The document explains the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula. The Pythagorean theorem states that for a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. An example problem demonstrates using the theorem to solve for the length of one side. The distance formula is also explained as a way to calculate the distance between two points using their x- and y-coordinates, and an example clearly shows the steps to use the formula.