Sixth-semester diploma students CE6I MRS

1. SFDP on "Advances in Civil Engineering"
Causes and damage detection
(Part 2)
Presented by-Mr. B. G. Abhale (Lecturer in Civil Engg.)
Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Mb. No. 9423042624
bhanudas.abhale@sandippolytechnic.org
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

2. Causes and damage detection
Contents:
Causes of damages due:
I. Distress,
II. Earthquake,
III. Wind,
IV. Flood,
V. Dampness,
VI. Corrosion,
VII. Fire,
VIII.Dilapidation,
IX. Termites.
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

3. Causes and damage detection
I. Causes of damages due to Distress,
i. Distress is a natural phenomenon and would appear in any structure
over a period of time due to wear and tear.
ii.Mostly older structures are gets deteriorated gradually because of
environmental effects.
Following are the various causes of damages due to distress:
1. Accidental loadings
2. Chemical reactions
3. Construction errors
4. Corrosion of embedded metals
5. Freezing and Thawing
6. Settlement and movement
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

4. Fig: Distressed Concrete Fig: Distressed masonry
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

5. Causes and damage detection
EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE OF STRUCTURES
Life span of RCC is generally taken as 100 years
EXPECTED CONVENTION ABOUT DESIGN LIFE SPAN
Monumental structure like temple ,mosque or church is 500 to 1000 yrs.
Steel bridges ,steel buildings or similar structures is 100 to 150 yrs.
Concrete bridges or high rise buildings or stone bridges is 100 yrs.
A house or general building is 60 to 80 yrs.
Highways :Concrete pavement for about 30 to 35 yrs and
bituminous pavements for about 8 to 10 yrs.
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

6. Causes and damage detection
II. Causes of damages due to Earthquake,
Earthquake is a natural phenomenon due to movement of tectonic plates
inside the earth crust, also it is a result of volcanic eruption.
Following are the various causes of damages due to distress:
1. Volcanic Eruptions
2. Tectonic Movements
3. Geological Faults
4. Man-Made
5. Minor Causes
6. Liquefaction
7. Ground Shaking
8. Structural Hazards
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

7. Fig: Earthquake liquefaction Fig: Earthquake Ground shakingPrepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

8. Causes and damage detection
III. Causes of damages due to Wind,
Wind can cause major damages to the structure and other properties of the
structure.
Wind speed classification:
1) Wind having low intensity/velocity-this can enough to knock over the
trees but can not cause damage to the structure.
2) Wind having high intensity/velocity-whereas high wind velocity may
result into cyclone (max. speed 372 Km/h), tornado, hurricane,
typhoon etc.,
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

9. Causes and damage detection
IV. Causes of damages due to Flood,
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.
Causes:
1) Excessive rainfall
2) Failure of dam
3) Breaching of banks
4) Melting of glaciers etc
.
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

10. Causes and damage detection
IV. Causes of damages due to Flood,
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.
Damages due to Flood:
1. Loss of life and infrastructure.
2. Impacts life of people, they have to be rehabilitated. They lose their homes.
3. Floods destroy agricultural lands and crops.
4. They result in various water borne diseases.
5. Loss of communication network. Roads and railways are completely brought to
a stop. Relief can be provided only by helicopters and boats.
6. Even after water recedes, a lot of debris is left behind.
7. Electricity network is grounded. Equipments need to be repaired or replaced.
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

11. Causes and damage detection
V. Causes of damages due to Dampness,
The capillary penetration from the ground up through the concrete or
masonry.
Various Causes due to which dampness may occur:
1) Construction water
2) Intruding Water
3) Water Condensation
4) Occupational water
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

12. Causes and damage detection
V. Causes of damages due to Dampness,
The capillary penetration from the ground up through the concrete or
masonry.
Damages of dampness:
1) Unlikely patches to the structure
2) Spalling of Plaster
3) Peeling of paint
Fig: efflorescence (left), physical damage to materials (centre)
and dampness (right).Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

13. Causes and damage detection
VI. Causes of damages due to Corrosion,
The corrosion is a gradual destruction of materials usually of metals by
electro-chemical reaction with the environment.
Causes:
1) Chemical corrosion and atmospheric corrosion
First, the iron (Fe) atoms that comprise steel lose some electrons and become
positively charged. Positively charged ions attract negatively charged ions.
Second, water (H2O) and oxygen (O), mix together and become even more
negatively charged, thus attracting themselves to the positively-charged iron
atoms mentioned above. The result is a chemical called iron hydroxide (4Fe(OH)2).
Iron hydroxide continues to react with
oxygen, yielding 2Fe2O3.H2O - also known
as hydrated iron oxide OR brown rust.
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

14. Causes and damage detection
VI. Causes of damages due to Corrosion,
Damages due to Corrosion:
1) Spalling of concrete cover cracks parallel to the reinforcement
2) Spalling of edges
3) Swelling of concrete
4) Internal cracking
5) Reduction in area of steel
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

15. Causes and damage detection
VII. Causes of damages due to Fire,
Causes:
1) Cooking equipment
2) Heating
3) Smoking in bedrooms
4) Electrical equipment
5) Candles
6) Curious children
7) Faulty wiring
8) Barbeques
9) Flammable liquids
10) Lighting
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

16. Causes and damage detection
VIII.Causes of damages due to Dilapidation,
The decay and damage of a structure due to continuous neglect in
maintenance and repairs willingly.
Now, dilapidation of a building means that the physical life of a building is
tending to be expired, i.e., the building is approaching a condition which would
render it unfit for use. Such condition of a building may occur due to various
reasons.
Causes:
1) Natural decay/Ageing Phenomenon
2) Building owner because of financial difficulties
3) More than one owner because of their internal disputes
4) The building may be leased or let out
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

17. Causes and damage detection
VIII.Causes of damages due to Dilapidation,
Damages due to dilapidation :
1) Wild vegetation growing
2) The growth of moss and lichens
3) wild biological growth
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

18. Causes and damage detection
VIII.Causes of damages due to Dilapidation,
Damages due to dilapidation:
Fig: Wild vegetation growing Fig: Wild biological growth Fig: The growth of moss and
lichens
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

19. Causes and damage detection
IX. Causes of damages due to Termites,
Termites are the small ants, works together, mostly found in damp places.
they feed on wood
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

20. Causes and damage detection
Tests on damaged Structures,
Classification of tests:
1) Destructive Tests
2) Non-Destructive Tests (NDT Tests)
i) Rebound Hammer test
ii) Ultra-sonic Pulse velocity test
iii) Pull out test
iv) Pull off test
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale

21. Thank you
Prepared by- Mr. B. G. Abhale