2. Hindu–Arabic system is the most common
system for the symbolic representation of
numbers in the world.
Roman numeral developed their own
numeration system, which was used to count
objects. They used symbols that have same
values as the Hindu-Arabic numerals.
4. Note that all the Roman numerals are in capital letters. Just like the
Hindu-Arabic system, this numeration also follows rules.
1. Addition Rule – Add the symbols of the given numeral up to
three time only. Note that I, X, C, and M may be added three
times.
Examples:
II = 2 which means 1+1= 2.
III = 3 which means 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.
VIII = 8 which means 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 8.
XXX = 30 which means 10+10+10 = 30.
5. 2. Subtraction Rule: Write the symbol of smaller value before the
symbol of bigger value before the symbol of a bigger value then,
subtract the smaller value from bigger value.
Examples:
IV =4 which means 5 – 1 = 4
IX = 9 which means 10 – 1 = 9
XL = 40 which means 50 – 10 = 40
XC = 90 which means 100 – 10 = 90
6. 3. Combination of Addition and Subtraction Rule: Follow the rules in
adding and subtracting the values of the symbols.
Examples:
XXXIV = 34 which means (10+10+10) + (5-1) = 34
XLIV = 44 which means (50 – 10) + (5-1) 44
LXXIX = 79 which means (50 + 10 + 10) + (10 – 1) = 79
Additional examples:
XLVIII = 48 CCCXLI = 341
LXIX = 69 DCLXXIV = 674
LXXXIV = 84 DCCLXIII = 763
7. Remember:
❑ Roman numerals originate from Rome, Italy.
❑ Roman numerals do not have place value.
❑ The value of the numeral is the same regardless of its position.
❑ The symbols are combined through addition, subtraction, or a
combination of these two operations to form another value.
