King James II attempted to consolidate power over the colonies by increasing taxes and replacing Puritan officials with Anglicans, depressing the New England economy. King William III later lowered taxes and returned more autonomy to the colonial assemblies. Poverty in the colonies was common, especially in winter, though the wealthiest 10% owned most property. Revivals in Congregational and Presbyterian churches occasionally occurred but had little coordination between congregations. The introduction of horses and guns by the late 1700s allowed Great Plains tribes to hunt buffalo more effectively but also made them more vulnerable to European weapons.

1. American Colonies: Prelude to Revolutions A Power Point presentation By: Patrick Spohr For: History of the Americas 140

3. Sir Edmund Andros took over as the governor-general.

4. The new government replaced Puritan judges and officials with Anglicans, and put in place unprecedented levels of taxation.

5. The new draconian measures depressed New England's economy, leaving the populace unable to pay the new, higher taxes.

7. Colonists and their officials needed to pass all rulings past their governors-general, except Connecticut and Rhode Island.

8. New compromises led to an increased sense of connectedness between the English and their colonists.

9. No longer able to use force, governor-generals needed to use persuasion to increase their political presence.

11. In Boston, despite escalating poverty, the richest 10% owned 60% of the urban wealth.

12. By the mid 18 th century, most colonial lands were already owned, leaving the rural poor to rent from a landlord, move to cities, or fight Indians on the frontier.

13. Crevecoeur estimated that only 50% of frontier families managed to pay off their land debts in their lifetime. The New World, for many, did not equal success.

15. Revivals preyed upon the emotions of congregants by insisting that only God's grace could save their souls, and this redemption was arbitrary; nothing could be done to attract God's grace.

16. Reverend Solomon Stoddard was a master of “soul stirring” sermons, designed to inspire these revivals.

17. One unintentional result of reducing parishioners to despair was suicide. Feeling alone and without God's grace, some church-goers would kill themselves instead of attaining the sudden enlightenment the church desired.

20. Using the “Black Legend” of the Spanish, the English were incensed by the treatment of Captain Robert Jenkins.

21. When the bulk of combat turned to Europe, the Spanish allied French used Indian allies to help destroy English frontier settlements.

22. English gains, such as Louisbourg, were returned due to treaty, to their dismay.

25. Spanish ambassadors exaggerated fears of a Russian invasion from the north and English from the East.

26. A wide array of native tribes resided in Alta California, subsisting on hunting and gathering and burning grassy forests.

27. Like many other tribes, the Natives of California had weak chiefs and strong shamans. Much of the shamans power came from fear; individuals were frightened of the shaman's power.