1. I.C. Engines
4 Stroke Petrol & Diesel Engines
1
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR
Professor in Mechanical Engineering
Sreenidhi Institute of Science &
Technology, Hyderabad
2. Working Principle of IC Engines
NOT TALKING ABOUT 2 OR 4 STROKE OR
PETROL OR DIESEL ENGINE
JUST WORKING OF ANY IC ENGINE
TWO stroke engine rotates only 360 or
ONE revolution of crank shaft rotation
FOUR stroke cycle completed through 720 of crank
rotation or TWO revolution of crank shaft rotation
3. Working Principle of IC Engines
All IC Engine must have the following
FOUR EVENTS in the same order
1. Suction
2. Compression
3. Expansion / Power and
4. Exhaust
38. Power Cycle: Otto cycle
The air standard Otto Cycle is an ideal cycle that
approximates a spark- ignition internal combustion engine.
It assumes that the heat addition occurs instantaneously
while the piston is at TDC.
39. Process
(1-2) Isentropic Compression
Compression from ν1 to v2
↓
BDC(β=180º )
↓
TDC (θ=0º)
(2-3) Constant Volume Heat Addition: QH
•While at TDC
•Ignition of fuel (chemical reaction takes place)
(3-4) Isentropic Expansion
•Power is delivered while s = const.
(4-1) Constant volume Heat Rejection process
Otto Cycle
41. Process 1–2 is an isentropic compression of the air as the
piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center.
Process 2–3 is a constant-volume heat transfer to the air
from an external source while the piston is at top dead
center. This process is intended to represent the ignition of
the fuel–air mixture and the subsequent rapid burning.
Process 3–4 is an isentropic expansion (power stroke).
Process 4–1 completes the cycle by a constant-volume
process in which heat is rejected from the air while the
piston is at bottom dead center.
46. Typical Theoretical P-V and Valve Timing Diagrams of a Four-
Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
46
Observations:
P-V diagram shows sharp edges
i.e., valves open/close instantaneously at dead centres
47. Actual Case:
Inlet Valve (IV) and Exhaust Valve (EV )open/close
before and after dead centres
Mechanical Factor
Dynamic Factor of Gas Flow
Valves are opened and closed by cam mechanism
Valves will bounce on its seat if closed abruptly
Opening/closing of valves spread over a certain crank angle
Every Corner in the P-V
diagram is ROUNDED
47
48. Suction or Intake Stroke
Suction stroke starts when piston is at
top dead center and about to move
downwards.
The inlet valve is open at this time and
the exhaust valve is closed.
Due to the suction created by the motion
of the piston towards the bottom dead
center, the charge consisting of fuel air
mixture is drawn into the cylinder.
When the piston reaches the bottom
dead center the suction stroke ends and
the inlet valve closes.
4-Stroke Spark Ignition (SI)
Engine
Detailed Notes
49. Compression Stroke
The charge taken into the cylinder during the
suction stroke is compressed by the return
stroke of the piston.
During this stroke both inlet and exhaust
valves are in closed position. The mixture
which fills the entire cylinder volume is now
compressed into the clearance volume.
At the end of the compression stroke the
mixture is ignited with the help of a spark plug
located on the cylinder head. During the
burning process the chemical energy of the
fuel is converted into heat energy.
The pressure at the end of the combustion
process is considerably increased due to heat
from the fuel.
50. Expansion or Power Stroke
The high pressure of the burnt
gases forces the piston towards
the BDC, both the valves are in
closed position. Of the four strokes
only during this stroke power is
produced.
Both pressure and temperature
decrease during expansion.
51. Exhaust Stroke
At the end of the expansion stroke
the exhaust valve opens and the
inlet valve remains closed.
The pressure falls to atmospheric
level a part of the burnt gases
escape.
The piston starts moving from the
bottom dead center to top dead
center and sweeps the burnt gases
out from the cylinder almost at
atmospheric pressure.
The exhaust valve closes when the
piston reaches TDC.
52. Four Stroke Diesel / CI
Engine
Diesel Engine was invented by Rudolph Diesel.
It is ignited by compression of charge, so it’s also
called as compression ignition (CI) engine.
It is similar to four stroke petrol engine but operates at a
much higher compression ratio. The compression ratio of an
SI engine is between 6 and 10:1 while for a CI engine it is
from 16 to 20:1.
A high pressure fuel injector is used to inject the fuel into
the combustion chamber.
53. Suction / Intake Stroke
Suction stroke starts when
piston is at top dead center and
about to move downwards.
The inlet valve is open at this
time and the exhaust valve is
closed.
Due to the suction created by
the motion of the piston
towards the BDC, Air alone is
inducted during the suction
stroke.
54. Compression Stroke
Air inducted during the suction
stroke is compressed into the
clearance volume due to return
stroke of piston.
Both valves remain closed
during this stroke.
The air in the combustion
chamber is at high
temperature and high pressure
with a decrease in volume.
Both Valves Closed
55. Expansion Stroke or Power
Stroke
At the end of compression stroke, the
fuel is injected into the cylinder in the
form of fine spray through the nozzle and
is ignited by the temperature of hot
compressed air in the chamber.
So that combustion process is started at
the end of compression stroke.
The combustion of gases expands inside
the cylinder so that piston start to move
towards BDC.
Both the valves remain closed during this
stroke
Both Valves Closed
57. Exhaust Stroke
The piston traveling from
BDC to TDC pushes out
the product of
combustion.
The exhaust valve is
open and the intake
valve is closed during
this stroke.
60. S
N
o
Four Stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine
1. The thermodynamic cycle
is completed in four strokes
of the piston or in two
revolutions of crank shaft
or 720° of crank angle.
The thermodynamic cycle is
completed in two strokes of
the piston or in one
revolution of the crank shaft
or 3600 of crank angle
2. One power stroke is
obtained in every two
revolution of crank shaft /
4-strokes of the Piston.
One power stroke is obtained
in each revolution of crank
shaft.
3. Because of above, turning
moment is not so uniform
and hence a heavier
flywheel is needed.
Because of above, turning
moment is more uniform and
hence a lighter flywheel can
be used.
4. Power produced for same
size of engine is less. In
Power produced for same size
of engine is twice, or for same
61. S.
N
o
Four Stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine
5. Lesser cooling and lubrication
requirements. Lower rate of wear
and tear.
Greater cooling and lubrication
requirements. Higher rate of wear
and tear.
6. It has valves and valve actuating
mechanisms for opening and
closing of the intake and exhaust
valves.
It has no valves but only ports
7. Because of comparatively higher
weight and complicated valve
mechanism, the initial cost of the
engine is more.
Because of light weight and
simplicity due to the absence of
valve actuating mechanism, initial
cost of the engine is less.
8. Volumetric efficiency is more due
to more time for induction.
Volumetric efficiency is low due to
lesser time for induction.
9. Thermal efficiency is higher, part
load efficiency is better.
Thermal efficiency is lower, part
load efficiency is poor.
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Application : Cars, Buses, Trucks,
Tractors, Aero planes and Power
Application : Mopeds, Scooters,
Motorcycles, Hand sprayers etc.,