métodos directos de laboratorio usados, pues debemos mencionar que existen también
método indirectos y métodos de terreno, pero en esta parte netamente realizaremos el
análisis de permeabilidad de carga constante. (Ing.Silvia Angelone, 2006)
Para el cálculo de la permeabilidad en cargas constante se determina haciendo uso de 2
ecuaciones la primera relacionando el comportamiento del flujo y la segunda es el calculo
del coeficiente de permeabilidad(K) este coeficiente se define como la tasa de flujo de agua
bajo condiciones de flujo laminar a través de una zona media porosa a continuación
mencionamos las 2 ecuaciones usadas.
Figura 1:
Modelo de permeámetro en ensayos de permeabilidad de carga constante.
𝑸(𝒎𝟑/𝒔) =
𝑽
𝒕
𝑲 =
𝑸. 𝑳
𝒕. 𝒉. 𝑨
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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Como se menciona el análisis de permeabilidad en este tipo de suelos netamente se dará
siempre y cuando se cupla la condición antes mencionada que la permeabilidad sea alta. A
continuación, para un mejor entendimiento propondremos un ejercicio aplicativo para
determinar el coeficiente de permeabilidad con carga constante.
EJERCICIO DE APLICACIÓN
Un permeámetro de carga constante con una muestra de 15 cm de altura y con un diámetro
de 10 cm es sometida a una carga de 80 cm de agua durante 45 minutos. Con estos criterios
se pudo recoger como agua residual o de descarga una cantidad de 140 cm3.Se solicita
determinar el coeficiente K de permeabilidad para esta carga constante.
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
DATOS:
𝐿𝐶 = 15 𝑐𝑚
𝐷𝐶 = 10 𝑐𝑚
𝐻𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎 = 80 𝑐𝑚
𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 45 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑠
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑜 = 140 𝑐𝑚3
INCOGNITA:
Determinar la permeabilidad de esta muestra sometida a carga constante.
Figura 2:
diagrama del problema planteado
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
DESARROLLO:
Como primer paso debemos de calcular nuestra área ocupada de la muestra para ello el
problema nos indica que el molde usado es de forma cilíndrica por lo que el área será
sencilla de determinar.
𝑨 =
𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝟒
𝐴 =
𝜋(10)2
4
= 78.5398 𝑐𝑚2
Determinado el área procedemos a determinar el coeficiente de permeabilidad con carga
constante.
𝑲 =
𝑽.𝑳
𝒕.𝒉.𝑨
𝑲 =
(140 𝑐𝑚3).(15 𝑐𝑚)
(45 min(
60 𝑠𝑒𝑔
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
))(80 𝑐𝑚)(78.5398 𝑐𝑚2)
𝑲 =
(2100𝑐𝑚4 )
(16964596 .8 𝑠𝑒𝑔 . 𝑐𝑚3)
𝑲 = 1.237872 𝑥 10−4 𝑐𝑚
𝑠𝑒𝑔
2.2.2. Permeabilidad de carga variable
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
La prueba de carga variable se usa para determinar el coeficiente de permeabilidad de
suelos finos, tales como arenas finas, limos y arcillas. Para estos suelos, el flujo de agua
que los atraviesa es demasiado pequeño para permitir mediciones precisas con el
permeámetro de carga constante. (Hurtado, 1999)
2.2.2.1. Permeámetro de Carga Variable
Este tipo de dispositivo, brinda mayor exactitud para suelos menos permeables, como arcilla y
limo. En este caso la cantidad de agua escurrida es medida en forma indirecta por medio de la
observación de la relación entre la caída del nivel de agua en un tubo recto colocado sobre la
muestra y el tiempo transcurrido. La longitud L, el área A de la muestra y el área “a” del tubo recto
son conocidos (Diaz, 2006).
2.2.2.2. Pasos para el ensayo del permeámetro de carga Variable
Figura 3:
Permeámetro de Carga Variable
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Primero Procederemos a realizar el tamizado de la muestra seleccionada en la malla N°4
del material que pasa por la malla N|4 se selecciona una cantidad aproximada de 2 veces
que la requerida para compactar en la cámara del permeámetro (3 cm de altura).
Seguidamente procederemos a la colocación de la muestra en el permeámetro es decir
colocaremos primero una piedra porosa en la base del permeámetro después seguidamente
se toma el suelo desde diferentes áreas de la charola (bandeja) y se echa a través de un
embudo en la cámara, luego se mide la altura que debe ser de 1.5 cm.
Figura 4:
Tamizado de la muestra.
Figura 5:
Colocación de la muestra en el Permeámetro.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Primero procederemos a tamizar la malla N°4 y elegiremos una cantidad de muestra para
la compactación es decir se compacta la capa con un pistón que se deja caer desde una
altura de 27 cm y a cada capa se le da 30 golpes uniformemente distribuidos.
Ahora después de completar el paso anterior procederemos a realizar el sellado del
permeámetro.
Figura 6:
Compactación de la Muestra.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Primero colocamos la piedra porosa sobre la superficie del material compactado.
Seguidamente sellamos la cámara del permeámetro para que no exista fuga de agua
durante el ensayo.
Procederemos a medir la altura (h) del material compactado.
Figura 7:
Colocación de la Piedra Porosa.
Figura 8:
Sellado de Permeámetro.
Figura 9:
Medición de la Altura.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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Ahora procederemos a colocar el permeámetro dentro de un recipiente lleno de
agua de forma que la tapa del permeámetro quede sumergida por lo menos 5 cm.
Se debe colocar debajo del nivel del agua por lo cual este se debe asegurar de que
la válvula de salida del permeámetro este abierta, de manera que el agua pueda
Figura 10:
Permeámetro Sumergido.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
entrar a través de la muestra para saturarla con una cantidad mínima de aire
atrapado.
Ahora procederemos a realizar las mediciones e instalación del equipo.
Completados los pasos anteriores procederemos a sacar el permeámetro de la
cubeta de inmersión y se conecta el tubo de entra a una bureta vertical de carga
variable.
Ahora procederemos a llenar la bureta y se mide la altura h1
Seguidamente se abre la llave de la bureta para que el agua corra a través de la
muestra (Seguidamente se pone en marcha el cronometro controlando el tiempo)
hasta que la bureta se encuentre a la altura h2.
Figura 11:
Medición e instalación de equipo.
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
2.2.2.3. Resolución de datos que se obtuvo mediante el permeámetro de carga
variable (Laboratorio).
1. Procederemos a mencionar nuestras características de nuestra Muestra.
Nuestra viscosidad del agua lo hemos hallado mediante la siguiente tabla.
Diámetro de la muestra(D) (cm) 6.261
Longitud de la muestra (L (cm)) 13.4
Área de la muestra (A) (cm2) 30.787
Volumen de la Muestra (V)(cm3) 412.545
Carga H
h1 (cm) 90
h2 (cm) 70
Viscosidad del Agua
nT28 0.8318
nT20 1
Temperatura (°C)
Volumende
recipiente
Variación (T) seg
28 4.1 395.73
28.5 4.2 372.8
28.5 4.1 417.87
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
2. Procederemos a hallar primero nuestra área de la bureta, por lo cual se obtiene de la
siguiente manera.
𝒂 =
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆
𝑯𝟏 − 𝑯𝟐
Por lo cual esta fórmula nos indica que esta área se obtiene al dividir el volumen
del recipiente entre la diferencia de la carga inicial y la carga final. Por lo cual ya
que tenemos 3 casos comenzaremos obteniendo los resultados del primero ya que
los otros dos se aplicará el mismo trayecto para su desarrollo.
𝒂 =
𝟒. 𝟏
𝟗𝟎 − 𝟕𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟓
3. Después dividiremos nuestra carga inicial entre la carga final.
𝟗𝟎
𝟕𝟎
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕
4. Ahora procederemos a sacar el logaritmo natural de la operación anterior es decir el
logaritmo natural de la división de la carga inicial menos la carga final.
𝑳𝒏 (
𝟗𝟎
𝟕𝟎
) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟏
5. Seguidamente procederemos a hallar nuestra variable que en este caso es p por lo cual se
obtiene esta variable mediante la siguiente ecuación.
𝑷 =
𝑳 ∗ 𝒂
𝑨
𝒍𝒏 (
𝒉𝟏
𝒉𝟐
)
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
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INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Donde:
L = Longitud de la muestra
a = Área de bureta
h1 = Carga Inicial
h2 = Carga Final
Entonces aplicando la formula anterior en nuestro primer caso nos quedaría de la
siguiente manera.
𝑷 =
𝟏𝟑.𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟓
𝟑𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟕
𝒍𝒏 (
𝟗𝟎
𝟕𝟎
) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟒
6. Después de completar el paso anterior procederemos a hallar nuestro coeficiente de
permeabilidad, este coeficiente se obtiene al dividir la variable P entre la Variación del
tiempo.
𝑲𝑻 =
𝑷
∆𝐓
=
𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟒
𝟑𝟗𝟓.𝟕𝟑
= 𝟓. 𝟕𝑬 − 𝟎𝟓𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒈
7. Ahora procederemos a hallar la corrección del coeficiente de permeabilidad en base a la
temperatura por lo que aplicamos la siguiente fórmula.
𝑲𝟐𝟎 = 𝑲𝑻
𝒏𝑻
𝒏𝟐𝟎
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Entonces aplicando la formula anterior para nuestro primer caso decimos que:
𝑲𝟐𝟎 = 𝑲𝑻
𝒏𝟐𝟖
𝒏𝟐𝟎
= (𝟓.𝟕𝑬 − 𝟎𝟓)(
𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟖
𝟏.𝟎𝟎𝟎
) = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝑬 − 𝟎𝟓
Tener en cuenta que los datos de las viscosidades se obtuvieron de la tabla
anteriormente mostrada.
8. Ahora procederemos a desarrollar para nuestros dos casos más siguiendo el mismo proceso
del caso uno por lo cual con la ayuda del software (Excel) lo calculamos ordenadamente
en una tabla para que sea entendible.
TABLA DE RESULTADOS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Temperatura
(°C)
Volumen
de
recipiente
Área
de
bureta
h1/h2
Ln
(h1/h2)
P
Variación
(T) seg
KT
(cm/seg)
K20
(cm/seg)
28 4.1 0.205 1.2857 0.25131 0.022424 395.73 5.7E-05 4.71E-05
28.5 4.2 0.210 1.2857 0.25131 0.022971 372.8 6.2E-05 5.13E-05
28.5 4.1 0.205 1.2857 0.25131 0.022424 417.87 5.4E-05 4.46E-05
Promedio 4.8E-05
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
9. Después de completar el paso anterior y obteniendo nuestro promedio que sería la suma de
las tres correcciones del coeficiente de permeabilidad entre tres decimos lo siguiente.
El coeficiente de permeabilidad es 4.8E-05 cm/seg y este dato cumple con el
rango estandarizado que es de 10−3
𝑎 10−9
𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑔.
Entonces el dato anterior lo clasificamos en la siguiente tabla para ver qué tipo
de suelo es.
coeficiente de permeabilidad es 4.8E-
05 cm/seg
Tipo de suelo: Arena muy finas,
mezclas de arena limo y arcilla.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
2.3. Red de flujo o red de filtración
Existe un dicho en geotecnia: toda vez que se quiera buscar una explicación técnica de un
deslizamiento, esta búsqueda debe comenzar por el agua. Esta frase revela la importancia del
agua en el análisis de estabilidad. Interesa establecer los conceptos básicos que permitirán
comprender el flujo de aguas en suelos, para con ello desarrollar la capacidad de prever cómo el
agua se desplazará a través del suelo, evaluar cómo la estabilidad de los taludes es afectada por el
flujo y proyectar sistemas de drenaje que controlen el flujo del agua asegurando la estabilidad.
En una red de flujo la pérdida de carga total se distribuye de forma uniforme entre las
equipotenciales, todos los canales de flujo transportan el mismo caudal, y un canal de flujo es el
comprendido entre dos líneas de corriente. Las principales aplicaciones de las redes de flujo son:
calcular las presiones del agua subterránea en unas determinadas líneas o superficies, estimar los
caudales del agua subterránea y calcular los gradientes hidráulicos.
Líneas equipotenciales. Son los lugares geométricos del flujo donde la altura piezométrica es
constante. A medida que la partícula avanza va perdiendo energía, las líneas equipotenciales
definen la energía en cada punto.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
Líneas de flujo. Es el camino seguido por una partícula de agua a lo largo de una masa saturada,
también podemos decir que son las curvas por las que se mueven las partículas fluidas y a
medida que el agua circula a través del suelo, modifica su velocidad y potencial.
2.4. Importancia desde el punto de vista agrícola
Mientras más permeable sea el suelo, mayor será la filtración, es por ello que algunos
suelos son tan permeables y la filtración tan intensa que para construir en ellos cualquier
tipo de construcción se precisa aplicar técnicas de construcciones especiales.
Mientras más poros tengan los suelos, mayor será la permeabilidad del mismo y mayor
será el fluido que pueda pasar a través de él.
Cuando un suelo es impermeable no permite que el agua pase a través de él, sino que se
desliza por la superficie, no permitiendo que llegue a las capas más profundas de la tierra
para su riego.
Antes de realizar una construcción se debe realizar un estudio de permeabilidad para saber
cuál será su nivel de erosión y desgaste, cuanta cantidad de agua puede pasar por ellos,
cuanta puede ser retenida y que tan rápido puede pasar a través de ellos.
Es por ello que a nivel de construcciones es donde se requiere saber si un suelo es muy
permeable o no ya que de allí se sabrá que tipo de construcción se pueden hacer sobre
dichos suelos, sabiendo la fluidez que tiene el agua por el suelo, sabremos catalogar el tipo
de suelo y conseguir para que son aptos.
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MECÁNICA DE SUELOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS
INGENIERÍA AGRÍCOLA
BIBLIOGRAFIA
Diaz, N. (13 de Setiembre de 2006). Permeabilidad de Suelos. Recuperado el 04 de setiembre de
2021, de file:///C:/Users/Windows10/Downloads/Permeabilidad_en_Suelos-with-cover-
page-v2.pdf
Hurtado, A. (16 de Noviembre de 1999). Ensayos de Permeabilidad en materiales. Recuperado
el 04 de Setiembre de 2021, de http://www.jorgealvahurtado.com/files/labgeo15_a.pdf
Ing.Silvia Angelone, I. G. (SETIEMBRE de 2006). GEOLOGIA Y GEOTECNIA. Recuperado el
02 de SITIEMBRE de 2021, de PERMEABILIDAD DE SUELOS:
https://www.fceia.unr.edu.ar/geologiaygeotecnia/Permeabilidad%20en%20Suelos.pdf