3. ºK -n
¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦]¨ã
°ª¤s°~®m ªe¤tµu«P¤§¦a²z¯S©Ê A
¡B ¡ ªe¤t¬y³t´ø«æ¡Aªe
©¤¨R¨êÄY-« ¥B¬x ¬¤ô¶q®t²§¤j¡F¥[¥H¤ô¤g«O«ù¤£§¹µ½³¡¥÷¶°¤ô°Ï
¡A ¡B ¡A
¦a½èÃP³n ªñ¦~¨Ó ¨C¹J»ä-·©u¸`±a¨Ó¼É«B®É¬x¤ô§¨±a¤j¶qªd¬â¶i¤J
¡A ¡A ¡A
ªe¤t¡A ¥Hªí-±¤ô¬°¤ô·½¤§²b¤ô³õ-ì¤ô¿B«×«æÁؤWª@
¾É-P ¡A±`¥O²b¤ô¼t¾Þ
§@¤H-û±¹¤â¤£¤Î
¡A³Q-¢Ãö¼t°±¤ô A
¡ ©Û-P¥Á«è C
¡
°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ ¡] polymers¡^¦³§U©ó½¦ÅéÁû²É¤§§Ö³t¾®¶°»P¨I-° ¡A´£
°ª¿B«×¥h°£²v¡C°ß³¡¤À°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤§ ³æÅé¨ã¬r©Ê ¡A¨Ì§Ú°êÀô«O¸p¥Ø«e
¤§³W©wA
¡ ·í-ì¤ô¿B«×¤j©ó 250NTU ®É¤è±o¨Ï¥Î¡A¥B¦UÃþ°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¦³
¨ä³Ì¤j¥[ÃĶq¤§--¨î ¡C¥»¬ã¨s¦®¦b ±´°Q±N°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ ²K¥[©ó°ª¿B«×-ì
¤ô¤¤¡A¥H¥[³tÁû²É¾®¶°®ÄªG¤§¥i¦æ©Ê ¡A¨Ã§ä¥X°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤§¿ï¥Î·Ç«h
¥H¤Î¨ä»P¦h¤¸´â¤Æ¾T (PAC) ¶¡¤§½Õ¾A ¥H´£ª@°ê¤º¶Ç²Î²V¾®µ{§Ç¹ï°ª¿B
¡A
«×-ì¤ô¤§³B²z¯à¶q¡C
¬ã¨s¤§ªì¡A¥ý»`¶°²Å¦X§Ú°êÀô«O¸p¦¨¤À³W©w¤§°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤Q¾l
ºØ¡A¸g¥Ñ½¦Åéºw©wµ¥¤èªk A
¡ ½T©w¨ä°ò¥»©Ê½è
¡CµM«á¥H¤H¤u-ì¤ô¶i¦æ²V¾®
¸ÕÅç¡AÄ~¤§¥H¹ê¼t°ª¿B«×-ì¤ô¤§ÅçÃÒ¡C
¬ã¨sµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A³æ¿W¥HPAC ¬°²V¾®¾¯¡AÁö¥i¦³®Ä-°§C°ª¿B«×-ì¤ô²V
¾®«áªº´Ý¯d¿B«×¡A¦ý©Ò»Ý¾¯¶q·¥°ª¡A³s±a²£¥Í¤j¶q¦Ãªd ¡C-Yª½±µ ¶§Â÷
¥H
¤l«¬ polymer ¬°¥D¾®¾¯ «h¤W¼á²G¿B«×µy (¬ù 10 NTU)¡A
¡A °ª ¦ý¥i¤j´T-°§C
¦Ãªd¶q¡F¦Ó¥H³±Â÷¤l«¬ polymer ª½±µ°µ¬°¥D¾®¾¯«h¿B«×¥h°£®ÄªG¤£¨Î C
¡
¦Ü©ó¥HPAC ¬°¥D¾®¾¯ A
¡ polymer ¬°§U¾®¾¯¶i¦æ²V¾®¡A ¤j´T-°§CPAC
¥i
¤§²K¥[¶q¤Î¨I¾ý¦Ãªd¶q ¡A¦P®É¼W¶i½¦¦Ð¤§¨I-°³t«× ¡C¨ä¤¤¡A°ª¤À¤l¶q¤§
³±Â÷¤l«¬ polymer ¤§³Ì¨Î¥[ÃĶq§C©ó¶§Â÷¤l polymer¡A¥B«eªÌ©Ò¥Í¦¨¤§½¦
~I~

4. ¦Ð²É®|¸û¤j ¡A ¨I-°³t«×¸û°ª ¡C ¦ý¥H¤W¼á²G¤§´Ý¯d¿B«×¦Ó¨¥ ¡A «h¶§Â÷¤l«¬
polymer ¤§®ÄªGÀu©ó³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬polymers¡C¦¹¥~¡A³±Â÷¤l«¬
polymer °µ¬°§U¾®¾¯®É¨ü¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¤§¼vÅT¸û¤j ¡A¥Hpolymer ¥ý¥[¡AÀH«á¦A
¥[ PAC ¤§®ÄªG¸û¨Î ¶§Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬ polymer ¨ü¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¼vÅT¸û¤p¡C
¡A
¦Ó PAC »P polymer °t¤ñªº³¡¤À ¡A PAC ¾¯¶q¸û°ª®É¡A
·í polymer ¤§§U¾®®Ä
ªG¸û¤£©úÅã¡A©Î¬Æ¦Ü¦³¹L¶q¥[ÃĦӨϲV¾®®ÄªG´c¤Æ¤§¸·¡C
´N²V¾®¾÷¨î¦Ó¨¥ ¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer ¤§¥D-n§@¥Î¾÷¨îÀ³¬O¥H¹q©Ê¤¤©M
¡A
¬°¥D ¦Ó³±Â÷¤l«¬ polymer «h¥H§lªþ¤Î¬[¾ô ¬°¥D-n¤§§@¥Î¾÷¨î ¦Ó·í¿B«×
¡A ¡C
´£°ª®É¡A¬[¾ô§@¥Î©Ò§êºt¤§¨¤¦â¥ç¬Û¹ï¸û-«-n ¡C
Á`¤§ ¡A¥H°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¬°§U¾®¾¯ ±N¦³§U©ó´£ª@°ª¿B«×-ì¤ô¤§²V¾®
¡A
®ÄªG ¦ý¦]-ì¤ô¤ô½è¥i¯à¦]¦a¦]®É¦Ó²§ ¡A
¡A ¬G°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¦b¿ï¥Î®É ¡A¥H
¹ê»Ú-ì¤ô¶i¦æ²~ªM¸ÕÅ礴¬O¥²-nªº C¦AªÌ°ê¤º³¡¤À²b¤ô¼t-ì¤ô°ª¿B«×´Á
¡
¶¡¡A±`¸I¨ì¤§§xÃø¬°¦Ãªd³B²z³]¬I (¦p¿@ÁY¼Ñ ®e¿n¤£¨¬¡C
) ¬G«áÄò¤§¬ã¨s
¥i¦Ò¶q²K¥[§U¾®¾¯©ó¿@ÁY¼ÑA
¡ ©Î±NÂo§É¤Ï¨R¬~¤ô»P¨I¾ý¦Ãªd¤À¶}³B²z¡C
ÃöÁä¦r ¡G°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ ¡B°ª¿B«×-ì¤ô¡B¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç
~ II ~

5. Abstract
In Taiwan, the water works sometimes encounter very high turbidity
raw water during typhoon season. This may force the water works to reduce
their output or even closedown completely. Therefore, how to increase the
efficiency of coagulation process for high turbidity water is an important topic
for Taiwan water industry. This research is to study the efficacy of using
polymers as coagulants or coagulant-aids for high turbidity water within the
regulation imposed by the government. Furthermore, how those parameters,
related to the polymers, such as type of charge, charge density, and molecular
weight, affect their function were also studied.
Various techniques, namely conventional jar test, measurement of zeta
potential and colloid titration, were employed to select polymer and polymer
dosages for high-turbid water. Surrogate for turbid waters from the field was
the suspensions made by adding sludge from Nan-hua reservoir to the lab tap
water. A series of different polymers were collected. The effect of mixing
intensity, as measured by the mean velocity gradient G, were carefully
controlled in all experiments. In addition to residual turbidity in the
supernatant, the zeta potential of the floc formed and the volume of sludge
were also monitored.
The results show that when PAC was used as the sole coagulant,
supernatant with low turbidity can be achieved, however, only at very high
dosage. And, therefore, also generate high volume of sludge. When cationic
polymers were substituted for PAC as sole coagulant, the residual turbidity of
the supernatant was a little bit higher than that from PAC. However, the
sludge volume dropped significantly. However, when nonionic or anionic
~ III ~

6. polymers were used as sole coagulant, the coagulation results were less than
desirable.
When polymer was used as coagulant aid to PAC, the dosage of the
latter could be reduced significantly, and therefore also the sludge volume
generated. Adding polymer also increased the settling velocity of the floc.
Further, the optimum dosages of high MW anionic polymers were lower than
those of cationic polymers, and the floc from the former had larger size
distribution and higher settling velocity than those from the latter. However,
the residual turbidity of the supernatant from cationic polymers was always
lower than that from anionic or nonionic polymers. Furthermore, when
anionic polymers was used as coagulant aid to PAC, the chemicals dosing
sequence was more important than when cationic or nonionic polymers were
used. For the former, better coagulation performance was observed when
polymers were added before PAC. As far as coagulation mechanisms were
concerned, the proposed major colloid destabilization mechanisms for
cationic and anionic polymers were charge neutralization and bridging,
respectively.
Based on the results from this study, polymers, as coagulant-aid, are
found to be helpful to the treatment of high turbidity raw waters, and some
general guidelines were proposed for the selection of polymers. However, due
to the variation with time and location of the source water quality, when
polymers are to be used in the field, some kinds of lab testing, such as jar tests,
are recommended.
Keywords: High-turbidity water; polymer; coagulation
~ IV ~

7. »x ÁÂ
¬ã¨s¥Í²P¤¤ ©Ó»X«ü¾É±Ð±Â¸-«ÅÅã¦Ñ®v¶É¤ß«ü¾É
¡A ¡A©l¯à§¹¦¨¾Ç·~¤Î
½×¤å¡A¦Ñ®vÂ×´Iªº¾ÇÃѤÎÄYÂÔªººA«×¥ç¨Ï¾Ç¥ÍÀò¯q¨}¦h
¡AÂÔ¦b¦¹-P¤W³Ì
¸Û¼°ªºÁ·N
¡C
¦b½×¤å¼f¬d´Á¶¡ ¡A·PÁ¼f¬d©e-û¥Ó¥Ã½÷±Ð±Â¤ÎªL °]´I±Ð±Â¿Ë¤Áªº«ü
¾É¡A¨Ã´£¨ÑÄ_¶Qªº·N¨£»P«Øij A
¡ ¨Ï¾Ç¥Íªº½×¤å§óÁͧ¹µ½ ¡AÂÔ-PÁ§աC
·PÁ³¯¥ß¤Ò³Õ¤h¡A¾Çªø¤å«G¡B®¶¥¿¡B¦°¤å¡Bªk¥Í¤Î¾Ç©j«ã¸ ¡B´f§g
¦b¹êÅç¤è-±ºÉ¨ä©Ò¯à¦aµ¹¤©«ü¾É ¡A¦P®É¤]¤£§[ ©ó¤À¨É¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº¸gÅç§ç¸Ñ
§Ú-̪ºÀ£¤O¡A¨Ï±o³¦h°ÝÃDªï¤b¦Ó¸Ñ¡C²³¾Çªø¾Ç©jªº¯k·R ¡A¾Ç©f»Ê·P¦b
¤ß¡C¦bºÓ¤G³o¤@¦~A
¡ «D±`·PÁ¤@°_¨«¹L¥Ì-Wªº°¶-צP¾Ç ¥H¤Îª@¿Å
¡A ¡BªQ
ÀM (¦w¦è) ¤Î§BÂE¤T¦ì·s¦å §A-̪º¨£ÃѤΤf¤~¡A
¡A Á`¬OÅý¹êÅç«ÇÅw¼Ö¤£
Â_¡A¦Ó¦w´¡©ó¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº³¦h¶K¤ß¥©«ä¡A§óÅý§Ú-¿·PºÛ¤ß ¡C¥Ñ°J ¦a§Æ±æ§A
-̦b¥¼¨Óªº¸ô¤W³£¨«ªº¶¶¹E
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·PÁ¦¨¤jÀô¤u¨t ©Ò¤Î¦¨¤jµ£-xªÀªº½Ñ¦ì¦P¾Ç ¡B¾Çªø©j¾Ç§Ì©f ¡A³o¨Ç
¦~¨Ó³-§Ú¨«¹L³Ì¦hªö¦h«ºªº¨D¾Ç¥Í²P ¤@¦PÅéÅç
¡A ¦UºØ¨Æª«¡A¨Ï§Úªººë¯«
¥Í¬¡§óÂ×´I¬ü¦n ¡C¯¬ºÖ§A-Ì¡A¤]Ä@¤j®a¤Í½Ëªø¦s !
·PÁ Just Jazz ¼Ö¹Î¤Î JJ ®a±ÚªºªB¤Í A
¡ ¦b§Ú³Ì·Î¼õªº¤é¤l ¸Ì°µ¬°§ÚÁ×
-·´ä¡A¦b§Ú¤£¦wªº®É-ÔÃ-©w§Úªº±¡ºü Åý§Ú¨«±o§ó¦³«i®ð ¡C
¡A «Ü©¯¹B¦bÁ{
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ªºÃd·R¡A¬ß¤é«á±o¥H¦^³ø¡C
ºÓ¤h¥Í¬¡¤@¸ô¨«¨Ó ¦³³¦h¤H¦b¤£¦Pªº®É´Á³-¦ñ§Ú¥ª¥k ¡A
¡A µ¹¤©§Ú¬Û
·íªº¤ä«ù»P¹ªÀy¡A¦b¦¹¤@¨Ö-PÁÂ
¡C
³Ì«á¡A·PÁ§ڪº¥À¿Ë¤Î®a¤H¹ï§Ú¥Ã»·ªº¤ä«ù»P¹ªÀy¡C
~ V~

8. ºK-n ......................................................................................................... ¢¹
Abstract.................................................................................................... ¢»
»xÁÂ..........................................................................................................¢½
¥Ø¿ý..........................................................................................................¢¿
ªí¥Ø¿ý ......................................................................................................XI
¹Ï¥Ø¿ý ................................................................................................... XIII
²Ä¤@³¹ «e¨¥ ............................................................................................1
1-1 ¬ã¨s½t°_ ..............................................................................................1
1-2 ¬ã¨s¥Øªº..............................................................................................4
²Ä¤G³¹ ¤åÄm¦^ÅU...................................................................................5
2-1 ¤ô¤¤¤§¿B«×¤Î¨ä¹ï¤ô¼t¤§¼vÅT ............................................................5
2-1-1 ¿B«×¤§¨Ó·½¤Î©Ê½è .......................................................................5
2-1-2 °ª¿B«×-ì¤ô¹ï¤ô¼t¤§¼vÅT............................................................7
2-2 ²V¾® (Coagulation) ............................................................................ 11
2-2-1 ²V¾®²z½×.................................................................................... 11
2-2-2 ¼vÅT²V¾®§@¥Î¤§¦]¯À
.................................................................12
2-3 ¦h¤¸´â¤Æ¾T (Polyaluminum chloride¡APAC)......................................15
2-4 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ ....................................................................................18
2-4-1 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ªººØÃþ ..................................................................19
2-4-2 ¾®¶°¾÷¨î....................................................................................19
2-4-3 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¦b¤ô³B²z¤§À³¥Î ..................................................24
2-4-4 ¦U°ê°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¨Ï¥Î³W©w
......................................................28
~ VII ~

9. 2-5 ¹q²ü±K«×ºw©w(Colloid Titration).......................................................29
2-6 ²V¾®®ÄªGµû¦ô¤èªk............................................................................31
.
²Ä¤T³¹ ¹êÅç§÷®Æ¤Î¤èªk.....................................................................33
3-1 ¹êÅç¬yµ{³W¹º....................................................................................33
3-2 ¸ÕÅç-ì¤ô¤§°t»s ................................................................................33
3-2-1 ²{³õ°É¬d¤Î±Ä¼Ë ........................................................................33
3-2-2 ¤H¤u-ì¤ô....................................................................................35
3-3 ²~ªM¸ÕÅç
............................................................................................37
3-3-1 ²V¾®¾¯¤Î°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤§°t»s ..................................................37
3-3-2 ²~ªM¸ÕÅç...................................................................................37
.
3-3-3 ¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç ....................................................................................39
3-4 ¤ô½è¤ÀªR¤èªk....................................................................................39
3-4-1 ¾É¹q«× (Conductivity).................................................................39
3-4-2 pH -È ..........................................................................................39
3-4-3 ÆP«× (Alkalinity)........................................................................41
3-4-4 ¿B«× (Turbidity).........................................................................41
3-4-5 UV254 §l¥ú-È ............................................................................42
3-4-6 «D´§µo©Ê·»¸Ñ©Ê¦³¾÷ºÒ
(Non-Purgable Dissolved Organic Carbon, NPDOC) .................42
3-4-7 ¬É¹F¹q¦ì....................................................................................43
3-4-8 ¨I¾ý¦Ãªd¶q .................................................................................45
3-4-9 ½¦¦Ð¨I-°©Ê .................................................................................46
3-5 ¹q²ü±K«×ºw©wªk(Colloid Titration Method) ......................................46
²Ä¥|³¹ µ²ªG»P°Q½×
.............................................................................49
~ VIII ~

10. 4-1 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¹q²ü±K«×´ú©wµ²ªG......................................................49
4-2 ¤H¤u-ì¤ô¤ô½è....................................................................................52
4-3 ³æ¿W¥H
polymer §@¬°²V¾®¾¯¤§²V¾®®ÄªG
............................................52
4-4 ¶È¥HPAC ¬°²V¾®¾¯¤§²V¾®®ÄªG
.........................................................56
4-5 polymer ·f°t PAC §@¬°§U¾®¾¯¤§²V¾®®ÄªG
......................................59
4-5-1 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤§¿z¿ï .................................................................59
4-5-1-1 ¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer ..............................................................59
4-5-1-2 ³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬ polymer............................................60
4-5-2 ¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¤§¼vÅT ........................................................................60
4-6 ¦UºØ¥[ÃĤèªk¤§¤ñ¸û .........................................................................66
4-6-1 ½¦¦Ð§Î¦¨³t«×¤Î¥~Æ[ .................................................................66
4-6-2 ¨I¾ý¦Ãªd¶q ................................................................................67
4-6-3 ½¦¦Ð¨I-°³t«× .............................................................................71
4-7 ²V¾®¾÷¨î¤§±´°Q................................................................................73
4-8 ¹ê¼t-ì¤ô¸ÕÅçµ²ªG.............................................................................75
4-8-1 ªO·s²b¤ô¼t-ì¤ô¤ô½è¤Î²V¾®¸ÕÅç ..............................................75
4-8-2 ©W³»²b¤ô¼t°ª¿B«×-ì¤ô¤§²V¾®¸ÕÅç...........................................79
.
4-8-2-1 ©W³»-ì¤ô¤ô½è¤Î²V¾®¸ÕÅ礧¿B«×¥h°£®ÄªG
........................79
4-8-2-2 ©W³»-ì¤ô²V¾®¸ÕÅ礧¨I¾ý¦Ãªd¶q.......................................87
²Ä¤-³¹ µ²½×»P«Øij .............................................................................95
5-1 µ²½× ...................................................................................................95
5-2 «Øij ...................................................................................................96
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm ................................................................................................97
~ IX ~

11. ªí¥Ø¿ý
ªí 2-1 Â×-ì²b¤ô¼t©ó¤£¦P¿B«×¤Uªº²b¤ô¥X¤ô¶q........................................9
ªí 2-2 ¶¼¥Î¤ô¿B«×¼Ð·Ç-È»P-ì¤ô¿B«×¤§¬ÛÃö©Ê........................................9
ªí 2-3 ¤ô¼t±`¥Î¤§¦UºØ°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ .....................................................20
ªí 3-1 ¥»¬ã¨s±Ä¥Îªº polymer ºØÃþ..........................................................38
ªí 4-1 ¥»¬ã¨s¤§ polymer ¤Î¨ä©Ê½è (¨Ì¹q²ü±K«×½s¸¹)..........................51
ªí 4-2 250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô¤ô½è°Ñ¼Æ.......................................................53
ªí 4-3 1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô¤ô½è°Ñ¼Æ.....................................................53
ªí 4-4 250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô¦b¤£¦P PAC ¾¯¶q¤U¤§²~ªM¸ÕÅçµ²ªG
.............57
ªí 4-5 1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô¦b¤£¦P PAC ¾¯¶q¤U¤§²~ªM¸ÕÅçµ²ªG
...........58
ªí 4-6 ªO·s²b¤ô¼t-ì¤ô¤ô½è°Ñ¼Æ .............................................................76
ªí 4-7 ªO·s-ì¤ô¦b¤£¦P PAC ¾¯¶q¤U¤§²~ªM¸ÕÅçµ²ªG
..............................77
ªí 4-8 ©W³»²b¤ô¼t-ì¤ô¤ô½è°Ñ¼Æ.............................................................81
ªí 4-9 ©W³»-ì¤ô¦b¤£¦PPAC ¾¯¶q¤U¤§²~ªM¸ÕÅçµ²ªG
..............................83
~ XI ~

12. ¹Ï¥Ø¿ý
¹Ï 1-1 ·s©±·Ë-ì¤ô¿B«×¤é¥-§¡-ÈÅܤÆÁÍ¶Õ (1986~1997)...........................2
¹Ï 1-2 «n¤Æ¤ô®w-ì¤ô¿B«×¤é¥-§¡-ÈÅܤÆÁÍ¶Õ (¥Á°ê 89 ~ 91)....................3
¹Ï 2-1 ¹LÂo³]³Æ¤Õ®|¤Î¤ô¤¤ particle ²É®|½d³ò ..........................................6
¹Ï 2-2 ±a-t¹q²ü¤§½¦ÅéÁû²É¤Î¨ä©P³ò¹q²ü¤À§G ........................................8
¹Ï 2-3 Al(H2O)63+¤ô¸Ñ¥Ü·N¹Ï .................................................................16
¹Ï 2-4 ¾TÆQ²V¾®¾¯¥D-n¤ÏÀ³²£ª«¶¡ªºÃö«Y
..............................................16
¹Ï 2-5 “§lªþ¹q»ù¤¤©M”¤Î“¨I¾ý±½¦² ”¥Ü·N¹Ï............................................17
¹Ï 2-6 ¤ô¼t±`¥Î¤§°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤Æ¾Çµ²ºc¦¡ ..........................................21
¹Ï 2-7 °ª¤À¤l»E ¦Xª«¯}Ãa½¦ÅéÃ-©w©Ê¤§¬[¾ô¼Ò¦¡...................................23
¹Ï 2-8 ¤ô¼t¦U³B²z³æ¤¸¤§²K¥[Ãľ¯.........................................................25
¹Ï 2-9 Glycol chitosan, methyl glycol chitosan, potassium
polyvinyl alcohol sulfate ¤Î toluodine blue ¤§µ²ºc¦¡................30
¹Ï 3-1 ¥»¬ã¨s¤§³W¹º
¬yµ{........................................................................34
¹Ï 3-2 ¤H¤u-ì¤ô°t»s¤èªk ........................................................................36
¹Ï 3-3 ²~ªM¸ÕÅ礤¥[ÃÄÂIªº³]-p .............................................................40
¹Ï 3-4 NPDOC ¤§¼Ð·ÇÀ˶q½u................................................................44
¹Ï 4-1 ¦UºØpolymer ¹q²ü±K«×ÀHpH -ÈÅܤƤ§Ãö«Y
(a) ¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer (b) ³±Â÷¤l«¬ polymer.............................50
¹Ï 4-2 ¦UºØpolymer ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô)
(a)³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬ polymer (b)¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer..............54
¹Ï 4-3 ¦UºØpolymer ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô)
(a)³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬ polymer (b)¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer..............55
~ XIII ~

13. ¹Ï 4-4 PAC ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô ....................57
)
¹Ï 4-5 PAC ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô) ..................58
¹Ï 4-6 PAC °t¦X¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer ¤§¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×Ãö«Y¹Ï
(250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô) ..................................................................61
¹Ï 4-7 PAC °t¦X³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬ polymer ¤§¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×
Ãö«Y¹Ï (250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô .....................................................61
)
¹Ï 4-8 ¤£¦P¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¤U¡APAC °t¦X polymer h ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×
¤§Ãö«Y (250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô .....................................................63
)
¹Ï 4-9 ¤£¦P¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¤U¡APAC °t¦X polymer e ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×
¤§Ãö«Y (250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô .....................................................63
)
¹Ï 4-10 ¤£¦P¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¤U¡APAC °t¦X polymer c ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×
¤§Ãö«Y (250 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô .....................................................64
)
¹Ï 4-11 PAC °t¦X polymer f ¤§¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×Ãö«Y¹Ï
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................65
¹Ï 4-12 PAC °t¦X polymer e ¤Î polymer c ¤§¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×
Ãö«Y¹Ï (1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô) ...................................................65
¹Ï 4-13 PAC ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................68
¹Ï 4-14 Polymer f ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................68
¹Ï 4-15 PAC °t¦X Polymer f ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................69
¹Ï 4-16 PAC °t¦X Polymer c ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................69
~ XIV ~

14. ¹Ï 4-17 PAC °t¦X Polymer e ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................70
¹Ï 4-18 ¦UºØ¥[ÃĤèªk¤U´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦Ãªd¶q¤§Ãö«Y
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................70
¹Ï 4-19 ¦UºØ¥[ÃĤèªk¤U©Ò§Î¦¨½¦¦Ð¤§¨H-°±¡§Î
(1000 NTU ¤H¤u-ì¤ô).................................................................72
¹Ï 4-20 PAC ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (ªO·s-ì¤ô)..................................77
¹Ï 4-21 Polymer »P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y(ªO·s-ì¤ô) ...................................78
¹Ï 4-22 Polymer c ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (ªO·s-ì¤ô) ........................80
¹Ï 4-23 ¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (©W³»-ì¤ô
)..............82
¹Ï 4-24 ³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬ polymer ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y¹Ï
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................82
)
¹Ï 4-25 PAC ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×¤§Ãö«Y (©W³»-ì¤ô..................................83
)
¹Ï 4-26 PAC °t¦X¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer ¤§¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿BÃö«Y¹Ï
(©W³»-ì¤ô...............................................................................85
)
¹Ï 4-27 PAC °t¦X³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬ polymer ¤§¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B
Ãö«Y¹Ï (©W³»-ì¤ô ....................................................................85
)
¹Ï 4-28 ¤£¦P¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¤U¡APAC °t¦X polymer f ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×
¤Î¬É¹F¹q¦ì¤§Ãö«Y (©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................86
)
¹Ï 4-29 ¤£¦P¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç¤U¡APAC °t¦X polymer c ¾¯¶q»P´Ý¯d¿B«×
¤Î¬É¹F¹q¦ì¤§Ãö«Y (©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................88
)
¹Ï 4-30 PAC ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................89
)
¹Ï 4-31 Polymer f ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................89
)
~ XV ~

15. ¹Ï 4-32 Polymer h ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................91
)
¹Ï 4-33 PAC °t¦X Polymer c ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................91
)
¹Ï 4-34 PAC °t¦X Polymer e ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................92
)
¹Ï 4-35 PAC °t¦X Polymer f ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................92
)
¹Ï 4-36 PAC °t¦X Polymer h ¾¯¶q¡B´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n¤§Ãö«Y
(©W³»-ì¤ô..................................................................................93
)
¹Ï 4-37 ¦UºØ¥[ÃĤèªk¤U´Ý¯d¿B«×»P¨I¾ý¦Ãªd¶q¤§Ãö«Y
(´Ý¯d¿B«×¬ù 3 NTU) (©W³»-ì¤ô
)................................................93
~ XVI ~

16. ²Ä¤@³¹ «e¨¥
1-1 ¬ã¨s½t°_
¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦]¨ã
°ª¤s°~®m
¡B
ªe¤tµu«P¤§¦a²z¯S©Ê
¡Aªe¤t¬y³t´ø«æªe
¡A
©¤¨R¨êÄY-« ¡B
¡A
¥B¬x ¬¤ô¶q®t²§¤j ¥[¥H
¡F ¤ô¤g«O«ù¤£§¹µ½ ¡A
³¡¥÷¶°¤ô°Ï
¦a½èÃP³n
¡A¨C¹J»ä-·©u¸`±a¨Ó¼É«B®É
¡A¬x¤ô§¨±a¤j¶qªd¬â¶i¤Jªe¤t
¡A¤ô
¤¤Äa¯B©TÅ骫¼W¥[ ¥Hªí-±¤ô¬°¤ô·½¤§²b¤ô³õ-ì¤ô¿B«×«æÁؤWª@
¡A¾É-P ¡C
¹Ï 1-1 ¬°·s©±·Ë¦b 1986-1997 ¦~¶¡¡A¾ú¦~-ì¤ô¤¤¿B«×Åܰʤ§±¡§Î (¥x¥_¦Û
¨Ó¤ô¨Æ·~³B, 1998)¡F¹Ï 1-2 «h¬°«n¤Æ¤ô®w©ó¥Á°ê 89 ¦~ 12 ¤ë¦Ü 91 ¦~ 1 ¤ë
¤§-ì¤ô¿B«×¤é¥-§¡¤À§G¹Ï ¦¹¤G¹Ï¤¤Åã¥Ü¡A
¡C °£¨C¦~¤T¦Ü¤-¤ë¤§±ö«B©u¸`¡A
-ì¤ô¿B«×±`±` ·|´£¤É¬° 100~200 NTU¡F»ä-·©u¸`®É ¡A-°¤Uªº»¨«B§ó¥i±N
¿B«×´£°ª¨ì 1000 NTU ¥H¤W¨ä¾l®É´Á ¡A
¡F -ì¤ô¤¤¤§¿B«×¬Ò¬Û·í§C ªñ¦~¨Ó¡A
¡C
¥_³¡³¡¤À²b¤ô¼tµo²{¦b»ä-·©Î¤W´å¤ô®w¬ª¬x 1~2 ¶g«á¡A¤U´å©¹©¹·|¥X²{
Ã-©w©Ê·¥¨ÎªºÄa¯B·L²É ¦¹ºØ-ì¤ô§e¥Õ¦â²V¿Bª¬ (ºÙ¤§¬°¥Õ¿B¤ô)¡A
¡A ¤[¸m
¤£©ö¨I¾ý ¡CShi and Ching (1998) ¥ç«ü¥X»ä-·¹L«á¤§¼Æ¶g¡A-ì¤ô¤¤·|¥X²{
¬Û·í¦h¤§·L²ÓÁû²É¡A¶Ç²Î¤§²V¾®¨I¾ýµ{§ÇµLªk±±¨î¨ä¥X¤ô¿B«×A
¡ ¨Ã¦³²V
¾®½¦¦Ð¤£©ö¨I¾ý ¡B¨I¾ý¦À¥X¬y¤ô´Ý¯d¿B«×¤´°ª¤Î¾É-P«áÄò¹LÂo³æ¤¸¶W-t
²ü¡AÁYµuÂoµ{¤Î¼W¥[¤Ï¬~ÀW²vµ¥°ÝÃD
¡C¬ÆªÌ¡A·í¤ô¼t¾Þ§@¤H-ûµLªk§ä¥X
¦]À³¹ïµ¦®É ¡A³Q-¢-°§C²M¤ô¤ô½è¼Ð·Ç ´î¶q¨Ñ¤ô©ÎÃö¼t°±¤ô ¡A
¡B ©Û-P¥Á«è¡C
~1~

17. ¹Ï 1-1 ·s©±·Ë-ì¤ô¿B«×¤é¥-§¡-ÈÅܤÆÁÍ¶Õ (1986~1997)
(¥x¥_¦Û¨Ó¤ô¨Æ·~³B, 1998)
~2~

18. ~3~
NTU
1
10
100
1000
1
10000
891201
1
891217
1
900102
2
900118
2
900203
2
900219
2
900307
2
900323
2
900408
2
900424
2
900510
2
900526
2
900611
2
900627
date 2
900713
2
900729
2
900814
2
900830
2
900915
2
901001
¹Ï 1-2 «n¤Æ¤ô®w-ì¤ô¿B«×¤é¥-§¡-ÈÅܤÆÁÍ¶Õ (¥Á°ê 89 ~ 91)
2
901017
2
901102
2
901118
2
901204
2
901220
2
910105
2
910121

19. 1-2 ¬ã¨s¥Øªº
À˵ø¤W-z°ÝÃD¤§®Ö¤ß
¡A¨ä¤D»P²V¾®µ{§Ç±±¨î¤£¨Î¬ÛÃö
¡A-Y¯à§ïµ½¦¹
¤@³æ¤¸¤§³B²z®ÄªG
¡AÀ³¥i´£°ª¥X¤ô¤ô½è¤Î¤ô¶q´î½w¿B«×¹ï²b¤ô¤uµ{¤§
¡A
¼vÅT ¨Ï¤ô¼t¦b°ª¿B«×´Á¶¡¤´¯à¥¿±`¨Ñ¤ô
¡A ¡C
°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ ¡] polymers¡^¦b³¦h¬ã¨s¤¤³QÃҹ꦳§U©ó½¦ÅéÁû²É¤§§Ö
³t¾®¶°»P¨I-° ¡A¦]¦¹¥i§ó¦³®Ä¦a¥h°£¿B«× ¡C¦ý¥«-±¤W¥i¥Î©ó¤ô³B²z¤§°ª
¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ºØÃþ²³¦h ¡A§Y¨Ï¦P¤@ºØ¦¨¥÷¤§°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ A
¡ ¦]»E¦X»P¤ô¸Ñ
ª¬ºA¤§¤£¦P ¤À¤l¶q¥i¯à¥Ñ¼Æ¥a¦Ü¼Æ¦Ê¸U ¡A
¡A ±a¹q©Ê¥ç¥i¯à¦³±a¥¿ ¡B-t¹q
©Î¤£±a¹q¤§²§¡C¦p¦ó°w¹ï-ì¤ô¤ô½è ¿ï¥Î¾A·íºØÃþ¤§°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ ¡B¥[
¡A
ÃĶq¡A¥H¤Î»P¥D¾®¾¯ (¦p©úÄs¡B¦h¤¸´â¤Æ¾Tµ¥) ¶¡¤§¥[ÃĶ¶§Ç ¡A¹ï²b¤ô¼t
¤§¾Þ§@À³¨ã¦³¹ê¥Î©Ê
¡C
¥»¬ã¨s¥D¦®°£±ý±´°Q°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤§¿ï¥Î·Ç«h¥~¡A
¥t¨ä»P²V¾®¾¯ (¦h
¤¸´â¤Æ¾T) ¶¡¤§½Õ°t¤Î¾A·íªº²K¥[¤è¦¡¡A¥ç¬O¥»¬ã¨s¤§¤¤¤ß¡C¬ã¨s¤¤¥ç°w
¹ï¤£¦P¾Þ§@
±ø¥ó¤U§Î¦¨ªº½¦¦Ðªí-±±a¹q©Ê½è¡B¥Í¦¨¨I¾ý¦ÃªdÅé¿n ¤ÎÁû²É
²É®|ÅÜ¤Æ ¡A±´°Q°ª¤À¤l¦b²V¾®¹Lµ{§Ç¤¤©Ò§êºt¤§¨¤¦â ¡C
~4~

20. ²Ä¤G³¹ ¤åÄm¦^ÅU
2-1 ¤ô¤¤¿B«×¤§©Ê½è¤Î¨ä¹ï¤ô¼t¤§¼vÅT
2-1-1 ¿B«×¤§¨Ó·½¤Î©Ê½è
-ì¤ô¤¤ºc¦¨ ¿B«×¤§ª«½è¬Û·íÁc¦h ¡A¥]¬A¤£¦P²É®|¤j¤pªºÁû²É ¡BĦÃþ¡B
²Óµß©Î¯f¬rµ¥ ¡A³o¨Ç¦Ã¬Vª«½è¬Ò¥i¦b²b¤ô¼tªº¦U³B²z³æ¤¸¤¤³Q¥h°£¡C¹Ï
2-1 ¤¤¬°¦s¦b-ì¤ô¤¤ªº¦UºØª«½è²É®|½d³ò¤Î¥i¿ï¾Üªº¹LÂo³]³Æ¤Õ®|¤j¤p
¤§¤ñ¸û¡C
¦b²b¤ô³B²z¤W ¤@¯ë¤ô¤¤©TÅ骫½è¨ÌÉ®|¤j¤p°Ï¤À¬°Äa¯B©Ê©TÅé ¡B
¡A ²
½¦Åé¤Î·»¸Ñ©Ê©TÅé¤T¤jÃþ ¡CÄa¯B©Ê©TÅé¬O«ü²É®|¤j©ó 1 µm ªº©TÅéÁû²É¡A
¥i ÂÇ¥Ñ-«¤O§@¥Î¨I¾ý¥h°£F·»¸Ñ©Ê©TÅ骫³¡¤À«hÄݤÀ¤l¤j¤p ¡A
¡ ¨ä²É®|¤p
©ó 10-3 µm¡A¥i¨Ì¤£¦P»Ý¨D¡A¿ï¾Ü§lªþ ¡BÂ÷¤l¥æ´«¤ÎÁ¡½¤³B²zµ{§Çµ¥°ª¯Å
²b¤ô³æ¤¸¤è¦¡±±¨î¨ä¶q¦Ü¦X²z½d³ò¡F¦Ü©ó Áû²É²É®|¬É©ó 10-3~1 µm ¤§·L¤p
Áû²É¡A¨ä¬°¿B«×¤Î¦â«×¤§¥D-n¨Ó·½ ¥Ñ©óÅé¿n¬Æ¤p¡Bªí-±¿n¤j ¡A ¦b¤ô
¡A ¬G
Å餤§e²{Ã-©wªºª¬ºA ¨ÃºÙ¬°½¦ÅéÁû²É (colloid)¡A¦Ó²V¾®
¡A µ{§Ç§Y°w¹ï¦¹
ºØÁû²É©Ò³]-pªº³B²z³æ¤¸ ¡C
½¦Åé¤À´²¦b¤ô¤¤®Éªí-±±a¦³¹q²ü¡A³o¨Ç¹q²ü¥D-n¥Ñ¤U¦C¤TºØ¤è¦¡Î
§
¦¨ [Stumm & Morgan, 1981] : (1) ½¦Åé²É¤lªí-±µo¥Í¤Æ ¾Ç¤ÏÀ³¡C¨Ò¦pªí-±
¤W§t¦³¥i¸ÑÂ÷¤§©x¯à°òµo¥Í¸ÑÂ÷¤ÏÀ³©Î·»½è©M½¦Åéªí-±
§Î¦¨¦@»ùÁä ¦¹
¡A
ºØ¥Ñ©ó¤Æ¾Ç¤ÏÀ³¨Ïªí-±¹q²ü§ïÅܤ§²{¶HºÙ¬° Specific Adsorption¡C (2) ½¦
Åéªí-±ªº´¹Åé¬[ºc¤£§¹¥þ©Î´¹Åé¬[ºc³Q¦P§Îª«©Ò¨ú¥N¡A¦p¤G®ñ¤Æª¿¤§¥¿
¥|-±Åé¬[ºc¤¤ª¿-ì¤l³Q¾T-ì¤l¨ú¥N ¡A¦Ó¨Ï¾ã-Óµ²ºcª«±a-t¹q ¡C (3) ¥H¤Z
~5~

21. ¹Ï 2-1 ¹LÂo³]³Æ¤Õ®|¤Î¤ô¤¤ particle ²É®|½d³ò
(Stumm & Morgan, 1981)
~6~

22. ±o¥Ëº¸¤O©Î²BÁä§lªþÄa¯B²G¤¤¤§¬É-±¬¡©Ê¾¯ A
¡ ¬GpH -È¡BÂ÷¤l±j«×¤Î·»²G
¤¤¤§·»½è°£·|¼vÅT½¦Åé²É¤l©Ò±a¹q²ü¤§ ¥¿©Î-t¥H¥~¡A©|·|¼vÅTª«ºØ±a¹q
²üªº¦h¹è¡C
¹Ï 2-2 ©Ò¥Ü¬°¤@±a-t¹q²üªº½¦ÅéÁû²É»P©P³ò¹q²ü¤À§Gªº±¡§Î ²É¤lªí
¡C
-±¦]¯S©w§lªþ (specific absorption) ©Ò¤Þ°_¤§-è©Ê¼h (rigid layer)¡AºÙ¬°
stern layer ©Î©T©w¼h (fixed layer)¡C¦ì©ó²Ä¤G¼h¤§Â÷¤l©Ò±aªº¹q²ü»Pªþ©ó
²É¤lªí-±©Ò±aªº¹q²ü¬Û¤Ï ¡A¥B¨ä¤À§G¥Ñ²É¤lªí-±³vº¥¦V¥~³ò´î¤Ö¦Ü¥¿-t
Â÷¤l¬Ûµ¥ ¡A¦¹¤@½d³òºÙÂX´²¼h(diffuse layer)¡CÂX´²¼h»P©T©w¼h¦XºÙ¬°¹q
Âù¼h (electrical double layer) ¡C½¦Åé²É¤l ¥Ñ©ó¹qÂù¼hªº¹q²ü¤À§G¦Ó²£¥Í¹q
¦ì¡A 2-2 ¥çÅã¥Ü²É¤lªí-±¶ZÂ÷»P¹q¦ìªºÃö«Y¡A
¹Ï ¦b²É¤lªí-±ªº¹q¦ì³Ì¤j ¡A
©ó°Å¤O-± (shear plane) ¤W¤§ q¦ì«hºÙ¬°¬É¹F¹q¦ì (zeta potential)¡C
¹
½¦Åé²É¤l¯à«O«ù¨ä¤À´²ª¬ºA¦Ó¤£¾®»E¨H¾ýA
¡ ºÙ¬°Ã-©wª¬ºA ¥D-n¬O
¡A
¥Ñ¨âºØ¦]¯À§@¥Î ¤@¬O²É¤lªí-±¦³¤ô¤À¤l§lªþ©ó¨ä¤W¦Ó§Î¦¨¤@Á¡¼h ªý
¡G ¡A
꽦Åéµ²¦X¡C¥t¤@¦]¯À§Yªí-±¹q¦ìªº¦s¦b¡AÁöµM½¦Å餧¶¡¤´¦³
¤Þ¤O¦s¦b¡A
¦ý¤@¯ë¦ÛµM¤ôÄÝ©ó§CÂ÷¤l±j«×A
¡ ½¦Åé»P½¦Å鶡¹qÂù¼h²£¥Í¤§±Æ¥¸¤O¤j©ó
¤Þ¤O ¨Ï½¦Åé¨t²Î§e²{Ã-©wª¬ºA ¡C
¡A
2-1-2 °ª¿B«×-ì¤ô¹ï¤ô¼t¤§¼vÅT
«e¨¥¤¤´¿´£¤Î°ª¿B«×-ì¤ô©Î¥Õ¿B¤ô¦]¨ä¿B«×©Ê½è ¨Ï¤ô¼t-±Á{³¦h
¡A
¬D¾Ô ¨ÃÃø¥H¥¿±`¨Ñ¤ô¡A
¡A ¦Ó¨Ì ¤ô¤¤¿B«×¤§¼W¥[ ±Ä´î¶q¨Ñ¤ô¤è¦¡ (ªí 2-1)
¡A
¤Î-°§C²M¤ô¿B«×¼Ð·Ç§@¬°¦]À³ 2-2)¡C
(ªí
°ª¿B«×-ì¤ô¹ï¦U³B²z³æ¤¸¤§¼vÅT¦p¤U[Shi and Ching, 1998]¡G
(1)¨ú¤ô¤f¤§ªý¶ë
¼É«B´Á¶¡ ¤ô¶q§Ö³t¼W¥[¡A
¡A °£¤F©U§£ ¾ðªK ¾ð·F±q¤W¬y¨R¨ê¦Ó¤U
¡B ¡B ¡A
¤W´å¤ô®w¬ª¬x¾É-P®w©³ªd¬â¬y¥X ¨Ã¾É-P-ì¤ô¿B«×¤Î¯ä¨ý¼W¥[ -P¨Ï-ì
¡A ¡A
~7~

23. ¹Ï 2-2 ±a-t¹q²ü¤§½¦ÅéÁû²É¤Î¨ä©P³ò¹q²ü¤À§G
(Amirtharagjah ¡® O’Melia, 1990)
~8~

24. ªí 2-1 Â×-ì²b¤ô¼t©ó¤£¦P¿B«×¤Uªº²b¤ô¥X¤ô¶q (¥Ì¨ä»Í, 1996)
-ì¤ô¿B«× ¤@³õ¥X¤ô¶q ¤G³õ¥X¤ô¶q Á`¥X¤ô¶q
(NTU) (104 CMD) (104 CMD) (104 CMD)
0~10 45 34 79
10~100 45 30 75
100~500 40 30 70
500~1,000 35 15 50
1,000~2,000 30 0 30
2,000~3,000 25 0 25
3,000~5,000 20 0 20
5,000~6,000 10 0 10
6,000 ¥H¤W 0 0 0
ªí 2-2 ¶¼¥Î¤ô¿B«×¼Ð·Ç-È»P-ì¤ô¿B«×¤§¬ÛÃö©Ê (¦æ¬F°|Àô«O¸p, 1998)
-ì¤ô¿B«× ²M¤ô¤ô½è¼Ð·Ç
(NTU) (NTU)
<200 2
200-500 4
500-1500 10
>1500 30
~9~

25. ¤ô¤§¯Ó´â¶qª«½è¼W¥[ A
¡ ¨ä¹ï²V¾®¤Î¥[´â±±¨î§¡¬O¤@¤j¬D¾Ô
¡C¦Ó¨ú¤ô¤f¤§
ªý¶ë¡A©ö¨Ï¤ô¼t¤§¶i¤ô¬y¶q¤£Ã-©w ¡C
(2)ºÊ±±¨t²Î¤§¨ü·l
»ä-·´Á¶¡¡A¥Ñ©ó±j-·¤Î»¨«B©ö³y¦¨¹q¸Ü½u¸ôÂ_½u¡A¾É-P¤ô¼t¤§³q°T
¨t²Î¨ü·l ¡A¥[¤W¹q¤O¤¤Â_A
¡ ¥ç¨Ï±¡ªp³·¤W¥[Á÷¡F¦Ó¤ô½èºÊ±±»ö¾¹¤§±Ä¼Ë
½u©ö¨üªý¶ë ¡A»Ý¸g ±`²M¬~¡A§_«hµLªkµo´§¥¯à ¡C
(3)²V¾®±±¨î¤§ºò«æÀ³ÅÜ
²V¾®¾Þ§@¤§¦nÃa ºÝ¦b¤ô½è¤Î¾A¶q²V¾®¾¯¶q¤§¨M©w¥Ñ©ó»ä-·´Á¶¡
¡A ¡A
¤ô½èÅܤƬƤj ¡A¬G»Ý¸û¨Î¤§²{³õ¾Þ§@¸gÅç¤Î¯à¤O ¤~¥iÀ³¥I¦¹¬ðµoª¬ªp ¡C
¡A
(4)¦Ãªd¤Î¤Æ¾ÇÃľ¯¶O¥Î¤§¼W¥[
°ª¿B«×¾É-P°ª¤Æ¾Ç¾¯¶q¤Î¦Ãªd¶q¡A²V¾®¾¯¤§¶O¥Î¨C³B²z1 ¾·¤ô¡A«h
±q 0.03 NT ¼W¦Ü0.5 NT¡A¦Ãªd¤§³B²z¶O¥Î«h±q0.005 NT ¼W¦Ü0.85 NT¡C
(5)±K«×¬y (density current)
¥ô¦ó³]-p§¹µ½¤§¨I¾ý¦À ¡Aµo¥Íµu¬y²{¶H§¡¬O±`¨£¤§°ÝÃD ·í¶i¬y¤ô
¡A
»P¦À¤ô¤§¤ô·Å®t 0.3¢J ¥H¤W®É ±K«×¬y (µu¬y) ¤§²{¶H§Y¥iµo¥Í¡A
¡A ¦Ó¤ô¤¤
¿B«×°ª©ó 50 NTU ®É¡A¦¹®É¶i¬y¤ô·|¶i¤J¦À©³ ¡A
ÁYµu¤ô¦b¨I¾ý¦À¤§°±¯d®É
¶¡¡A¨Ã¾É-P½¦¦Ð (floc) ¤§¬y¥X (carry-over)¡C
(6)ÁYµuÂoµ{
¦b°ª¿B«×´Á¶¡¡A²V¨I¥X¤ô¤§¿B«×-Ȭ°¥¿±`¾Þ§@®É¶¡¤§¼Æ-¿ A
¡ ¬Æ¦Ü 10
-¿¥H¤W ¦]¦¹Âo§ÉÂoµ{¤§ÁYµuÀ³¬O¤£¥iÁקK ¨Ò¦p¡A
¡A ¡A ªø¿³²b¤ô¼t¤§Âoµ{
´¿©ó»ä-·´Á¶¡´î¦Ü 6 ¤p®É¡A§C©ó¥¿±` ¤§ 1/6¡C
~10~

26. 2-2 ²V¾® (Coagulation)
2-2-1 ²V¾®²z½×
²V¾®µ{§Ç¤D¬°¯}°£½¦Å骺Ã-©wª¬ºA ¨Ã«P¨Ï½¦Å餬¬Û¸I¼²¾®µ²²£¥Í
¡A
¤jÁû²É¦A¥[¥H¥h°£ C ²V¾®
¡
u
¡ ¡v¤@¯ë¥]§t¡u¥hÃ-©w¡v»P¡u½¦¾® ¡v¨â-Ó¹Lµ{¡A
¡u¥hÃ-©w (destabilization) ´N¬O-n¥´¯}½¦Åé¦b¤ô¤¤ªºÃ-©wª¬ºAA
¡v ¡ ¨Ï²É¤l
¯à¬Û¤¬¸I¼²¦Ó¾®»E F ½¦¾®¡v ¡] flocculation¡^ «h¬O«ü±N¥hÃ-©w«á¤§½¦Åé
u
¡
¾®¶°¦¨¤j½¦¦Ð¤§¹Lµ{ ¡C¦b¾Þ§@¤W ¥hÃ-©w¬O¦b u§Ö²V¦À
¡A ¡ ¡v¤¤¶i¦æ ¡A¦Ó½¦
¾®«h¦b¡u½¦¾®¦À¡v¤¤§¹¦¨¡A«Ý§Î¦¨¤j½¦¦Ð«á§Y¥i¶i¤J¨I¾ý¦ÀÂÇ¥Ñ-«¤O¨I
-°¥h°£¡A¦Ó·¸¬y¦Ü§ÖÂo¦ÀªÌ¤]¥i»´©ö¦a¸g¥Ñ¹LÂo¥h°£¤§ ¡C
¥hÃ-©w§@¥Îµo¥Íªº¾÷¨î¥D-n¥]§t¤U¦C¥|¶µ
[Amirtharagjah and
O’Melia, 1990]¡G
1. ¹qÂù¼hÀ£ÁY double layer compression¡
¡] ¡
^
G
2-1 ¸`¤¤ ¤w¤¶²Ð¹L½¦ÅéÁû²Éªº±a¹q©Ê¤Î¹qÂù¼hªº¤À§G¡C©ó½¦Åé·»
²G¤¤¥[¤J¬Û¤Ï¹q²üÂ÷¤l (counter-ion) ®É¡A½¦Åéªí-±¹qÂù¼h«p«×ÀHµÛ¬Û
¤Ï¹q²üÂ÷¤l¿@«×¤§¼W¥[¦Ó´î¤Ö (Gouy-Chapman ¤§²z½× )¡A«h½¦Å鶡©ö
©ó¬Û¤¬±µªñ ¡B§JªA¯à»Ù¦Ó¾®»E¦b¤@°_ C DLVO ²z½×¥i¥Hª¾¹DÁ{¬É²V
¡ ¥Ñ
¾®¿@«× (Critical Coagulation Concentration¡A©ÎºÙ C.C.C.-È) ©M©Ò¥[¤J
¤§¬Û¤Ï¹q²üÂ÷¤l»ù¼Æ¤§¤»¦¸¤è¦¨¤Ï¤ñ ¡A¥ç§Y»ù¼Æ¶V°ªªº
¬Û¤Ï¹q²üÂ÷¤l
¥i¦b¸û§C¤§¿@«×¤U¹F¨ì¨Ï½¦Åé¥hÃ-©w
¤§¥Øªº¡C
¬Y¨ÇÂ÷¤l©M½¦Å餧¶¡¶È¨ãÀR¹q§l¤Þ¤O¦Ó¨S¦³¨ä¥¦¯S®í¤§¿Ë¦X¤O¦s
¦b¡A¦¹ÃþÂ÷¤lºÙ¬°¨ó§U¹q¸Ñ½è (indifferent electrolyte)¡F¦¹Ãþ¹q¸Ñ½è¥u
·|-°§C½¦Å餧¬É¹F¹q¦ì¦ÓµLªk§ïÅܽ¦Åéªí-±¤§¹q¦ì¯à ¡A¦]¦¹¥[¤J¹L¶q
¨ó§U¹q¸Ñ½è¨Ã¤£·|¨Ï½¦Åé²£¥Í¦AÃ-©w¤§²{¶H¡C
~11~

27. 2. §lªþ¤Î¹q©Ê¤¤©M¡] adsorption and charge neutralization¡
¡
^
G
-Y©ó½¦ÅéÄa¯B²G¤¤¥[¤J§lªþ©Êªº¬Û¤Ï¹q²ü Â÷¤l ¡A«hÂ÷¤l¥iª½±µ§l
ªþ©ó½¦Åéªí-±»P¨ä¹q©Ê¤¤©M¦Ó-°§C½¦ÅéÃ-©w©Ê ¥B©Ò»Ý¤§¿@«×¸ûÀ£ÁY
¡A ”
¹qÂù¼h”¤Ö¡C¦ý-Y¥[¶q¹L¦h «h½¦Åé²É¤l¤S·|¦]¶W¶q§lªþ¦Ó-«·s§Î¦¨Ã-
¡A
©wª¬ºA ¦]¦¹±ýÂÇ¥Ñ ”§lªþ¤Î¹q©Ê¤¤©M”¹F¨ì²V¾®®ÄªG®ÉA
¡A ¡ ¥²¶·¼f·V±±
¨î²V¾®¾¯¶q ¨ä C.C.C.-È«h»P½¦Å餧ªí-±¿n (©Î¿@«× ¦¨¥¿¤ñ¤§Ãö«Y
¡A ) ¡C
3. ¨I¾ý±½¦² ¡] sweep flocculation¡
¡
^
G
©ó²V¾®®É¥[¤J°ª¶q¤§²V¾®¾¯¡A-P²£¥Í¨H¾ý©Êª÷ÄݲB®ñ¤Æª« «h¥i
¡A
ÂÇ¥ÑÁû²É¨I-°¹Lµ{±N½¦Åé¦Û¤ôÅ餤¥h°£A
¡ ºÙ¬°¨I¾ý±½¦² (precipitate
and emmeshment)¡C¥Ñ©óª÷ÄݨI¾ýª«§Î¦¨®É¥i¥H½¦Å鬰®Ö¤ß¦ÓªR¥X ¡A¬G
¾A·í¤§°_©l½¦Åé¿@«×¦³§U©ó¨I¾ýª«¤§¥Í¦¨ ¦]¦¹¥H¨I¾ý±½¦²¬°¥D-n¥h
¡A
Ã-©w¾÷¨î¤§²V¾®¨t²Î A¨ä C.C.C.-È»P°_©l ½¦Åé¿@«× i¦¨ ¤Ï¤ñ¤§Ãö«Y
¡ ¥
[Packham, 1965¡FStumm ¡® O’Melia, 1968]¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A °_©l ½¦Åé¿@«×
-Y
°ª¡A«h¦b¸û §C²V¾®¾¯¶q¤U§Y¥i¹F¨ì²V¾®®ÄªG
¡C
4. §lªþ¤Î¬[¾ô§@¥Î¡] adsorption and bridging¡
¡
^
G
§lªþ¤Î¬[¾ô§@¥Î¤DÂǥѥ[¤J¨ã§lªþ©Ê¤§ªø Ãì»E¦Xª« (¦p°ª¤À¤l )¡A
¨Ï»E¦Xª«§lªþ©ó½¦Åéªí-±¦Ó§Î¦¨¡u½¦Åé-»E¦Xª«
-½¦Åé¡v¿ù¦Xª« ²£¥Í
¡A
¨I¾ý©Ê¨Î¤§¤j½¦¦Ð ¡C¨ä§@¥Î¾÷¨î¤ÎÀ³¥Î¸Ô-z©ó 2-4 ¸`¤¤ ¡C
2-2-2 ¼vÅT²V¾®§@¥Î¤§¦]¯À(°ª¤ó, 1978)
(1)¿B«×ª«½è¤§ºØÃþ
¦a-±¤ô¤ô·½¤§¿B«×ª«½è¤j¦h¬°ÂH¤gÁû²É©Î¨ä¥¦Äqª«Áû²É¡A²É®|¬ù¦b
0.2~0.5µm ¤£¦P²b¤ô¼t¦]-ì¤ô¤ô½è¤£¦P ¡A
¡A «h½¦Å骺Ã-©w©Ê¤]·|¦³©Ò®t²§ ¡A
¨Ï¥Î¤§²V¾®¾¯ºØÃþ¤Î©Ò»Ý¾¯¶q¥ç»ÝÀH¤§½Õ¾ã¡C
~12~

28. (2) pH -ȤÎÆP«×
¦UºØ²V¾®¾¯
¹ï¿B«×¤§¥h°£¬Ò¦³¨ä³Ì¨Î¤§ pH ¾Þ§@½d³ò¡A
¦b¦¹½d³ò¤º²V
¾®®ÄªG³Ì¨Î¡C·í¥[¤J¾TÆQ¡BÅK¨¥µ¥²V¾®¾¯®É ¦]·|®ø¯Ó¤ô¤¤¤§ÆP«× ¡A
¡A -Y
ÆP«×¤£¨¬ ¤ô¤¤ pH -È¥i¯à-°¦Ü³Ì¨Î pH ½d³ò¤§¥~¡A
¡A ¼vÅT¥¿±`¤§²V¾®®ÄªG¡C
¬G¶i¦æ²V¾®µ{§Ç®É¡A¶·½T©w¦³¨¬°÷¤§ÆP«× A
¡ ¨Ï¤ÏÀ³¤§ pH -ȸ¨¦b¥i±µ¨üªº
½d³ò¤º¡A§_«h¥²¶·¥[¤JÆP¾¯¥H¸É¥RÆP«×¡C®Ú¾Ú¹L¥h¹êÅç«Ç¤Î²b¤ô¼t¹ê»Ú
¾Þ§@¸gÅçA
¡ ¾TÆQ³Ì¨ÎpH -Ȭù¬° 6~9¡AÅKÆQ¬ù¬°4~9¡A°ª¤À¤l »E¦Xª««h¨ü
pH -ȼvÅT¸û¤p¡C
(3)¤ô¤¤ÆQÃþ
-ì¤ô¤¤§t¦³¤£¦P¿@«×ªº¦UºØµL¾÷ÆQÃþ(¦p SO42-¡B PO43-µ¥ )¡A³o¨ÇÆQÃþ
·|¼vÅT²V¾®§@¥Î¾A©y¤§pH -Ƚd³ò¡B³Ì¨Î¾¯¶q¡B½¦¦Ð§Î¦¨®É¶¡¤Î ³B²z¤ô¤¤
³Ñ¾l²V¾®¾¯µ¥¡C¦ÛµM¤ô¤¤§t¦³¦hºØÆQÃþ A
¡ ¦b¦UºØÂ÷¤l¦@¦s®É ¨ä¹ï²V¾®
¡A
§@¥Îªº¼vÅT«ÜÃø½T©w¬G¾A©yªº¥[ÃĶq¤Î pH -È¥²¶·¹ï-ì¤ô°µ¹êÅç«á¤~¯à
¡A
½T©w¡C
(4)²É¤l¤§¦s¦b
¤ô¤¤¤§²É¤l©ÎÁû²É¤D¬O²V¾®§@¥Î§Î¦¨½¦¦Ð©Ò»Ý¤§®Ö¤ß
(nucleus)ª«
½è¡A¤ô¤¤²É¤l¼Æ¶V¦h ¡A½¦¦Ð§Î¦¨¤§¶q ¤Î³t²v ÀH¤§¼W¥[ ¦Ó²É ¤l¤ñ-«¼W¥[
¡A
®É¡A¨ä§Î¦¨¤§½¦¦Ð§ó©ö©ó¨I¾ý ¡C¦]¦¹¿B«×§Cªº-ì¤ô²É¤l¤Ö ¡A¤Ï¸û¤£©ö¹F
¨ì²V¾®®ÄªG¡C
(5)ª«²z¦]¯À¤§¼vÅT
¤ôªº·Å«×·|¼vÅT²V¾®§@¥Î A
¡ ¤×¨ä¬O¤ô·Å±µªñÄá¤ó¹s«×®É¡A½¦¦Ð¨H-°
©Ê¤£¨Î¡A¥ç©ö¬ï³zÂo¦À¡C¤ô·Å-°§C¡A¤ôªºÂH©Ê¼W¥[ «h½¦¦Ðªº¨H-°³t«×
¡A
·|-°§C ¡C
(6)ÅÍ©Õ¤§¼vÅT
²V¾®¨I¾ý¤§ÅÍ©Õ¤À¬°¤G¶¥¬q¡A²Ä¤@¬q¬°§Ö²V rapid mixing¡^20 ¬í¨ì
¡]
~13~

29. 1 ¤ÀÄÁ¡A¨Ï¥[¤Jªº²V¾®¾¯¯à¨³³t¦Ó§¡¤Ãªº¤À´² ¡A¼W¥[²V¾®¾¯»P¿B«×²É¤l¬Û
¤¬¸I¼²ªº¾÷·| ¡A
¨Ã¯}Ãa½¦¦ÐªºÃ-©w©Ê¡C
²Ä¤G¬q¬°ºC²V slow mixing¡^
¡] 20~60
¤ÀÄÁ¡AÂdzt«×®t¤§°Ê¤O¤Î¾A·í¤§®É¶¡ ¡A¨Ï½¦Åé¾®»E§Î¦¨¸û¤j¤§½¦¦Ð ¡C
(7)²V¾®¾¯ºØÃþ¤Î¾¯¶q
²V¾®¾¯ªººØÃþ«Ü¦h ¦U¦³¨ä¾A¦XªºpH ½d³ò¤Î¥Î³~¡C¦b¿ï¾Ü²V¾®¾¯
¡A
®É¡A¤@¯ë·|¥ý¦Ò¼{¤ô½è¤Î¾Þ§@µ¥¦U¤è-±ªº¦]¯ÀA
¡ ¦A¥H²~ªM¸ÕÅç¤ñ¸û²V¾®
®ÄªG¨Ã¨M©w³Ì¾A¥[ÃĶq
¡C¥Ø«e¥xÆW¨Ï¥Î³Ì¦hªº²V¾®¾¯¬°©úÄs¤Î¦h¤¸´â¤Æ
¾T polyaluminum chloride¡A
¡] PAC¡^A
¡ ¼Ú¬w¤è-±¤§²b¤ô¼t ¡A«h¥H¤T»ùÅKÆQ©~
¦h¡C
(8)§U¾®¾¯¤§ºØÃþ¤Î¾¯¶q
¹ï¬Y¨Ç¤ô½è¯S®í ¦p°ª¡B§C¿B«×-ì¤ô©Î¦³¾÷ª«§t¶q°ª ¡^ ¤§-ì¤ô¡A
¡] ¶È
¥Î²V¾®¾¯µLªk¹F¨ì¨}¦nªº²V¾®®ÄªG®É ¥i²K¥[§U¾®¾¯¡C§U¾®¾¯ªº§@¥Î¬O
¡A
À°§U§Î¦¨½¦¦Ð ¨Ï²V¾®¾¯¥R¤Àµo´§¨ä®Ä à©Î´£°ª²V¾®®ÄªG ¸`¬Ù²V¾®¾¯
¡A ¯ ¡A
¥Î¶q¡C§U¾®¾¯ªººØÃþ«Ü¦h ¥Îªk¤]¦U¦³¤£¦P¡A
¡A ¨Ï¥Î®É¥i¨Ì¤£¦P¯S©Êªº-ì
¤ô¨Ó¿ï¾Ü¾A¥Îªº§U¾®¾¯ C¸û±`¥Îªº§U¾®¾¯¦³¡G
¡
(i)®ñ¤Æ¾¯
·í-ì¤ô¤¤§t¦³ÁÙ-ì©Êª«½è¤Þ°_¦â«×®É ¡A¥i¦b²V¾®«e¥[¤J®ñ¤Æ¾¯ ¥[¥H
´î¤Ö©Î¥h°£¡A¥H«P¶i²V¾®®ÄªG
¡C¸û´¶¹M¨Ï¥Î¤§®ñ¤Æ¾¯¦³´â
¡B¤G®ñ¤Æ
´â¡B¯ä®ñ¡B°ª¿ø»Ä¹[µ¥ ¡C¨Ï¥Î«e®ñ¤Æ¾¯Áö¥i«P¶i²V¾®®ÄªG ¡A¦ý¥ç¥i
¯à¥Í¦¨¬Y¨Ç°Æ²£ª«¡A¦p¤T³¿¥ÒÖJµ¥¡A¬G¤£¥i¤£·V¡C
(ii)¼W-«¾¯
¦¹Ãþ§U¾®¾¯¥Î¥H¼W¥[½¦¦Ð-«¶q ¹ï©ó§C¿B«× °ª¦â«×¤§-ì¤ô³Ì¬°¾A
¡A ¡A
¦X¡C¥Õ³³¤g (bentonite clay)¡AÂH¤g¡B¤ôªd¹Ð ¡B-¸¦Ç ¡B¨I¾ý¦Ã ªdµ¥§¡
Äݦ¹Ãþ¡C¨Ï¥Î®ÉÀ³»P²V¾®¾¯¦P®É¥[¤J°µ¬°½¦¦Ð¤§®Ö¤ß¨Ã¼W¥[-«¶q¡A
«P¶i½¦¦Ð¤§¥Íªø»P¨I¾ý ¡C¦¹¥~¡AÂH¤g©|¦³§lªþ¦³¾÷ª«¤§¯à¤O ¡C
~14~

30. (iii)¬¡©Êª¿»Ä¶u
¤u·~¥Îª¿»Ä¶u«UºÙ¤ô¬Á¼þ¡A°µ¬°§U¾®¾¯®É¥i«P¶i²V¾®®ÄªG¡A¥Î©ó§C
·Å«×¡B§CÆP«×®É¥i´î¤Ö²¸»Ä¾T¤§¥[¶q ¡A¥Í¦¨½¦¦Ð¸û²Ê¥B±K«×¸û¤j¡A
¥i¬I¥Î©ó¦]¬x¤ô¦Ó¿B«×ÁؼW¤§-ì¤ô¡A±©¨ä¹LÂo·l¥¢¤ôÀY¸û³æ¿W¨Ï¥Î
²¸»Ä¾T®É¬°¤j ¡AÂo¦Àªý¶ë¥[³t ¡A¬GÀ³ª`·N¨ä¥[¶q¡C¬¡©Êª¿»Äªº°t¸m
ÁcÂø¡A¦³®É¹ï¬Y¨Ç-ì¤ô¨ÃµLÅãµÛ®ÄªG ¬G»Ý¥ý°µ¹êÅçµø±¡ªp¨M©w¬O
¡A
§_¥[¥H±Ä¥Î¡C
(iv)°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯
°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯°t¦X²¸»Ä¾T©Î ¦h¤¸´â¤Æ¾T (PAC) ¨Ï¥Î¡A¯à¦³®Ä«P¶i
¤ô¤¤Äa¯Bª«¤§¾®¶°¡A¨Ï½¦¦Ð¼W¤j¦Ó¥[³t¨H-°¡A°£¯àÀò±o¸û²Mº«¤§¤ô
½è¥~¡A©|¯à-°§C²V¾®¾¯¤§¶O¥Î ¤j¶q´î¤Ö¦Ãªdªº§Î¦¨ ¡A
¡A ¨Ã©µªøÂo§É
¤§Âoµ{¡A¦ý-Y¥[¶q¹L¦h¤]·|ªýê²V¾®§@¥Î¡C¦³Ãö°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ªººØ
Ãþ¡B¯S©Ê¤Î¾®¶°¾÷¨î¡A±N¦b2-4 ¸`°µ¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú ¡C
2-3 ¦h¤¸´â¤Æ¾T (Polyaluminum chloride, PAC)
Al3+
¾TÆQ²V¾®¾¯©ó¤ô¤¤·|¥ý¸ÑÂ÷¦¨ Â÷¤l ¡A »P¤ô¤Æ¦X§Î¦¨¤ô¦XÂ÷¤l
Al(H2O)63+¡A ¦A¸g¥Ñ¤ô¸Ñ©ÎÁY»E¤ÏÀ³²£¥Í¦UºØ³æ®Ö©Î¦h®Ö¾TÆQ¿ù¦XÂ÷¤l©Î
²B®ñ¤Æ¾T¨I¾ýª« (Seoeyink and Jenkins, 1982)¡C¤ô¸Ñ¤ÏÀ³«Y«ü¥HOH-¸m´«
H2O ¤§¹Lµ{ ¦p¹Ï 2-3 ©Ò¥Ü ¹Ï 2-4 «h¬°¾TÆQ²V¾®¾¯¤ÏÀ³i¯à§Î¦¨¤§ ²£ª«
¡A ¡F ¥ ¡C
Stumm and O’Melia (1968) »{¬°¡A¾TÆQ²V¾®¾¯¤§§@¥Î¾÷¨î¥D-n¬°
“§lªþ¤Î
¹q»ù¤¤©M”¤Î“¨I¾ý²Ì°£ ”¡A 2-5 §Y¾TÆQµo¥Í¦¹¤G¾÷¨î¤§¥Ü·N¹Ï
¹Ï ¡C
PAC ¬°¥xÆW¤ô¼t¤¤³Ì±` ¨Ï¥Îªº²V¾®¾¯ºØ¡A¨ä¤Æ¾Ç¦¡ (Al2(OH)nCl6-n )m¡A
¬°¤@°ª¤À¤l¶q (³Ì°ª¥i¨ì 1000)ªº¦h®Ö¿ù¦Xª« ¦b¤ô¤¤¥D-n¥HAl13 Â÷¤l
¡A
~15~

31. ¹Ï 2-3 Al(H2O)63+¤ô¸Ñ¥Ü·N¹Ï (Amirtharagjah and O’Melia, 1990)
¹Ï 2-4 ¾TÆQ²V¾®¾¯¥D-n¤ÏÀ³²£ª«¶¡ªºÃö«Y
(Amirtharagjah and O’Melia, 1990)
~16~

32. Chemical stream Fast Fast - slow
(10-4 -1 s) (1-7 s)
Al2 (SO 4 )3¡E 143H2 O¡÷Al(H2 O)6 3++SO 4 2-+H2 O¡÷Al(OH)2++Al(OH)2++Al7 (OH)17 4+¡÷ Al(OH)3 (s)
¡´ ¡´ ¡´
¹Ï 2-5 “§lªþ¹q»ù¤¤©M”¤Î“¨I¾ý±½¦² ”¥Ü·N¹Ï
(Amirtharajah & Mill, 1982)
~17~

33. [Al13(OH)345+©Î Al13O4(OH)247+] ªº§Î¦¡¦s¦b¡F¾ÇªÌ±À´ú¨äµ²ºcÀ³¬O¥H¤Q¤G
-Ó¤K-±Åé Al(H2O)4(OH)2+Àô¶¤@¥|-±Åé AlO 45-¥|©P²£¥ÍÁäµ²¦Ó¦¨ (´ö¤ó,
1998¡FAkitt and Farthing, 1981¡FBertsch, 1987)¡C¦Ó PAC ²V¾®¾¯¥D-n§Q¥Î
Al13 Â÷¤lªº¯S©Ê ¶i¦æ¬ÛÃö¤§¤Æ¾Ç¤ÏÀ³ (Kudermann and Blaufuss, 1992;
Dempsey, Ahmed and Mentink, 1985; Farrington, and Nowakowski, 1983;
Bottero, Flessinger and Poirier, 1980)¡C 13 Äݩ󰪻ùªº¿ù¦XÂ÷¤l
Al ¡A ¥-§¡¹q²ü
»·¤j©ó³æ®Öªº¾TÆQ¿ù¦Xª« ¡A ¦³§Q©ó§lªþ¤Î¹q©Ê¤¤©M (Yao, 1987)¡F¦AªÌ¥Ñ
©ó¨ä¦h®Öµ²ºc¡A¤]¥i§Q¥Î§lªþ¬[¾ô²£¥Í¤j½¦¦Ð¨ÃÁYµu¨I¾ý®É¶¡ ¡F¦¹¥~¡A
PAC ¦b»s§@¹Lµ{¤¤¤w³Q¹w¥ý¤ô¸Ñ
(prehydrolyzed)¡A©ó²V¾®®É¥i§Ö³t§@¥Î
¥BÆP«×®ø¯Ó¶q¤£¤j (¤ô¸Ñ¤ÏÀ³¸m´«¤j¶q OH-)¡A¾Þ§@®É¸û¤£¨üpH -ȼvÅT
(Van Benschoten, 1990)¡C¬Û¸û¤§¤U ©úÄsªº¤ô¸Ñ¤ÏÀ³©ó²V¾®¦À¤¤µo¥Í ¡A
¡A »Ý
-n¤@¬q¤ÏÀ³®É¶¡¥B¾Þ§@®É»Ýª`·N-ì¤ôªºÆP«× pH -È¡A
¤Î ¥²-n®É¥[¤JÆP¾¯½Õ
¾ã¤§¡C
2-4 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯
¡u°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯
¡v¬°¤@ºØ¦³¾÷»E¹q¸Ñ½è
¡A¨äÀ³¥Î©ó¤ô³B²zµ{§Ç¥D
¡A
-nµÛ-«¦b©T²G¤ÀÂ÷¬°¤@¦³®Ä¤§²V¾®¾¯¤Î§U¾®¾¯
¡A ¡C¸ÓÃþª«½è¸û¾TÆQ¤ÎÅK
ÆQµ¥¶Ç²Î²V¾®¾¯
¡A¦³¦p¤U¤§ÀuÂI ¥]¬A (1)¤£·|¨³³t®ø¯Ó¤ô¤¤ªºÆP«× ¡A
¡A ¡G
¹ï pH -ȼvÅT¤£¤j ¡A(2)¥[³t¾®¶°§@¥Î¡A§Î¦¨¤j½¦¦Ð¥B¨H-°³t«×¸û§Ö ¡A¼W
¥[¨I¾ý¦À¤§³B²z®Ä²v ¡A(3)¥i´î¤ÖµL¾÷ÆQÃþ²V¾®¾¯¤§¥Î¶q ¦]¦Ó-°§C³B²z
¡A
¶O¥Î (4)¥Í¦¨ªº¦Ãªd¶q¸û¤Ö¥B²æ¤ô©Ê¨Î [Rout et al.,1999]¡C
¡A ¦ý¥Ñ©ó³Ì¨Î¾¯
¶q½d³ò¸û¯¶ ¡A¶W¶q©Î¤£¨¬¬Ò·|¨Ï½¦Åé¦AÃ-©w
¡C
~18~

34. 2-4-1 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ªººØÃþ
°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¨Ì¨ä²£¥Í¨Ó·½ ¡A¥i¤À¬°¤ÑµM¦³¾÷»E¦Xª«¤Î¤H¤u¦X¦¨»E
¦Xª«¡C
¤ÑµM¦³¾÷»E¦Xª«¥]¬AÅÖºû¯À
¡B¬vµæ¡B³J¥Õ½èµ¥¥iª½±µÀ³¥Î ¡F½ÅĦ»Ä
¶u¤Î CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) »Ý¸g¤Æ¾Ç³B²z«á¤~¯à¨Ï¥Î¡F´X¤B»E
ÁÞ (chitsoan) ³Q³¦h¬ã¨sªÌÀ³¥Î©ó¤ô³B²zµ{§Ç¤W (Huang et al., 2000¡FPan
et al, 1999)¡A¨ä¤DÂÇ´X¤B½è(chistin)¥h¤AñQ¤Æ (deacetylation)©Ò»s¦¨ ¡A¦Ó
´X¤B½è¤j¶q¦s¦b¥Ò´ßÃþ°Êª«¦pÃÉ ¡BÀs½¼¥~´ßªº¦³¾÷°© ¬[¤¤ ¡C
¦X¦¨»E ª«ªº¤ÀÃþ«h¬Û·íÁcÂø
¦X ¡C»E¦X³æÅ骺¥D¦¨¤ÀºØÃþ¬°¥D-n®t
²§¡F§Y¨Ï¬O¦P¤@ºØ¥D¦¨¤Àªº¦X¦¨»E¦Xª«
¡A¨ä¥-§¡¤À¤l¶q¥ç¥i¯à¤À§G¦b¼Æ
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¡B §Î¦¨¡u½¦Åé-
»E¦Xª«
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~19~

35. ªí 2-3 ¤ô¼t±`¥Î¤§¦UºØ°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ (AWWA, 1989)
Product Viscosity, Physical
Chemical name Synonyms Influence of pH on charge
activity cp description
Poly(diallyl-dimethylammoniu -PDADMAC,PDMDAAC,qu 10-40¢M Straw-colored or
None 20-5, 000
m chloride) aternary amine (V/V) pale yellow liquid
-Epi/DMA
Poly(2-hydrox-propyl-1,N,N-d 25-50¢M Amber-colored
(epichloro-hydrin/di- methlam None ¡²
imethylammonium chloride) (V/V) liquid
ine), quaternary amine
Very strog:(+)only at low 15-50¢M
Poly(ethylene-amine) -PEA ¡² Clear liquid
pH,(0)at high pH (V/V)
If quaternized, none;if
Poly[N-(dimethyl-aminometh -Mel/Form(melamine/formal not,strong:(0)at 6-10¢M Cloudy,faint biue
~20~
¡²
yl)-acrylamide] dehyde) intermediate pH, (-)at high (V/V) liquid
pH,(+)at low pH
Poly(diallya-dimethylammoni
-PDADMAC/DMA,miture 10-50¢M
umchloride/dimethl-amine) None ¡² Dark yellow liquid
xof quaternary amines (V/V)
copolymer
Very strog:(0)only at 2-10¢M Dry solid,white
Poly(acrylamide) -PAM intermediate pH,(-)at high (W/W) 5,000-70,000 opaque viscous
pH,(+)at low pH or(V/V) liquid or emulsion
Strog:slightly(-) at
-PAM/PAA,poly(acryl-amide/
Poly(acrylamide/acrylic intermediate pH,(0) or 25-30(5-75 Dry solid white
acrylatesalt)copolymer,hydrol 200-700
acid)copolymer slightly(+) at low pH,(-) at )¢M(W/W) opaque
yzed PAM
very high pH
~20~

36. +
OH CH3
n n
+
CH2 CH2 +
CH2 CH CH2 N
n Cl
- n
N CH3
H3C CH3
Poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) Poly(2-hydrox-propyl-1,N,N-dimethylammo
nium chloride)
CH2 NH N NH CH2
CH2 CH2 N C C n
n
N N
H C
Poly(ethylene-amine) NH2
Poly[N-(dimethyl-aminomethyl)-acrylamide]
CH2CH +
n n
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH
n x
C NH2
N C NH2
O H3C CH3
O
Polo(acrylamide) Poly(diallya-dimethylammoniumchloride/di
methl-amine) copolymer
CH3 CH3
CH2C CH2C
n n
CH3 CH3
C OCH2CH2N C OCH2CH2N
CH3 CH3
O O
Poly(acrylamide/acrylic acid)copolymer
Poly(N,N-di-methylaminoethyl-methacrylate)
¹Ï 2-6 ¤ô¼t±`¥Î¤§°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤Æ¾Çµ²ºc¦¡
(AWWA, 1989)
~21~

37. ¾÷¨î¥D-n¤À¦¨¤G³¡¥÷
¡G
1. ¹q»ù¤¤©M (charge neutralization) §@¥Î
³q±`¸û§C¤À¤l¶q ¡A¦Ó°ª¹q²ü±K«×¤§¶§Â÷¤l°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¹ï ±a-t¹q
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²É¤l¤§¦AÃ-©w¡C
Gregory (1973) ©Ò´£¥X¤§¸Éºì¼Ò¦¡ (patch model)¡A¥Î¥H¸ÑÄÀ¦ó¥H
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¤¤²É¤lªí-±¹q²ü
¤§§¹¥þ¤¤©M ¦]¬°§¡¤Ã§lªþ¤§¾®¶°¾¯¥i§Î¦¨§½³¡¥¿¹q²ü¤§¸Éºì ¡A
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¸Éºì»P±a-t¹q¤§-ì©l½¦Åéªí-± ¡A¥i¥H¦³«Ü±jªºÀR¹q§l¤Þ¤O ¡C -ȹ惡
pH
¤@¾÷¨î¦³¬Û·í¤§¼vÅT ¦]°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¤Î½¦Å餧±a¹q©Ê·|ÀH
¡A pH -ȧï
ÅÜ¡A¦ýÅܤƵ{«×¥i¯à¤£¤@¡A quaternnry amine «¬¦¡¤§°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¦b
¦p
¤@¯ë¤ô³B²z¤§ -ȤU ¨ä¥¿¹q²ü±K«×ÅܤƤ£¤j ¡A polyamines «¬ªÌ¡A
pH ¡A ¦ý
«hÀHpH -Ȥ§¼W¥[¡A¦Ó¹q²ü±K«×-°§C (AWWARF ¡® IWSA, 1998)¡C
2. ¬[¾ô§@¥Î (bridging)
-Y°ª¤À¤lÃì©Ò§Î¦¨ªº§ÀºÝ (tails) ©Îªø¦CÃì (trains) ªø«×¤j©ó¨â
-Ӳɤlªº±Æ¥¸§@¥Î¶ZÂ÷¡A«h¾®¶°¾¯¶¡©Î¾®¶°¾¯»P²É¤l¶¡¥i¬Û¤¬§@¥Î§Î
¦¨¬[¾ô ¡A ¨â²É¤l¹Î µ²¦X
±N ¦¨§ó¤jªº¾®»EÅé ¡C³±Â÷¤l«¬¤Î«DÂ÷¤l«¬°ª¤À
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¡C
¹Ï 2-7 ¬°°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¯}Ãa½¦ÅéÃ-©w©Ê¤§¬[¾ô¼Ò¦¡ ¡C-º¥ý¡A°ª¤À
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¥X §Î¦¨¤£Ã-©w½¦Åé (¹Ï 2-7A)¡C
¡A ·í©µ¦ù¥X¥hªº¥t¤@ºÝ±µÄ²¨ì¨ä¥L½¦Åé
Áû²Éªí-±¡A§Y·|¦bÁû²É¶¡§Î¦¨¬[¾ô¦Ó±N¼Æ-ӲɤlÂHµ²¦¨¤@¸û¤j¤§½¦¦Ð
µ²ºc (¹Ï 2-7B)¡C-Y¥[ÃĶq¹L°ª®É (overdosing)¡A°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¥i¯à·|
¹L«×¦a§lªþ©óÁû²Éªí-± ¡A-P¨Ï¨äªí-±§lªþ¦ì¸m³Q¦ûº¡¦ÓµLªk¦A»P¨ä¥L
~22~

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ªº½¦¦Ð´²²É ¡A¦Ó½¦¦Ð´²²É¤S¥i¯à-«·sÃ-©w ¡A¦¨¬°-«Ã-©w½¦¦Ð (¹Ï 2-7E
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2-4-3 °ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¦b¤ô³B²z¤§À³¥Î
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¤ô¤¤¥[¤J°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¶i¦æ¹êÅç ¡Aµ²ªGµo²{ ¥H¤Ö¶q¶§Â÷¤l«¬ polymer
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°µ¬°²V¾®¾¯§Y¥i¹F¨ì¨}¦nªº²V¾®®ÄªG(Guibai and Gregory, 1991¡F¥x¥_¦Û
¨Ó¤ô¨Æ·~³B, 1998)¡C
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~24~

39. ¹Ï 2-8 ¤ô¼t¦U³B²z³æ¤¸¤§²K¥[Ãľ¯ (AWWA, 1989)
~25~

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¡A
¨ä©Ò»Ý¤§¾¯¶q¬° 60 mg Fe/L¡A»·¤j©ó¸û«e-z¤GºØ¾®¶°¾¯¶q ¡C
Huang and Chen (1996) ©ó¹êÅç«Ç°t»s 20¡B80 ¤Î 200 NTU ¤§ kaolin
¤H¤u-ì¤ô ¨Ã¥H Cat Floc-T ¶i¦æ²~ªM¸ÕÅç µo²{·í°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¶q°ª©ó¬[
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²É®|Åܤp ¡A¦ÓÀR¸m¤§´Ý¯d¿B«×¤]ÀH¤§¼W¥[
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§U¾®¾¯¤§²K¥[¥D-n¬°´£ª@²V¾®®Ä²v¤Î-°§C²V¾®¾¯¤§¨Ï¥Î¶q et al
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(1998) ©ó¥Hkaolinite¡BCa-Montmorillite ¤Î Illite °t»s¦¨ªº 50¡B ¤Î 5000
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PURAC ¤½¥qªº¬ã¨s¤D¥H¬[³]¦b ©ì¨®¡A³B²z³æ¤¸¥]¬A§Ö²V¡B½¦¾®¡B¯B
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¤ô¡C¬ã¨sµ²ªGµo²{¡A¥H55 mg/L alum ¶i¦æ²V¾®¡A¦A¸g¯B°£©Î¹LÂo³B²z«á A
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¥X¤ô¿B«×¤À§O¬°0.6 ¤Î 0.5 NTU¡A¦ý¥Halum 25 mg/L °t¦X 1.5 mg/L ¤§¶§
Â÷¤l«¬°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯ ¡A¯B°£¤Î¹LÂo³B²z¤§¥X¤ô¿B«× ¤À§O¬° 0.4 ¤Î 0.08
¡A
~26~

41. NTU¡A¨ä®ÄªG©úÅãÀu©ó¶È¥Î©úÄs¡A¦Ó´â¤ÆÅK·f°t¶§Â÷¤l«¬°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯
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~27~

42. 2-4-4 ¦U°ê°ª¤À¤l¾®¶°¾¯¨Ï¥Î³W©w
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(polyacrylamide,
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poly(DADMAC)] ¤Î´â¥Ò°ò¤@®ñ¤TÀô¤G¥Ò°òÓi»E¦Xª«
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~28~

43. 2-5 ¹q²ü±K«×´ú©w
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