2. THYROID GLAND
Hormones of two types:
1. Iodine containing :
thyroxin
(tetraiodthyronin) and
triiodthyronin –
derivatives of tyrosine;
2. Calcitonin - peptide
3. Synthesis of iodine
containing
hormones is
regulated by
thyrotropic
hormone, which
in turn is
stimulated by
thyroliberin
4. Functions of iodine containing hormones
Necessary for normal
growth,
differentiation, sex
and mental
development
Regulate the speed of
metabolism
5. Effect on protein metabolism
In physiological concentration stimulate
synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids.
In the increased concentration activate the
protein decomposition.
Effect on carbohydrate metabolism
Accelerate the absorption of carbohydrates in
the intestine
Activate the decomposition of glycogen.
6. Effect on lipid metabolism
Activate the exit of lipids from depot, its
decomposition and oxidation
Effect on energetic metabolism
In excess thyroxin uncouples respiration and
phosphorilation, decreases the ATP
formation and increases the heat formation
7. Hyperfunction of gland –
diffuse toxic goiter
(thyrotoxicosis, Graves
disease)
•Goiter – hyperplasia of gland
•Hypermetabolism
•Increase of body temperature
•Sweating, muscle weakness
•Weight loss with good appetite
•Tremor, emotional lability,
insomnia
•Exophtalm
8. Hypofunction of gland (occurs
in the deficit of iodine in water,
soil, air)
•Decrease of metabolism
•Decrease of body temperature mixedema
Hypofunction in childhood -
cretinism
cretinism
•Growth inhibition
•Unproportional body development
•Disorders of mental development
Hypofunction in adults – mixedema
•Edema of mucosa
9. Endemic goiter
(occurs in the deficit of
iodine in water, soil
and air)
Connective tissue is
enlarged in gland and it is
increased in size markedly
10. Calcitonin
Is synthesized by
parafollicular cells of
thyroid gland
Affects the metabolism of Са and Р
-Promotes the transferring of Са2+ from blood into
-Inhibits reabsorption of Р in kidneys (decreases the
12. PARATHYROID GLANDS
Parathyroid hormone - protein
Affects the metabolism of Са
and Р
- Promotes moving of Са2+
from bones into blood
- Inhibits reabsorption of Р in
kidneys (decreases the content
of Р in blood due to its Promote vit D
excretion with urine) transformation in kidney
- Stimulates the absorption of ( formation of active vitD3)
Ca in the intestine
13. Hypofunction
Hyperfunction - hypocalciemia
(Recklinghausen’s - hyperphosphatemia
disease) - hypophosphaturia
- hypercalciemia - tetanus
- hypophosphatemia
- hyperphosphaturia
- osteoporosis
- Accumulation of Са in
tissues
14. Insulin
Nature – protein (51 АA)
Is formed from proinsulin by proteolisis
Contains zinc
15. » Regulation of the synthesis:
- Glucose concentration in blood
- Other hormones (somatostatin)
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
It is destroyed by insulinase (enzyme of liver)
Target cells:
» Hepatocytes
» Myocytes
» Adipocytes
In the unsufficiency – diabetes mellitus
16. The effect on carbohydrate metabolism
•Increases the permeability of membranes for
glucose
•Activates glucokinase (hexokinase) in glycolysis
•Activates TAC (citrate synthase)
•Activates PPC (G-6-PDH)
•Activates glycogen synthase
•Activates pyruvate- and alpha-кetoglutarate
dehydrogenase
•Inhibits gluconeogenesis
•Inhibits the decomposition of glycogen (glucose-6-
phosphatase)
17. Effect on the protein metabolism
•Increases the permeability of membranes for AA
•Activates synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
•Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Effect on the lipid metabolism
•Activates of the lipids synthesis
•Promotes the saving of fats activating the decomposition
of carbohydrates
•Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Effect on the mineral metabolism
•Activates Na/K-АТP-аse
18. Glucagon
Nature – polypeptide
Antagonist of insulin
Synthesis is activated in fasting
19. Functions
Activates the
decomposition of
glycogen in liver
Activates
gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycolysis
Activates lipolysis
21. Hormones of medulla -
catecholamines
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and DOPA
Nature – derivatives of tyrosine
Excretion is regulated by sympathetic nervous system
and brain cortex
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
22. Functions:
Stress hormones. Contraction of vessels, increase the blood
pressure, accelerate pulse. Contraction of uterus muscles.
Epinephrine relaxes the muscles of bronchi and intestine.
On carbohydrate metabolism:
-activates the decomposition of glycogen in liver and muscles
-activates glycolysis, PPC, TAC and tissue respiration
On protein metabolism
-accelerate the decomposition of proteins
On lipid metabolism
-activates lipase, mobilization of lipids and their oxidation
23. Hormones of cortex -
corticosteroids
There are more than 50 corticosteroids
Nature – steroids
Are synthesized from cholesterol
Two groups
-glucocorticoids (protein, carbohydrate and lipid
metabolism)
-mineralocorticoids (mineral metabolism)
24. Glucocorticoids
Most important: corticosteron, cortison,
hydrocortison
Synthesis is regulated by ACTH
Are transported combined with proteins
Half-life time – till 1 hour
In the decomposition17-ketosteroids are formed
(excretion with urine). Diagnostic significance –
index of the function of cortex of epinephrine
glands and testis
25. Functions
• Antiinflammatory, antiallergic, antiimmune
• Adaptive effect
• Maintain the blood pressure
• Maintain the volume of extracellular liquid
26. Effect on protein metabolism
• Stimulate catabolic processes in connective,
lymphoid and muscle tissues
• Activate protein synthesis in liver
• Stimulate amino transferases
• Stimulate the urine biosynthesis
27. Effect on the carbohydrate
metabolism
Increase the glucose level
• Activate gluconeogenesis
• Inhibit hexokinase (glycolisis)
Effect on the lipid metabolism
• Activate lipolysis
• Activate the conversion of FA into carbs
28. Mineralocorticoids
The most important hormone: aldosteron
Excretion is controlled by rhenin-angiothensin
system
Functions:
-activate the reabsorption of
Na, water and Cl in kidney
canaliculi
- Promotes the excretion of К
ions via the kidneys, skin
and saliva
29. Disorders of the function of
epinephrine gland cortex
Insufficiency: Addison disease (bronze disease)
Causes:
-injury of epinephrine gland cortex
-insufficient production of ACTH
Blood pressure decrease,
loss of weight, weakness,
anorexia.
Hyperpigmentation -
bronze skin
30. Hyperproduction: Kushing syndrom
Causes: hypeplasia or tumor of epinephrine gland
cortex
Obesity, particularly of the trunk and face
(“moon face“) with sparing of the limbs;
striae (stretches of the skin)
Proximal muscle weakness
Hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth)
Insomnia, impotence, amenorrhoea,
infertility
Heart diseases, hypertension
Polyuria, hypokalemia hyperglycemia,
glucosuria (steroid diabetes)
Kidney bones
Depression, anxiety
Hyperpigmentation
32. Sex hormones
Are synthesized in:
-sex glands
-placenta
-cortex of epinephrine glands
A little amount of female sex hormones is formed
in male organism and vice versa.
Female – estrogens, progesteron.
Male – androgens.
33. Estrogens
Nature: steroids
Estradiol – is formed in follicles of ovarium
Estron and estriol – are formed in liver and
placenta in the metabolism of estradiol
Estradiol estriol
34. Functions of estrogens
Development of the female reproductive system organs
Ability to fertility in reproductive period
Biochemical functions of
estrogens
Anabolic action on the tissues
of reproductive organs
Inhibit the exit of Ca from
bones (osteoporosis in
menopause)
36. Functions of progesteron
Prepares the endometrium of uterus to
implantation of ovum
Inhibits the uterus contraction during pregnancy
Stimulates the growth of mammary glands
37. Androgens
Testosteron
Nature: steroid
Is formed in the interstitial cells of testis
Is excreted as 17-кetosteroids
38. Functions of testosterone
Development of the primary sex features
Development of the secondary sex features
Stimulates spermatogenesis
Biochemical functions of testosterone
Strong anabolic action (stimulates the synthesis of
NA, proteins, phospholipids) – increases the
mass of muscles
Keeps the Ca and P in organism
