This document provides information about the countries that make up the United Kingdom - England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It details facts about each country such as area, population, capital city, and prominent geographical features. It also describes some of the national symbols of each country like flags, patron saints, flowers, and coats of arms.

1. England
Area: 131000 sq km
Population: 51 million people
Capital: London
Longest river: the Thames (346 km)
Language: English
The largest country in
Great Britain.
It is situated in the central and
southern part of Great Britain.
It borders on Scotland (N),
North Sea (E), English Channel (S)
and Wales (W).
London
is the capital of England

2. Symbols of England
The red rose became the national flower of
England after the War of the Roses (1455-1485)
which was the war of the dynasties for the
English throne.
The English flag, St.George’s Cross,
is red cross on a white background.
• Saint George’s Day, the national day of
England, is celebrated on 23 April.
• Saint George is the patron saint of England.
The Three Lions Crest -
The Coat of Arms of England
Richard the Lionheart (1189 - 1199) used the
three golden lions (sometimes described as
leopards) on their scarlet background as a
powerful symbol of the English Throne during
the time of the Crusades.
The oak
is the national tree of
England

3. Scotland
Area: 78800 sq km
Population: 5 million people
Capital: Edinburgh
Language: English,Gaelick
Scotland occupies the north of the island of
Great Britain.
It shares a border with England.
The country includes over 790 islands.
Scotland is washed by the Atlantic Ocean (W),
the North Sea (E) and the Irish Sea (SW).
Scotland is a mountainous country.
It consists of:
- the North- West Highlands
- the Grampian Mountains
- the Central Lowlands
- the Southern Uplands
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in
Great Britain.
It is 1343 metres high.
Edinburgh is the capital of
Scotland and the seat of the
Scottish Parliament.

4. The Scottish flag, St.Andrew’s Cross,
is a diagonal white cross on a blue field.
 Saint Andrew`s Day, the national day of
Scotland, is celebrated on 30 November.
 Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland.
The national flower of Scotland is
the thistle.
The thistle was chosen as such because it
saved the country from the enemy.
Symbols of Scotland
The Coat of Arms of Scotland
Tartan is another
national symbol.
Scottish kilts have
tartan patterns. A kilt is a knee-length skirt.
It is a traditional clothes of men
and boys in Scotland.
Bagpipe
is a Scottish national musical
instrument.

5. WalesArea: 20761 sq km
Population: 2.9 million people
Capital: Cardiff
Language: English, Welsh
Wales is a mountainous country on the
western part of GB.
It shares a border with England
in the east.
Wales is the land of valleys,
lakes,legends and sheep.
Wales has often been called
of the Land of Songs.
One of the Welsh traditions is festivals.
Eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of
literature, music and performance.
Wales is a land of beautiful nature, rich
culture and amazing architecture.
Cardiff Castle
Cardiff is the capital and the largest
city of Wales.
Wales is a Principality, not a Kingdom.

6. Symbols of Wales
The National flag of Wales is a Red Dragon
on a white field over dark green.
It has been officially known since 1959.
• St.David’s Day, the national day of Wales,
is celebtated on 1 March.
• Saint David is the patron saint of
Wales,his flag with a yellow cross on
black background is a symbol of Wales
too.
Royal Badge of Wales
The national flower of Wales is the
daffodil, which is traditionally worn
on St.David’s Day.
The leek is another national emblem
of Wales.
It is thought Welsh soldiers wore leeks
in their hats during battles to
distinguish them from their enemies.
The Coat of Arms of the
Principality of Wales is a
coat of arms used by the
Prince of Wales.
The Prince of Wales is
always the first son of
the royal family.
The harp is the national
instrument of Wales.

7. The Union Flag -
the flag of the United
Kingdom
Royal Coat of Arms
of the United Kingdom
The UK or British flag is
popularly known as
the Union Jack

8. Northern Ireland
Area: 14160 sq km
Population: 1,6 million people
Capital: Belfast
Main rivers: Foyle, Bann
Language: Irish, English and Gaelic
It is situated in the north-east of
the island of Ireland.
Nothern Ireland also known as
Ulster is the smallest part
of the UK.
It has only one-sixth of the
territory of Ireland island.
It consists of six counties.
Relief of the country is quite
diverse.
Belfast is the capital
of Nothern Ireland

9. Symbols of Northern Ireland
The Red Hand Flag or Ulster banner
17 March - The national day of Northern Ireland
is St Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland. His
flag is a red saltire on a white field.
The shamrock is the
national flower of
Northern Ireland.
The coat of arms shown above is NOT the coat
of arms of Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland does not have an official coat
of arms. The image shown above is of a
historical coat of arms used from 1924 to 1972
The Ulster Banner, the former flag, was used
from 1953 to 1972 (Flag adopted 29 May 1953).
The red hand is also a symbol of
Nothern Ireland. Today it is the
official Arms of Northern Ireland.
There is no official National flag of Northern
Ireland. The use of various flags in Northern
Ireland is contentious.
The Union Jack (or Union
Flag) is used as Northern
Ireland's official flag.
The image of the "red hand" comes from a legend. It
is about how one of aged ruler’s sons cut off his
hand and threw it on the beach during a competition
in rowing boats with a condition "whose hand first
touched the shore - and he will own this land. "
The hand is most likely red because it was covered
with blood.