Lumpy skin disease virus, Etiology, Transmission, LSDV spread, Pathogenesis, Gross pathological lession, Histopathological findings, hematological and Serum Biochemical changes, Diagnostic techniques, Treatment, conclusion.

1. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University
SHREE MAHAVIR EDUCATION SOCIETY’
DTE CODE - 5281
• B-Pharmacy
Approved by AICTE, PCI New Delhi, DTE, Govt. Of Maharashtra
Affiliated to MSBTE, Mumbai, DBATU, Lonere
MAHAVIR INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

2. Course structure and contains for
PRACTICE SCHOOL (BP706PS)
B. Pharm Final Year (SEM VII)
DOMAIN – 17
PATHOLOGY
“Pathology Of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus”

3. A Review Article By:
PRIYA R. BHAWARE
Final Year B. Pharmacy
(1952811823042)
Guided By:
Prof. Umesh G. Bhamare

4. Flow of contain
 Introduction
 Etiology
 Transmission
 Pathogenesis
 Pathology
 Diagnostic
 Treatment
 Conclusion
 Bibliology

5. Introduction
• The recent spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) into climatically new and previously disease-
free regions underlines the importance of developing an in-depth understanding of the
transmission mechanisms of the virus, contributing towards improved control and eradication
of the disease.
• Capripoxvirus (CaPVs) is one of the eight genera within the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily of
the Poxviridae and is comprised of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), Sheep Pox Virus
(SPPV), and Goat Pox Virus (GTPV).
• These viruses are responsible for most economically significant diseases of domestic
ruminants in Africa and Asia.
• Lumpy skin disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) for which Neethling strain
is the prototype. The principal method of transmission is mechanical by arthropod vectors.

6. • LSDV has a limited host range and does not complete its replication cycle in non-ruminant
hosts. Besides, LSD has not been reported in sheep and goats even when kept in a close contact
with infected cattle although typical skin lesions, without systemic disease, have been produced
experimentally in sheep, goats, impalas, and Grant’s gazelles.
• LSD symptoms in cattle are mild to severe; characterized by fever, multiple skin nodules
covering the neck, back, perineum, tail, limbs and genital organs, the mucous membranes; the
lesion may also involve subcutaneous tissues and sometimes musculature and internal organs.
• Furthermore, LSD results in overwhelming economic losses due to severe reduction in milk
yield, reduced hide quality, chronic debility, weight loss, infertility, abortion and death.
• Therefore, this review is aimed to highlight the biology of LSDV, mechanism of spread, clinical
and pathological features of lumpy skin disease in cattle.

7. Etiology
• The family Poxviridae contains the largest viruses which are able to cause
disease naturally in most domestic animals, except in dogs. It is divided into
two subfamilies, Chordopoxvirinae , the poxviruses of vertebrates , and
Entomopoxvirinae , the poxviruses of insects.
• LSDV is remarkably stable for long periods at ambient temperature,
especially in dried scabs. It can persist in necrotic skin nodules for up to 33
days or longer, desiccated crusts for up to 35 days, and at least 18 days in air-
dried hides. It can remain viable for long periods in the environment.

8. Transmission
• Poxviruses are known for their ability to use various direct or in-direct means to infect their
hosts, such as through direct contact, via exposure to aerosols produced by infected hosts,
through semen or via intrauterine infection.
• Intevestingly, direct contact with virus-containing droplets and aerosols is an important
route of virus dissemination for the other members of the Capripox virus genus, sheeppox
(SPP) and goatpox (GTP) viruses.
• Indirect LSDV transmission might occur when cattle are sharing feed or water troughs
contaminated by saliva or nasal discharge from infected animals.
• Lumpy skin disease is a viral disease caused by a virus called 'Capripox’.
• It affects cattle and buffalo.
• It is transmitted by blood-feeding insects, such as species of flies and mosquitoes or ticks.
• The disease results the fever and nodules on the skin and also can lead to death. The
infected animals also can start loosing weight and reduce milk.
• These disease not a Zoonotic.

9. Summary of LSDV spread

10. Which region have been affected?
➤LSD first recorded in 1929 in African countries.
➤India saw first case in 2019
Now,
1- Kutch in Gujarat in April
2- Rajasthan
3- Punjab
4- Haryana
5- Himachal Pradesh
6- Uttarakhand
7- Jammu and Kashmir
8- Uttar Pradesh
9- Madhya Pradesh
10- Goa
11- Aandra Pradesh
➤LSD infected about 16 Lakh cattle in 197 district as of Sep 11.

11. Pathogenesis
• There have been few studies conducted on the pathogenesis of LSD in cattle.
• In the generalized form there is viremia and fever, followed by localization in the skin and
development of inflammatory nodules.
• Following Subcutaneous or intradermal inoculation of cattle with LSDV, localized swelling at
the site of inoculation developed 4 to 7 DPI which is varying in size from 1 to 3 cm and
covering up to approximately 25% of the skin surface.
• LSDV is also demonstrated in saliva, semen and skin nodules for at least 11, 42 and 39 days
after the development of fever.

12. LSD with skin nodules

13. Clinical manifestations LSD -
• It can be classified into mild and severe forms based on the number of lumps (nodules) and
occurrence of complications, dose of the inoculum as well as the susceptibility of the host and the
density of insect population.
• The nodules are firm and slightly raised above the surrounding normal skin from which they are
often separated by a narrow ring of haemorrhage.
• Affected animals also exhibit excessive salivation, lacrimation, nasal discharge and emaciation due
to necrotic plaques and typical LSD lesions in oral cavity, conjunctiva and nasal cavity, respectively.
• Severe cases of LSD are highly characteristic and easy to recognize, but early stages of infection and
mild cases may be confusing with other diseases affecting the skin.
• For instance Pseudo lumpy skin disease also known as Allerton virus caused by bovine herpes virus-
2.
• (BHV) has related skin lesions with LSD and requires laboratory confirmation to distinguish.

14. Gross pathological lesions
• Skin nodules are usually uniform in size, firm round and raised, but some
may fuse into large irregular and circumscribed plaques, when incised the
surface of the nodule is reddish-gray and edematous in the sub-cutis layer.
• A necrotic lesion which is circular in nature may be observed in different
parts of alimentary, respiratory and urogenital tract.
• For instance, muzzle, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, inside of lips,
dental pad, abomasum, uterus, vagina, teats, udder and testes may be
involved.

15. Histopathological findings
• Histopathological findings of the LSD are typical and provide a basis for
diagnosis.
• The pathognomonic LSD lesion eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
may be detected microscopically in the keratinocytes, macrophages, endothelial
cells and pericytes from skin nodules in addition to ballooning and degeneration
of the cell layers.
• Inflammatory cells including macrophages, lymphocyte and eosinophils are
infiltrated the affected area.

16. Hematological and serum biochemical changes
• Hematological and serum biochemical analysis of animals naturally and
experimentally infected by LSDV were recently studied and described.
• The results of Neamat-Allah, revealed that there is a significant decrease in red
blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration with a significant increase in mean corpuscular volume in
experimentally infected animals which is interpreted as a macrocytic hypochromic
anemia.
• The studies concluded that the alteration in serum biochemical analysis might be
due to liver and kidney failures, severe inflammatory process and disease
complications such as anorexia and reduced muscle mass during LSDV infection.

17. Diagnostic Techniques
The diagnosis of LSD can be established based on the typical clinical signs or
generalized nodular skin lesions and enlarged superficial lymph nodes in affected
animals combined with laboratory confirmation of the presence of the virus or
antigen.
 Methods
• Virus isolation
• PCR- polymerase chain reaction
• Electron microscopy
• IFAT- indirect fluorescent antibody test
• VN- virus neutralization
A study to compare the different diagnostic tests in experimentally infected cattle
was conducted and specified PCR was a fast and sensitive method in demonstrating
viral DNA in blood and skin samples.

18. TREATMENT
• The vaccination is the only effective method to control the disease in endemic
areas as movement restrictions and removal of affected animals.
• World Organization for Animal Health has early detect and provide the rapid vaccination.
• Over the 1.5 Crore dose have been administered to cattle in affected states.
• The Goat pox vaccine is 100% effective against disease.
• The ICAR's National Equine Research Centre (NERC) in Haryana's Hisar has developed the
LSD vaccine named Lumpi-ProVac Ind in collaboration with Indian Veterinary Research
Institute (IVRE) in Uttar Pradesh's Bareilly.

19. Conclusion
• The scientific literature suggests that arthropod transmission of LSDV is the most
likely strategy by which the virus spreads, a conjecture that is supported by the
seasonality of outbreaks, which are distinctly associated with warm and rainy
conditions.
• Only mass vaccinations were able to stop the spread of LSD.
• These review also provide much needed data to help farmers implement well
targeted biosecurity measures to protect their cattle in case of an out break.

20. Reference
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Selected content from the Animal Health and Production Compendium.