The document discusses indexicality and stance. It provides definitions of indexical terms like indexical terms and shifters. It also discusses Peirce's definitions of signs. Questions are posed about how indexical meanings are realized and the process of conventionalization. Stance is defined as how one stands in relation to another entity through the combination of linguistic elements, and aspects of stance like object, affect, and social axes are outlined. Examples of stance created in a conversation are also provided.

1. Indexicality & Stance Workshop Objectives Indexicality Indexical terms The big challenge: parsing Silverstein Why is it useful? (Is it?)

2. Indexicality & Stance Workshop Stance Definitions Examples Practice Useful for what?

3. Objectives Explicate the terms and their use Further explore their potential as a group, hopefully for your later use!

4. Indexicality Write down as many examples of things you think are indexes in the next 100 seconds!

5. Indexicality What questions do you have about indexicality?

6. Terms in Peircean meaning Icon : a sign vehicle that resembles that which it signifies. buzz, or rising intonation in some cases Symbol : meaning depends entirely on an abstract arbitrary connection Index : “‘pure’ indexes are features of speech which, independent of any referential speech events that may be occurring, signal some particular value of one or more contextual variables.” Silverstein (1995[1976]:201) Shifters : referential indexes which have rules of use that gain reference only in context (tense, place deixis)

7. Terms in Peircean meaning 76 Definitions of The Sign by C. S. Peirce collected and analyzed by Robert Marty Department of Mathematics University of Perpignan Perpignan, France With an Appendix of 12 Further Definitions or Equivalents proposed by Alfred Lang Dept of Psychology University of Bern Bern, Switzerland http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/rsources/76defs/76defs.htm

8. Big Questions How and why are indexical meanings realised?

9. Presupposing and creative presupposing : assumes (follows) rules of use (e.g., this chair and that chair) creative or performative -- entailment : make explicit and overt the parameters of the ongoing event (English pronouns, esp. 2p) Examples??

10. Indexical orders Similar to Labovian ‘awareness’ although discussed in terms of metapragmatic discourse and less reliant on widely shared norms in the speech community. A process of conventionalization. As you go up indexical orders, they have more creative effects.

11. To the text! Silverstein, Michael. 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication , 23: 193-229.

12. Indexical fields (webs?) indexical field : constellation of ideologically related meanings any one of which can be activated in the situated use of the variable

13. Indexical fields

14. Questions about your examples or just questions? Shy? Write questions down and leave them up here during the break.

15. How are these terminological distinctions useful in different areas of sociolinguistics?

16. Stance What is it? Write down what YOU think it is.

17. Big Questions Methodologically, how do we find it? How does stance get created? How do linguistic ‘things’ work together to create a stance?

18. What is it again? (Technical version) How you stand in relation to another thing, including people and the ideas you represent. Linguistically created through the ‘fractional congruence’ of different linguistic stuff.

19. Aspects of Stance Stance Object: Person, thing, idea, talk Affect: Emotion or alignment Epistemicity: Knowledge representation Social axes: Power and solidarity Stance is relational and fluid

20. Example Various bits of stance created by Mick in the early stages of example 1. Stance Object: Person, thing, idea, talk Affect: Emotion or alignment Epistemicity: Knowledge representation Social axes: Power and solidarity