Biofuel

1. Biofuel storage could be the central component in successfully implementing the biofuel-based economy.
Several factors should be considered for the efficient and sustainable storage of biofuels. The storage and
transportation of the first-generation biofuels are challenging due to specific properties which cause the failure of
storage devices with time (Komariah et al. 2017). Presently, the storage devices degrade the quality of biofuels
due to the self-degradation properties, and changes in chemical and physical properties caused by the large
time gap between storage and utilization. It leads to corrosion (Groysman A., 2016), sludge formation, and
contamination of the storage devices due to leakage, lack of maintenance, and exposure to air resulting in
critical disasters (Komariah et al. 2021). Therefore, the storage devices should have corrosion-resistant,
chemical-resistant, degradation-resistant, and anti-oxidation properties.

2. The biofuels get exposed to various materials (metals and non-metals) in storage and transportation. Therefore, it is
necessary to account for biofuels' environmental parameters and operating conditions in the storage systems. The
common non-metal materials in the existing diesel engine vehicles are elastomers, rubber, and plastics (Bhardwaj
et al. 2014). Depending on the applications, those materials are usually present as hoses, tubes, fuel lines,
sealants, and fuel tanks where these components come into contact with fuels when the engine is running. The
biofuel can cause chemical degradation, swelling, cracking, and extraction of additives of elastomers or rubber due
to long time storage and exposure to sunshine. The fluid's absorption into the elastomer's polymer network or
rubber can cause swelling. The effect of biodiesel on various non-metallic materials such as HDPE, EPDM, Teflon,
natural rubber, and so on are well-studied in multiple works of literature available (Saat et al. 2017). The main issue
of the effect of biofuel storage on metal is corrosion which results in mass loss (Papavinasam et al. 2011). Biodiesel
has specific properties such as density, viscosity, cetane number, flash point, pour point, saponification number,
acid number, etc., which get affected by the inclusions such as water, sediment, carbon residue, sulfated ash, sulfur,
copper strip corrosion, free glycerine, total glycerine, ester content, etc. These inclusions present in biodiesel after
burning may cause health and environmental impact (Howell et al. 1997). The performance of metallic components
(copper, brass, bronze) (Bhardwaj et al. 2014), (Alves et al. 2017), (Fathallah and Pinto 2022) gets degraded, and
the engine life of automotive materials is reduced by corrosion due to the usage of biodiesel.
Biofuels can be used in engines and power trains without significant changes in the existing infrastructures.
These are available for customers and industries at affordable prices. Biofuels can provide energy balance and
security to the government and society worldwide. These can also boost the country's agriculture through the
domestic production of energy crops. It has already been proven that biofuels are safer than conventional fuels due
to their low volatility.