1. Industrial VISIT REPORT
Of
Department of
Apparel production Management
(On 30 September 14)
The Department of Apparel productionManagement, Institute of Apparel Management an
Industrial visit to TEXEN LAB GURGAON for observation of fabric Quality.
The visit was organized with the Permission of Hon. Chief coordinator Soniya
Chaudhry and Coordinator Neera Chandra.
We started our Visit with the guidance of Hon. Mrs.Sobhna Mehta (subject
teacher).Total 5 students of class have joined this industrial visit.
The details of Journey are as follows:-
1. We started traveling from IAM campus, to TEXEN LAB, Gurgaon on 30 Sept 2014
2. We reached Texan Lab at 10:30Am.
3. Discussion Sessionabout Fabric Testing was conducted by company.
4. We started Observation about fabric quality and fabric Testing.
The presentation sessionwas conducted by:
A. MR. Mehta (Manager)
B. MR.Lalit (Asst. Manager)
C. Employees of organization.
2. Observation aboutFabric Testingand Quality
Mr.Mehta and Mr.Lalit told us Importance of Breaking Strength Test-
• Mainly used for woven fabric becausethe tests are unidirectional and woven fabrics
have unidirectional yarns.
• Factors that producea strong fabric include fiber content, yarn size and type,
weave, and yarns per inch.
• Breaking strength is expressed in pounds and the elongation is expressed as a
percent and in both cases a number of warp tests and weft test are performed.
• Breaking strength can also be used to test the effects of destructive forces upon a
woven fabric including sunlight, abrasion, laundering etc.
TEARING STRENGTH
3. Tearing strength is the force required to continue a tear or rip already stated in a fabric.
• This test is used mainly in woven fabrics because the test is unidirectional and
woven fabrics have unidirectional yarns.
• A number of tear strength test is carried out and the average is taken to determine
the tear strength.
BURSTING STRENGTH
Bursting strength is the amount of pressure required to rupture a fabric.
• In this test, the testing force is applied radially and not in one direction as in
breaking or tearing strength tests.
• In this test, the testing force is applied radially and not in one direction as in
breaking or tearing strength tests.
• The bursting strength is expressed in pounds.
PILLING PROPENSITY
Pilling is the formation of small balls of fibres called pills on the surface of the
fabric.
4. • Pilling occurs only when there is rubbing or an abrasive action on the surface of the
fabric.
• Pilling usually occurs during normal wear and also while clothes are in the dryer
• Evaluation should be made taking into account the size, number, and visibility of
the pills as well as the type and degree of other surface change.
PILLING PROPENSITY
After each test, each of the specimen is first evaluated for pilling usually on a 5-4-3-
2-1 pilling scale, then surface appearance is evaluated both for colour change as
well as for fuzz.
An average of ratings is usually taken as a result.
VARIABLES WHICH AFFECT AIR PERMEABILITY-
Fiber content: more crimp, lower air permeability.
Yarn size: heavier yarns, lower air permeability.
Yarn Twist: less twist, less air permeability.
5. Fabric Thickness: thicker fabric, lower air permeability.
Multiple layers: more layers, lower air permeability.
Fabric yarns per inch or stitches per inch: greater density, lower air permeability.
ABRASION RESISTANCE-
Abrasion resistance is the wearing away of any part of a material when rubbed
against any other material.
Garments that are made from fibres that possess both high breaking strength and
abrasion resistance can be worn often and for a long period of time before signs of
physical wear appear
Nylon is extremely high in abrasion resistance so it is used widely in action outer
whereas Acetate has poor abrasion resistance so it does not last long when used for
lining in jackets and coats.
CHEMICAL TESTING-
COLORFASTNESS PROPERTIES-
• Used to determine the resistance of dyed or printed fabrics to color change under
various conditions.
• There are various reasons as to which a fabric changes colors like sunlight,
pollution gases, abrasion, perspiration, dry cleaning etc.
• A fabric that experiences little color alteration when exposed to a fading force is
said to have a good colorfastness while if the color does not hold, then the fabric
has poor colorfastness.
• Problem persists with deeper colors like red rather than pastel colors.
• There is a scale from 5 to 1 for evaluating colorfastness.
6. • Class 5 means no shade change and class 1 means very great shade change.
• Colorfastness to light is rated on L9 to L1 scale with L9 being the best rating and
L1 the worst .
CHEMICAL SOLUBILITY TEST-
1. COLORFASTNESS TO SUNLIGHT .
2. COLORFASTNESS TO WASHING.
3. COLORFASTNESS TO CROCKING.
4. COLORFASTNESS TO FROSTING.
5. COLORFASTNESS TO PERSPIRATION.
6. COLORFASTNESS TO DRY CLEANING.
7. COLORFASTNESS TO BURNT GAS FUMES
( GAS FADING ).
COLORFASTNESS TO WASHING
• A no of variations are followed to test colorfastness to washing because there are
differences in washing procedures of different fabrics.
• Eg wool fabrics cannot be washed like cottons i.e. with same considerable
mechanical action in hot, soapy solutions.
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE WASHING
• The washing temperature should have a great affect on colors.
Often the dye is loosened from fabrics by the action of hot water.
• Additions to bath-
Bleaching and sodium carbonate should be included to intensify the washing
action.
Chemical test-
• In these types of tests , chemicals are used as a part of the test procedure.
• the specimen is dissolved in the chemical to check its solubility .
• The test include :
• Colorfastness
7. • Fiber identification using the solubility test.
DYE-
Our last observation was about Dye and Dyeing process and Mr.Mheta gave us brief
knowladge about importance of dye in Apparel Industry.
Types of Deying-
1-Direct Dyes
2-Reactive Dyes
3-Acid Dyes
4-Basic Dyes
5-Sulphur Dyes
6-Vat Dyes
7-Napthols Dyes
Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or
slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium
chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes
are used oncotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH
indicators and as biological stains.
Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of
directly reacting with the fibre substrate. The covalentbonds that attach reactive dye to
natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such
as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be
applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for
dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio.
Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such
as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths.
Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic
groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive
to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category.
Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but
find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dyebath to help the
uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
8. Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibbers directly.
However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water soluble alkali metal salt of the
dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre.
Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to
indigo, the original vat dye.
Final Overview –
Industrial Visit to Texan Lab was organized by Mrs.Sobhna Mehta for first year student
of Apparel Production Management. Mrs.Mheta was very supportive to all students.
We are sure that this visit will help us in our future practical life and bring a positive
change in our thinking and practical behavior regarding Education and specially Apparel
Industry.
I, the student of First year, Apparel Production Technology am extremely Thank full Hon.
Chief CoordinatorSoniya Chaudhry and Coordinator Neera Chandra.
I would like to specially Thank Mrs.Sobhna Mehta organizer of this Industrial visit.
Ankur Shukla
Apparel ProductionTechnology
(1st Year)
sDate-15-oct-2014
THANK YOU
9.
10. • Breaking strength can also be used to test the effects of destructive forces upon a
woven fabric including sunlight, abrasion, laundering etc.
