Presented in SES, JNU on 17/11/2012

1. Integrating urban water management
through green infrastructure
Presented By
Shashi Shekhar Singh
SES,JNU New Delhi

2. Urbanization: Trends and Patterns
• Movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth
equating to urban migration
• 286 million people in India live in urban areas (around 28% of the
population)*
• The proportion of urban population in India is increasing consistently over
the years
 From 11% in 1901 to 26% in 1991 and 28% in 2001
• Estimated to increase to 357 million in 2011 and to 432 million in 2021*
• After independence
• 3 times growth - Total population
• 5 times growth - Urban population*
* Census of India 2001

3. Urbanization trends in India
Urban Total
Year
Population population
In million
1800 2% 140
1950 30% 360
2000 47% 1027
2008 ~50% 1160
2030 ~ 60% 2050
Source: UN, Urbanization prospects, the 1999 revision
3

4. What problems???
• Water and sanitation problems
• Due to increasing urbanization coupled with
existing un-sustainability factors and
conventional urban water management
• Nearly 1.1 billion people worldwide who do not
have access to clean drinking water and 2.6
billion people i.e. over 400 million people, lack
even a simple improved latrine
• Can lead to increased episodes of diarrhea and
economic burden
4

5. Today
and
before
IN 2025

6. Waiting for turn to fill water at community tap Collecting water at odd hours in the morning
Old man collecting water at dawn Too little pressure for consumers…

7. Demand for water in India is expected to rise
dramatically in the next few decades
Drivers of water usage increase
Water Demand in India; 2010 - 2050
 Population increase from 1.2 Billion in 2010 to Cubic KM or Trilion Liters
Population 1.6 Billion in 2030 will directly increase demand
for water 1180
1.3%
 Increased urbanization from 30% to 50% will
Urbanization create demand aggregation at select points in
India, sometimes away from high water 843
availability areas 863
710
Per Capita  Indian GDP is expected to grow causing per
650
Income Increase capita income to rise from $468 to $ 17366
by 2050. Increased per capita will result in Agricultrue
lifestyle changes, requiring more per capita 592
Domestic
water. For e.g. water consumption in US is Industrial 119
582 litres/person / day compared to India’s Power 66 87
~90 46 71 75
Others 39 13
 India’s industrialization increase will increase 20 21 35 37
Industrialization demand for water – especially increase in 2010 2025 2050
power, steel and other heavy industries Per Capita
Availability1,2 1,730 1,401 1,200
As per international norms, if per capita water availability is less than 1700 m3 per year, country is water stressed and if the per
capita availability is less than 1000 m3, the country is water scarce
Source: Ministry of Water Resources, National Hydrology Institute, Roorkee , 'The Himalayan Challenge: Water Security in Emerging Asia, Strategic Fore

8. Resulting in a potentially significant demand supply
gap in the near future
Water Supply and Demand in India; 2010 - 2050 River Basins in India, with water shortage, 2030
Cubic KM or Trilion Liters Percentage
Demand
1,000 Current
Supply
950
900
850 12% gap by 2025
800
+12%
750
Current useful
700 water supply
0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026
Expected issue by 2015
2: EFR – Eastern Flowing Rivers; WFR – Western Flowing Rivers (non major rivers)
Source: Ministry of Water Resources, National Hydrology Institute

9. Concept of green infrastructure
• Green infrastructure may be defined as the system of land,
natural resources and natural habitats that collectively
comprise a community’s underlying ecosystem
• GI is present in every city although its size, diversity, strength
vary greatly & regulate quality of air water and soil
• GI conserves ecosystem values and functions and provides
associated benefits to human populations

10. Key element of green infrastructure
 GI systems are comprised of:
-Landscaped/cultivated green spaces like farmland, green roofs
playfield, park
-Natural area that provide wildlife habitat, water recharge areas
 Recreational spaces: community garden, parks, botanical gardens,
greenways, right-of-way corridors
 Mapping and conservation of wetlands: Natural cycles of water and
they mitigate flooding and absorb pollutant
 Environmental resources: Ground water recharge zone, watershed
protection areas, wetland and floodplains
e.g. GI has emerged as a best practice for storm water
management

11. Example of green infrastructure in
practice
Stormwater management
Rain gardens
Retention ponds
Floodplains
Permeable pavement
Vegetative roof covers or green roofs
Photosynthetic process
Blue-green algae, grown intensively on roof tops
Farms and open landscapes
Productive landscapes
Cultural resources

12. First commercial Green Street:
Harrison Street

13. onCenter Surface Parking Lot:290
green spaces

14. Connective Corridor

15. Green Park: Rosamond Gifford

16. Green Building Movement in India

17. Case Study-I: Storm Water Management
Project On Rotary Marg, JAIPUR

18. Case Study-I: Storm Water Management
Project On Rotary Marg, JAIPUR
 The length of the road is about 400 m with average width
of 8 m. Considering 600 mm annual rainfall and road
catchment factor 0.75, direct runoff on road would be
1440 m3/ annum.
 Rotary marg also receives runoff from the roofs of
adjoining houses and Hathroi hillock. The additional
catchment area works out to be nearly 4000 m2. The
additional runoff will be 1800 m3/ annum.
 The total runoff available for recharge will be around 3000
m3 / annum. Considering 60 mm as peak rainfall for Jaipur
region, single storm of 15 minutes is expected to generate
runoff on road of the order of 80 m3.

19. CASE STUDY – II
Road/paved area storm water recharge in industrial
premises of Hero Honda Motors Limited, Dharuhera,
Haryana
 The total area of the roads of the factory
premises is 7581.5 m2
 Which would generate 85.29 m3 volume of
storm water runoff for recharge to the ground
water at an average rainfall of 726 mm,
considering peak rainfall intensity of 60
mm/hour and 0.75 as the catchment factor.

20. CASE STUDY – III
Road/paved area storm water recharge through
artificial recharge reservoir in industrial premises of
Hero Honda Motors Limited, Haridwar, Uttranchal.
 The total area of the roads and paved areas of the
factory premises is 115080 m2.
 which would generate 129465 m3 volume of storm
water runoff for recharge to the ground water at
average rainfall of 1520 mm per annum.

21. •The rainwater collection basin is
located on the roof of the Farm Centre
and integrated with the existing roof
structure and drainage systems.
An example of a Rainwater Harvesting
System. This one is integrated into the design of a
home and yard in Portland
Parapet wall has been given
corrugated profile to facilitate more
quantity of rain flow to the gutter
CASE

22. The IUWM framework
Water Source Agriculture, Rural use Water-bodies
(Surface and Ground) and Environmental flows (Lake &river)
Resource
augmentation Sewage Storm Water Effluent
(Re-use & Recovery) Treatment Collection treatment
Water
Supply Water Treatment Water Treatment
(Quality (Portable Grade) (non-portable grade)
graded)
Water use Portable Non-portable
Industrial/Public
(quality graded) (Domestic and (Domestic and
amenities
commercial) commercial)

23. Sustainability principles for green
infrastructure
 Prioritize environmentally sensitive land and natural
resources for green infrastructure functions
 Integrate GI elements within municipal plans
 Integrate GI elements within built environment
 Ensure accessibility for all
 Identify appropriate measures and track performance
 Interdepartmental cooperation and accountability

24. Conclusion
• Treated wastewater or in some cases urban runoff or stormwater (rain
water harvesting) could be reused efficiently.
• Large scale wastewater treatment system are not feasible in congested
urban centers because high land value
• The availability of water from water resource depends upon hydrology,
type of housing, land cover and topography
• Rain water harvesting, amount depends on rainfall and total roof area
and roof characteristics
• Tariff structures designed to conserve water must penalize over use but
not minimize access to the urban poor.
• Awareness campaigns to reduce water use amongst all consumers can
play an important role in demand management.

25. SELECTED REFRENCES
 Deverill, P, Bibby, S, Wedgwood, A and Smout, I. (2002) “Designing water supply and sanitation
projects to meet demand in rural and peri-urban communities”, Book 1 Concept, Principles and
Practice, WEDC 2002.
 Frederick, K.D (1993) “Balancing Water Demands with Supplies- The role of management in a world of
increasing scarcity”, World Bank Technical Paper No: 189,1993
 Fredricksen, H.D (1992) “Drought Planning and Water efficiency Implications in Water resources
Management”, World Bank Technical Paper No: 185,1992
 GWP (2003) “Toolbox, Version 2 - Integrating water resources management” Global Water Partnership
2003
 Rosegrant, M.W, Cai, X and Cline, S.A (2002) “Averting an Impending Crisis” Food policy report-Global
water outlook to 2025 IWMI 2002.
 UNCHS (1999) “Managing Water for African Cities Developing a Strategy for Urban Water Demand
Management”, Expert Group Meeting Cape Town, South Africa 26-18 April 1999, United Nations Centre
for Human Settlements (Habitat)
UNCHS (2003) “Managing Water for African Cities” www.un-urbanwater.net
 UNESCO (2003) “Water for people water for life United Nations” World Water Development Report,
UNESCO-WWAP 2003
 WHO, UNICEF and WSSCC (2000) “Global water supply and sanitation assessment - 2000 Report” ,
WHO 2000 Xie, M, Kufferner, U and Le Moigne, G. (1993) “Using Water efficiently - Technological
Option”, World Bank Technical Paper No: 205,1993

26. Thank You