Dr. Waqas Nawaz PMAS Arid agriculture university rawalpindi, Pakistan

1. SUBMITTED TO :
Sir RANA IMTIAZ
Submitted By:
ZEESHAN AHMAD AWAN
Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
University Of Arid Agriculture, Rwp.
PMAS
FUNGAL,VIRAL, BACTERIAL, PARASITIC AND NUTRITIONALINFECTION OF URINARY SYSTEM

2. Principal of infection
Understanding the basic principles of infection is essential. It include Disease
transmission and Prevention of disease transmission. Microorganisms (microbes)
are small, living organisms that are not visible to the naked eye. Pathogens
(germs) are microorganisms that cause disease. Non-pathogens are
microorganisms that do not cause disease; can be beneficial. At times, a
microorganism that is beneficial in one body system can become pathogenic
when it is present in another body system. For example Escherichia coli (E. coli)
bacteria when in Large intestine: beneficial, part of the natural flora and when in
Urinary system: causes an infection.
Type of microorganism
Bacteria: Simple, one-celled microorganisms that are classified according to their
shape and arrangement.Cause diseases such as strep throat, pneumonia,
meningitis and tuberculosis. Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria – however some
strains have become resistant. Less than 1% of bacteria are harmful. There are
more bacteria in our mouths than humans living on the planet.
FungiA plantlike organism that lives on dead organic matter.Yeasts and molds can
be pathogenic.Cause conditions such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, yeast infections,
and thrush. Antibiotics do not kill fungi. Antifungal medications are available, but
expensive and may cause liver damage.
VirusesSmallest of all microorganisms – visible only using an electron microscope.
Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell. Spread by contact
with blood and other body fluids. Difficult to destroy. Not affected by antibiotics.
Associated with diseases such as the common cold, chicken pox, herpes, hepatitis
B, measles, warts, polio, influenza, and AIDS
Following factors influence microbial growth
Temperature, pH, or the values used in chemistry to express the degrees of
acidity or alkalinity of a substance,Darkness,Food,Moisture,Oxygen Pathogenic
microorganisms cause infection and disease in different ways. Produce poisons

3. (toxins) which harm the body. Ex: Tetanus. Allergic reaction in the body causing
runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing. Attack and destroy the living cells they invade.
Ex: Malaria (rbc’s)
Causing an infection In order for disease to occur and spread from one individual
to another, certain conditions must be met. If any one condition is not met, the
transmission of the disease will not happen. Pathogens are everywhere and
preventing their transmission is a continuous process. Chain of infection contains
six elements. If broken, infection will not occur.
Body defenceIf defense mechanisms are intact and the immune system is
functioning, a human can frequently fight off the causative agent and not contract
the disease,Mucous membranes (traps pathogens),Cilia (propel pathogens out of
respiratory tract),Coughing and sneezing,Hydrochloric acid (stomach),Tears in the
eyes (contain bacteriocidal chemicals),Fever,Inflammation (wbc’s destroy
pathogens),Immune response (produce antibodies)
Sign and symptom Redness, Swelling ,Tenderness, Warmth, Drainage,Red streaks
leading away from wound.
Parasites of urinary system( parasitic infection )
There are two nematodes that occur as parasites of the urinary system in small
animals, Dioctophyma renale and Capillaria plica. Both are of rare incidence. The
adult worm occurs in the kidney parenchyma and occasionally the peritoneal
cavity of dogs, mink and other wild carnivores. There is no possibility of confusion
in the identification of this worm because of its spectacular size and location. It is
the largest parasite nematode of domestic animals. Dioctophyma renale
ultimately destroys the kidney, leaving only a thickened capsule. Unilateral
infections are the rule and the right kidney is most commonly involved. Most
unilateral infections are asymptomatic, with compensatory hypertrophy of the
unaffected kidney. Bilateral infections are fatal. One to three worms may occupy
a kidney. Worms are thought to migrate directly through the wall of the
duodenum to the kidney. The duodenum is on the right side and this probably
accounts for the high incidence in the right kidney. Worms become adult in 1-3

4. months and are thought to live 1-3 years. In some cases worms may develop in
the peritoneal cavity of dogs. Although infections are rare in dogs, a high
incidence may occur in mink and other wild animals (i.e. 8% of mink in Michigan).
It is cosmopolitan in the U.S. and has been reported from Louisiana. Outbreaks on
mink farms have been reported from feeding raw fish scraps.
Capillaria plica occurs uncommonly in the urinary bladder and sometimes kidney
pelvis of dogs, wild canids and occasionally the cat. It is not considered to be
pathogenic and diagnosis is often made by the incidental finding of characteristic
eggs in sediment of routine urinalysis specimens. Larvae enter the kidneys by way
of the renal arteries and migrate through Bowman's capsule and tubular
nephrons to the renal pelvis, and finally descend to the bladder via the ureter.
Patency occurs 2 months after infection.
Fungal infection of urinary track
Three distinct groups of pathogens are noted for causing fungal UTIs:
1) Opportunistic organisms
2) Environmental
3) Rare and unusual
Bacterial urinary tract infections
Most infectious diseases of the urinary system in small animals are aerobic
bacterial infections. Common organisms include Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus. Less common infections
include Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. Pasteurella is more common in
cats than dogs. Mycoplasma is an uncommon urinary tract infection and is
usually found as a coinfection with bacteria. Leptospirosis is a worldwide
zoonotic disease caused by filamentous bacteria that infect the kidney and
many other organs. Fungi, yeast, and parasites uncommonly infect the urinary
system.Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) typically result from normal
skin and GI tract flora ascending the urinary tract and overcoming the normal
urinary tract defenses that prevent colonization. Bacterial UTI is the most
common infectious disease of dogs, affecting 14% of all dogs during their

5. lifetime. It is less common in cats, and occurs only infrequently in large
animals. Young cats with feline lower urinary tract disease usually have
bacteriologically sterile urine. However, >50% of geriatric cats with urinary
tract disease have a bacterial UTI. Approximately two-thirds of those cats also
have renal failure. Bacterial UTI in ruminants are associated with
catheterization or parturition in females and as both a cause and consequence
of urolithiasis in males. In horses, UTI are uncommon and typically associated
with bladder paralysis, urolithiasis, or urethral damage.
Unlike humans, veterinary patients are often asymptomatic, and the UTI may
be an incidental finding. The consequences of untreated UTI include lower
urinary tract dysfunction, urolithiasis, prostatitis, infertility, septicemia, and
pyelonephritis with scarring and eventual kidney failure. Coagulase-positive
staphylococci are involved in the formation of struvite (MgNH4PO4) calculi in
dogs. In intact male dogs, UTI frequently extends to the prostate gland. Due to
the blood-prostate barrier, it is difficult to eradicate bacteria from the prostate,
and the urinary tract may be reinfected following appropriate treatment,
causing a systemic bacteremia, infecting the rest of the reproductive tract, or
causing an abscess within the prostate.
Large retrospective studies have documented the most common species of
uropathogens in dogs and cats, with Escherichia coli being the single most
common pathogen in both acute and recurrent UTI. In equine UTI, E coli,
Streptococcus spp and Enterococcus spp predominate, while Corynebacterium
renale and E coli are the most common pathogens in ruminant infections. In
dogs and cats, UTI are caused by more than one pathogen ~30% of the time. In
immunocompromised patients, funguria from Candida spp may be seen.
Antimicrobials are the cornerstone of UTI therapy, and many animals with
recurring UTI are managed empirically with repeated. This approach fails if
the underlying pathophysiology predisposing the animal to the UTI is not
addressed; as well, it encourages the development of resistant bacteria. With
chronic UTI from highly resistant bacteria, therapeutic options are extremely
limited.
Fungal infection of urinary track
Although uncommon, most fungal UTI in dogs and cats are caused by
Candida spp. Finding Candida organisms in the urine may indicate sample
contamination; however, finding Candida organisms in 2 serial urine samples

6. collected by cystocentesis is consistent with infection and warrants culture and
definitive identification. Treatment includes eliminating potential predisposing
factors (eg, excessive endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids, urinary
catheters) and administering antifungal drugs with or without urinary
alkalinization. Fluconazole is the antifungal drug of choice for the treatment of
candidal cystitis. The dosage in cats is 50 mg/cat, PO, sid-bid, and in dogs
is 2.5–5.0 mg/kg/day, PO, divided bid. The duration of treatment needed to
eliminate infection is unknown but may be as short as 7 days.