A detailed description of Foreign Policy of US president (John Adam,Grover Cleveland and Richard Nixon....... The analysis of Foreign Policies of these Presidents.....

1. Presented by
Mughiza Imtiaz

3.  Founding Father of US(Federalist)
1st Vice President
2nd President
Lawyer, Diplomat
Leader of American Revolution

5.  France help to US to get Independence
(From Britain)
 Expect Military assistance from US (War
with England)
 Washington refused by adopting policy
of Neutrality
 Adams pursued that neutrality, but
France began raiding American merchant
ships. Jay's Treaty of 1795 had
normalized trade between the US and
Great Britain, and France considered
American commerce with England not
only in violation of the Franco-American
Alliance of 1778 but also lending aid to
its enemy

6.  Adams sought negotiations, but
France's insistence on $250,000 in
bribe money (the XYZ Affair)
derailed diplomatic attempts.
 Adams stance to build Navy and
Military
 US and French navies fought several
times (Quasi War 1789-1800)
France captured (300 US merchant
ships ,60 US sailors)
US captured (90 French merchant
ships)

7. The Alien Act
The
Naturalization
Act
The Sedition Act
The Alien
Enemies Act
Alien and Sedition Acts
enabled the president to deport any resident
alien
enabled the president to arrest and deport any
alien whose home country was at war with the
US
extended the length of residency required for an
alien to become a US citizen from five to 14 years
made it illegal to publish false, scandalous, or
malicious material against the government; the
president and justice department had wide
latitude to define those terms so that this act was
close to violating the First Amendment.

8.  He conducted a foreign policy that was at once
cautious, underrated, and paranoid. He sought to
maintain Washington's neutral foreign policy stance,
but increasingly found himself grappling with France
in the so-called " Quasi-War."
 His responses kept the United States out of the full-
blown war but fatally hurt the Federalist party.

9. 2 consecutive term
22nd and 24th President
Hawaii Potential territory

10. Stout
opponent of
Women’s
movement
Alliances and
Power in the
Pacific
Isolationist
Policy
Disputes in
America
Oppose
Territorial
expansion

11.  Samoa was another matter altogether. Because the US had treaty rights to
establish a naval base on the island, Cleveland reacted strongly when
Germany tried to install a puppet monarch. The President dispatched three
warships to Samoan waters, a bellicose action that eventually produced a
tripartite protectorate over the islands signed by Germany, Britain, and the
United States. After he left office, Cleveland criticized the agreement as an
entangling alliance with European monarchies.
 In his second term, the situation in Hawaii caught Cleveland off guard. He
was concerned that the Harrison's administration and American sugar
planters on the islands had conspired during the Hawaiian revolution of
1893 to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy. Cleveland tried to pressure the
revolutionary government into handing power back to Queen Liliuokalani.
When the American sugar planters threatened to resist by arms and the
defiant Queen refused to grant amnesty to the revolutionary leaders—she
wanted them beheaded—Cleveland washed his hands of the affair in
frustration. In a final act of pique, he handed the problem to Congress,
where it remained until President McKinley affirmed a joint congressional
resolution that made Hawaii an American territory in 1900.

12.  Cleveland's interference in the Venezuelan boundary
dispute was his most controversial foreign policy
decision.
 Cleveland supported Hawaiian free trade reciprocity
and accepted an amendment that gave the United
States a coaling and naval station in Pearl Harbor.
Naval orders were placed with Republican
industrialists rather than Democratic ones, but the
military build up actually quickened.

13.  In his second term, the American navy had been used to
promote American interests in Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa
Rica, Honduras, Argentina, Brazil, and Hawaii.
 Under Cleveland, the U.S. adopted a broad interpretation of
the Monroe Doctrine that did not just simply forbid new
European colonies but declared an American interest in any
matter within the hemisphere Invoking the Monroe Doctrine in
1895, Cleveland forced the United Kingdom to accept
arbitration of a disputed boundary in Venezuela.
 His administration is credited with the modernization of the
United States Navy that allowed the U.S. to decisively win
the Spanish-American War in 1898, one year after he left office.

14. The only President of US who Resigned from Office
Peacefully solved issue of Vietnam war

15.  President Richard Nixon, like his arch-rival President John F.
Kennedy, was far more interested in foreign policy than in
domestic affairs. It was in this arena that Nixon intended to
make his mark. Although his base of support was within the
conservative wing of the Republican Party, and although he had
made his own career as a militant opponent of Communism,
Nixon saw opportunities to improve relations with the Soviet
Union and establish relations with the People's Republic of
China. Politically, he hoped to gain credit for easing Cold War
tensions; geopolitically, he hoped to use the strengthened
relations with Moscow and Beijing as leverage to pressure North
Vietnam to end the war—or at least interrupt it —with a
settlement. He would play China against the Soviet Union, the
Soviet Union against China, and both against North Vietnam.

16. Opening
to China
Beyond the
"Big Three"
Withdrawal
from Vietnam
Detente
With the
Soviet
Union

17.  Nixon tried to use improved relations with the Soviets
and Chinese to pressure North Vietnam to reach a
settlement, he could only negotiate a flawed
agreement that merely interrupted, rather than ended,
the war.
 When negotiations resumed in January, the few
outstanding issues were quickly resolved. Thieu
backed down. The Paris Peace Accords were signed on
January 23, 1973, bringing an end to the participation
of U.S. ground forces in the Vietnam War.

18.  Nixon's policies vis-a-vis China, the Soviet Union and Vietnam
are his most famous and controversial, but he left his mark on a
host of other diplomatic matters.
 With Nixon distracted by Watergate, Kissinger took charge of
policy. A large-scale American airlift of supplies prevented Israeli
defeat; a ceasefire negotiated with the Soviet Union forestalled
Israeli victory. When Israel continued fighting after the ceasefire
deadline (with Kissinger's tacit acquiescence), the Soviets
threatened unilateral action. Kissinger responded by putting
American forces worldwide on Def Con (for Defense Condition)
Three. The Soviets' tone changed. Instead of unilateral action,
they now spoke of sending observers, not soldiers. The war
ended soon thereafter with no apparent victor. Over the next
several months, Kissinger helped redraw the lines of the Middle
East and inspired the term "shuttle diplomacy" as he flew from
capital to capital seeking agreement.

19.  Nixon had written in Foreign Affairs of the Chinese, that
"There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its
potentially most able people to live in angry isolation."
Relations between the two great communist powers, the
Soviet Union and China, had been deteriorating since the
1950s and had erupted into open conflict with border
clashes during Nixon's first year in office.
 The President sensed opportunity and began to send out
tentative diplomatic feelers to China. Reversing Cold War
precedent, he publicly referred to the Communist nation
by its official name, the People's Republic of China

20.  The announcement of the Beijing summit produced an immediate
improvement in American relations with the U.S.S.R.—namely, an
invitation for Nixon to meet with Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev in
Russia. It was a sign that Nixon's effort at "triangulation" was working;
fear of improved relations between China and America was leading the
Soviets to better their own relations with America, just as Nixon hoped.
In meeting with the Soviet leader, Nixon became the first President to
visit Moscow.
 Of more lasting importance were the treaties the two men signed to
control the growth of nuclear arms. The agreements—a Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaty and an Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty—did not end the
arms race, but they paved the way for future pacts which sought to
reduce and eliminate arms. Nixon also negotiated and signed
agreements on science, space, and trade.

21.  Nixon took office intending to secure control over foreign
policy in the White House. did the two work together that
they are sometimes referred to as "Nixinger.
 Nixon became the first American president to consult with
Soviet leaders in Moscow, leaving with major agreements
relating to trade, cooperation in space programs and other
fields of technology, cultural exchanges, and many other
areas. He became more popular as prosperity waxed and as
negotiations with the North Vietnamese in Paris seemed to
be bringing the Vietnam War to a halt.

22.  Foreign Policy Rank
 Good to Poor
 Neutral ,Arbitrary
 Shuttle Diplomacy
John Adam Grover Cleveland Richard Nixon