2. 2
What is an electronic spreadsheet?
It is the electronic equivalent of an accounting
worksheet, comprised of rows and columns to
allow you to do many tasks in the
organization of numbers in a clear, easy to
understand format
Rajan Kumar
3. 3
What is an electronic spreadsheet?
• It is a tool to help you calculate budgets, do
economic analysis, statistics, planning,
engineering calculations, …
• Replaces pen, paper and pocket calculator
• Can show diagrams and graphs
• Can input data from other programs
• Can output data to other programs
Rajan Kumar
4. 4
Some Advantages of Spreadsheets
• Spreadsheets are capable of exploring “what-
if”scenarios (e.g. budgets, submitting bids)
• Once it is set up properly, the user can save
time by never having to set up the spreadsheet
again
– Blank spreadsheets are called templates.
– Monthly salaries,grade sheets
Rajan Kumar
5. 5
Spreadsheet terminology
• Row - horizontal axis (designated by numbers)
• Column - vertical axis (designated by letters)
• Cell - intersection of row and column (designated
by an address comprised of the column letter and
row number e.g. A1)
• Block//Range - a rectangular group of one or
more cells (identified by block coordinates (e.g.
A1:G4)
Rajan Kumar
6. 6
Spreadsheet terminology (con’t.)
• Label - alphanumeric
• Value - a number or formula result
• Formula - creates relationships among other cells
• Template - a notebook that has labels, formulas,
and all of the formatting but no actual data (e.g.
actual figures and numbers)
Rajan Kumar
7. 7
How big is a spreadsheet?
• Normally you see 9 columns and 18 rows
• = 162 cells
• One sheet has 256 columns and 65536 rows
• = 1677216 cells
• That is more than 103000 screens
• Would take 34000 A4 pages to print
• Take 194 days to fill at one cell pr second
8. 8
Exploring the Excel Screen
Title bar
Menu toolbar
Standard toolbar
Screen Tip
Active worksheet in
workbook window
Formatting toolbar
Task Pane: organizes
related commands
9. 9
Activating Toolbars
Click on View
and Toolbars
Toolbars sub-
menu appears
Click on desired toolbar
Check indicates active
item; click to
deactivate
Rajan Kumar
10. 10
Moving Around the Worksheet
Working in an active cell
(intersection of a row
and column)
Cell pointer
I-beam: to
place insertion
point
Insertion point:
where text will
be entered
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11. 11
Moving Around the Worksheet
• Move cell
pointer
– arrow keys
– scroll bars
• Change pages
– click on tabs
– tab scroll
buttons
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12. 12
Moving Around the Worksheet
• Consider cell B4 active
• Note
– thick cross mouse pointer
– row, column buttons highlighted
• After scrolling to right, note …
– row button still highlighted
– name box still shows B4 as active cell
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13. 14
Moving Around the Worksheet
To select a column
•Click on the column
heading button
•Whole column is
highlighted
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14. 15
Entering Labels
• Click desired cell to make it active
• Label is displayed both in cell and in formula bar as you type
• Label displays out of its column
– as long as other columns are empty
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15. 16
Worksheet with Labels
• Note
– Documentation
section
– Label cut off, next cell
occupied
– Labels aligned left
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16. 17
Editing a Cell's Information
• Click on desired cell
– Cell pointer moves there
– Contents displayed in
formula bar
• Click mouse pointer
(I-beam) to location
within text
– type, delete, copy, paste
as needed
I
Rajan Kumar
17. 18
Entering Values
• When entering numbers
– do not use commas
– numbers are right justified by default
• To proceed to next cell right use [Tab] or right
arrow key
• To proceed down, use [Enter] key
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18. 19
Entering Formulas
• Formulas are mathematical equations
– perform calculations
– always start with an equal sign (=)
• Formula shows in
formula bar
• Note color references
in formula
.
.
.
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19. 20
Entering Formulas
• After formula entered and cell pointer
moved
– Formula does not show in formula bar
– Result of calculations
shows in cell where
formula entered Rajan Kumar
21. 22
Order Calculations are Performed
• First exponents
• Then any multiplication and division in the
order they occur
• Then any addition and subtraction in the
order they occur
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22. 23
Parentheses
• Operations within parentheses are performed
before those outside.
• Within the parentheses the basic rules are
followed.
• Multiple sets of parentheses, the innermost are
executed first followed by the next set.
Rajan Kumar
23. 24
Built-in functions
• Functions are pre-written formulas
• Functions must start with an equal sign
• Functions takes value(s), perform an operation,
and returns a value(s)
• Values you use with a function are arguments
• =AVERAGE(D3:D7)
– AVERAGE is the function
– D3:D7 is the argument
Rajan Kumar
24. 25
Using Functions
• Advantages of predefined functions
– save time
– more accurate
• Using AutoSum
– Click cell at
bottom of
column
– Click AutoSum
button
– Excel assumes
it should total
the column
– SUM function
inserted Rajan Kumar
26. 27
Using Functions
• Note end results of
using AutoSum
• Note:
– Click AutoSum
button once to
display formula,
again to apply
– SUM formula
displays in
Formula bar
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27. 28
Using the Function Insert Feature
• Click on Insert, and Function
• Insert Function dialog box appears
Select function
category
Choose specific
function desired
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
Rajan Kumar
28. 29
Using the Function Insert Feature
Note calculated result
of inserted function
Animated border
shows selected
range
Formula
appears in cell
Arguments of
function must be
specified
Rajan Kumar
29. 30
Using the Function Insert Feature
Note calculated result
of inserted function
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
30. 31
Creating a Chart
• Select series of
numbers from
worksheet
• Click Chart Wizard
button
– Dialog box opens
• Choose chart
type, sub-type
– Note preview
button
Click on Next
button to proceed
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
31. 32
Creating a Chart
• Step 2
– Review and change
series range as
needed
– Click CategoryLabels
button to specify
source of labels
for chart
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
32. 33
Creating a Chart
• Labels now show in
legend
• Range for labels
now displayed
Click on Next
button to proceed
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
33. 34
Creating a Chart
• Step 3
– Enter titles (which
will show on preview)
– Specify legend details
on legend tab
– Specify Data Label
details as shown
Click on Next
button to proceed
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
34. 35
Creating a Chart
• Step 4
– Specify where chart will appear
– Click Finish
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
35. 36
Creating a Chart
• Chart is displayed as object in worksheet
Note Chart toolbar
displayed while chart
is selected
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
36. 37
Statistical analysis in Excel
• you can do a range of statistics in Excel using
the ‘Analysis ToolPak’
• you can calculate a correlation matrix and
undertaking regression analysis
• results of this analysis goes on additional sheets
in the Excel workbook. remember to save this
workbook often (as a .xls format file)
• note, Excel is powerful but it is not a statistics
package. Alternatives are SPSS and Minitab
which are full function statistics packages and
will do lots more. they will read Excel
spreadsheets and dbf format data files
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
37. 38
Opening the ToolPak, Excel’s
data analysis add-in
go to ‘Tools’ -> ‘Add-Ins’
choose ‘Analysis ToolPak’
and click ‘OK’ Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
38. 39
Correlation analysis
• are A and B related?
• correlation coefficient provides a single numerical
value describing a linear relationship, telling us the
direction and strength
Percentage Limiting Long Term Illness against Percentage No Car
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Percentage No Car
Percentage
Limiting
Long
Term
Illness
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
39. 40
• you can get Excel to add
the ‘best fit’ line (Trendline)
through the scatter of points
• to do this select the data points
on the chart, right-click and
choose ‘Add Trendline’
• In the ‘Add Trendline’ box
choose ‘Type’ - ‘Linear’ and
click ‘OK’
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
40. 41
Percentage Limiting Long Term Illness against Percentage No Car
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Percentage No Car
Percentage
Limiting
Long
Term
Illness
• now we want to calculate the actual Pearson’s correlation
coefficient (the r value) for this relationship
• it is very easy to calculate with Excel
What do you think r will be??
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
41. 42
• go back to the ‘Tools’
menu and select ‘Data Analysis’
In the ‘Data Analysis’
window choose
‘Correlation’
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
42. 43
Correlation analysis
• this window allows you to
define the variables you want
to correlate
• you will correlate all your
census variables to get a full
correlation matrix
• the ‘Input Range:’ box defines the columns in the spreadsheet
you want to run the correlation on. click in this box and then
with the mouse select all the columns of census data
•check the ‘Labels in First Row’ box as well. make sure the
‘New Worksheet Ply:’ option is checked and call it ‘correlation’
and then click on ‘OK’ Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
43. 44
Steps in Developing a Spreadsheet
1.Determining the purpose - what inputs, what
outputs, what printed reports
2.Planning - plan it on paper first
3.Building and testing - make sure it manipulates
the data correctly
4.Documenting - should include something within
the worksheet itself (directions, name and date)
Bent Thomsen - FIT 3-1
