Poliomyelitis, often called polio is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move. It may also be spread by food or water containing infected human feces & less commonly from infected saliva. Enterovirus (RNA) Three serotypes: 1, 2, 3 Rapidly inactivated by heat, formaldehyde, chlorine, ultraviolet light. Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). The World Health Organization recommends all children be vaccinated against polio. Polio vaccines are generally safe to give during pregnancy & in those cases who have HIV/AIDS .

1. Poliomyelitis
Vaccines
BY- SANCHIT DHANKHAR

2. Poliomyelitis
 Poliomyelitis, often called
polio is an infectious disease
caused by the poliovirus.
 In about 0.5% of cases there is
muscle weakness resulting in
an inability to move.
 It may also be spread by food
or water containing infected
human feces & less
commonly from infected
saliva. 2

3. Poliovirus
 Enterovirus
(RNA)
 Three serotypes:
1, 2, 3
 Rapidly
inactivated by
heat,
formaldehyde,
chlorine,
ultraviolet light.
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4. Poliomyelitis
Vaccines
 Polio vaccines are vaccines
used to prevent
poliomyelitis (polio).
 The World Health
Organization recommends
all children be vaccinated
against polio.
 Polio vaccines are
generally safe to give
during pregnancy & in
those cases who have
HIV/AIDS .
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5. 1955 Inactivated vaccine
1961 Types 1 and 2 monovalent OPV
1962 Type 3 monovalent OPV
1963 Trivalent OPV
1987 Enhanced IPV (IPV) 5

6. Inactivated Polio
Vaccines
 The first polio vaccine was
the inactivated polio vaccine.
 It was developed by Jonas
Salk & came into use in
1955.
 The duration of immunity
induced by IPV is not known
with certainty, although a
complete series is thought to
provide protection for many
years. 6

7.  When the current
formulation of IPV is used,
90% or more of individuals
develop protective antibody
to polio virus after two
doses of inactivated polio
vaccine, & at least 99% are
immune to poliovirus
following three doses.
 It elicits good immunity
and prevents transport of
the virus to the neurons
where it would otherwise
cause paralytic polio.
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8. Oral Polio
Vaccines
 The oral polio vaccine was
developed by Albert Sabin &
came into commercial use in
1961.
 This is a live attenuated
vaccine that was produced
empirically by serial passage
of the virus in cell culture.
 This became the preferred
vaccine of it ease of
administration. 8

9.  The fact that the vaccine
virus replicates in the gut
and only one administration
is needed to get good
immunity.
 One dose of OPV produces
immunity to all three
poliovirus serotypes in
approximately 50% of
recipients.
 Three doses of live-attenuated
OPV produce protective
antibodies to all three
poliovirus types in more than
95% of recipients.
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10. Cultivation
 The virus of polio are grown in either suspended or
fixed cell cultures of Rhesus monkey kidney tissue.
 Nerve cells, a more obvious choice, are avoided as
they have a short life in tissue culture & because
traces of nervous tissue in vaccines sometimes cause
an allergic reaction in the brain.
 Then it is passed through filters of increasing
fineness which remove remnants of tissue cells &
finally, bacteria. 10

11.  Inactivation is by 0.01 % formaldehyde under
accurately controlled conditions of PH &
temperature.
 It is usually complete in six days but at least twice
this time is allowed to make sure that no active virus
remain.
 Finally, the formaldehyde is neutralized with sodium
metabisulphite, & thiomersal is added as a
bactericide.
 Disodium edetate is also included to sequester heavy
metal that catalyse decomposition of thiomersal to
products that are toxic to the virus.
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12. Dosage
 Children should receive a total of 4 shots.
The first shot is usually given when the child
is 2 months old. The booster shots are then
given at 4 months, 6 to 18 months, & then
at 4 to 6 years of age.
 Adults should receive a total of 3 shots.
Booster shots should be given 1 to 2 months
after the first shot, & then 6 to 12 months
after the second shot.
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13. Storage
Live polio vaccine must always be
kept cold to avoid heat killing the
virus. In a standard clinic or hospital
it should be stored at 2 to 8 C.
It can be safely kept in this way for
up to 30 days. Polio vaccine can be
stored for years at -20 to -10 C.
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14. Uses
 It given to adults at high risk for polio
infection (such as before travel to countries
where polio is common).
 Severe infection with polio may damage
nerve cells, causing an inability to move
(paralysis) in part of the body.
 This vaccine works by increasing the body’s
natural defense (immunity) against the polio
virus.
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15. Wild Poliovirus
1988
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16. Wild Poliovirus
2004
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17. THANKYOU
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