2. HYDROELECTRICITY
Hydroelectricity is the term referring
to electricity generated by hydropower;
the production of electrical power through
the use of the gravitational force of falling
or flowing water. It is the most widely
used form of renewable energy, accounting
for 16 percent of global electricity
generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of
electricity production in 2010, and is
expected to increase about 3.1% each year
for the next 25 years. Hydropower is
produced in 150 countries, with the AsiaPacific region generating 32 percent of
global hydropower in 2010There are now
three hydroelectricity plants larger than
10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in
China, Itapúa Dam across the
Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in
Venezuela.
The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is
a large hydro facility, with an
installed capacity of430 MW.

3. GENERAL METHODS
Conventional (dams)
Most hydroelectric power comes from
the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. The
power extracted from the water depends on
the volume and on the difference in height
between the source and the water's outflow.
This height difference is called the head.
The amount of potential energy in water is
proportional to the head. A large pipe (the
"penstock") delivers water to the turbine.
Run-of-the-river
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are
those with small or no reservoir capacity, so
that the water coming from upstream must be
used for generation at that moment, or must be
allowed to bypass the dam. In the United
States, run of the river hydropower could
potentially provide 60,000 MW (about 13.7% of
total use in 2011 if continuously available).
Cross section of a
conventional hydroelectric
dam

4. SIZES AND CAPACITIES OF HYDROELECTRIC FACILITIES
Micro
Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric
power installations that typically produce up
to 100 kW of power. These installations can provide
power to an isolated home or small community, or are
sometimes connected to electric power networks.
Micro hydro systems complement photovoltaic solar
energy systems because in many areas, water flow,
and thus available hydro power, is highest in the
winter when solar energy is at a minimum.
A micro-hydro facility
in Vietnam
Large
Although no official definition exists for the
capacity range of large hydroelectric power
stations, facilities from over a few
hundred megawatts to more than 10 GW are
generally considered large hydroelectric
facilities. Currently, only three facilities
over 10 GW (10,000 MW) are in operation
worldwide; Three Gorges Dam at 22.5
The Three Gorges Dam is the
GW, Itapúa Dam at 14 GW, and Guri Dam at 10.2
largest operating hydroelectric
power station, at22,500 MW
GW.

5. DISADVANTAGES
Ecosystem damage and loss of land
Large reservoirs required for the
operation of hydroelectric power stations
result in submersion of extensive areas
upstream of the dams, destroying
biologically rich and productive lowland and
reverie valley forests, marshland and
grasslands. The loss of land is often
exacerbated by habitat fragmentation of
surrounding areas caused by the reservoir.
Methane emissions
Lower positive impacts are found in the tropical
regions, as it has been noted that the reservoirs
of power plants in tropical regions produce
substantial amounts of methane. According to
the World Commission on Dams report, where
the reservoir is large compared to the
generating capacity and no clearing of the
forests in the area was undertaken prior to
impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas
emissions from the reservoir may be higher than
those of a conventional oil-fired thermal
generation plant.
Hydroelectric power stations that use
dams would submerge large areas of land
due to the requirement of a reservoir.
The Hoover Dam in the United
States is a large conventional
dammed-hydro facility

7. NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social
movement consisting
of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists,
and human rights activists against a number of
large dams being built across the Narmada
river. The river flows through the states
of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh
in India. Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one
of the biggest dams on the river and was one
of the first focal points of the
movement. Friends of River Narmada is the
unofficial website of the NBA.
Their mode of campaign includes hunger
strikes and garnering support from film and art
personalities (notably Bollywood actor Aamir
Khan). Narmada Bachao Andolan, with its
leading spokespersons Medha
Patkar and Baba Amte, received the Right
Livelihood Award in 1991.
NARMADA BACHAO
ANDOLAN LOGO

8. HISTORY OF THE DAM PROJECT
Post-1947, investigations were carried out
to evaluate mechanisms for using water
from the Narmada River, which flows into
the Arabian Sea after passing through the
states of Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Due
to inter-state differences in implementing
schemes and sharing of water, the
Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was
constituted by the Government of India on
6 October 1969 to adjudicate over the
disputes. This tribunal investigated the
matters referred to it and responded after
more than 10 years. On 12 December
1979, the decision as given by the
tribunal, with all the parties at dispute
binding to it, was released by the Indian
government.
As per the tribunal's decision, 30 major,
135 medium, and 3000 small dams, were
granted approval for construction
including raising the height of the Sardar
OVERVIEW OF
NARMADA

9. FORMATION OF THE NARMADA BACHAO
ANDOLAN
There were groups such as Gujarat-based
(Action Research in Community Health and
Development) and Narmada Asargrastha
Samiti (Committee for people affected by the
Narmada dam), Madhya Pradesh-based
Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti
(Committee for a new life in the Narmada
Valley) and Maharashtra-based Narmada
Dharangrastha Samiti (Committee for
Narmada dam-affected people) who either
believed in the need for fair rehabilitation
plans for the people or who vehemently
PROTEST FOR THE ANDOLAN
opposed dam construction despite a
resettlement policy.
While Medha Patkar established Narmada
Bachao Andolan in 1989, all these groups
joined this national coalition of
environmental and human rights activists,
scientists, academics and project-affected
people with a non-violent approach.

10. SUPREME COURT’S DECISION
The Supreme Court's decision is still pending,
seeking stoppage of construction of the Sardar
Sarovar dam. The court initially ruled the
decision in the Andolan's favor, thereby effecting
an immediate stoppage of work at the dam and
directing the concerned states to first complete
the rehabilitation and replacement process.[
The Court deliberated on this issue further for
several years but finally upheld the Tribunal
Award and allowed the construction to proceed,
subject to conditions. The court introduced a
mechanism to monitor the progress of
resettlement pari passu with the raising of the
height of the dam through the Grievance
Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party
states. The court’s decision referred in this
document, given in the year 2000 after seven
years of deliberations, has paved the way for
completing the project to attain full envisaged
benefits. The court's final line of the order
states, "Every Endeavour shall be made to see
that the project is completed as expeditiously as

12. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting is the
accumulation and deposition
of rainwater for reuse before it
reaches the aquifer. Uses
include water for garden, water
for livestock, water
for irrigation, and indoor
heating for houses etc.. In
many places the water
collected is just redirected to a
deep pit with percolation. The
harvested water can be used
as drinking water as well as for
storage and other purpose like
irrigation.
A cistern for rainwater
storage

13. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Watershed management is the study of the
relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at
the sustainable distribution of its resources and
the process of creating and implementing plans,
programs, and projects to sustain and
enhance watershed functions that affect
the plant, animal, and humans
within a watershed boundary. Features of a
watershed that agencies seek
to manage include water
supply, drainage, storm water
runoff, water rights, and the overall
planning and utilization of
watersheds. Landowners, land use agencies,
storm water management experts,
environmental specialists, water use surveyors
and communities all play an integral part in the
management of a watershed.

14. At this point, the company is involved in six major projects
affecting over 180 villages in Madhya Pradesh, North Gujarat,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The projects are carried
out in partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
local community, and government agencies such as NABARD, or
directly with state governments.
-Increase the
groundwater recharge
in the watershed area.
- Increase water use
efficiency in agriculture
and domestic sectors
by ensuring the
adoption of water
management
techniques.

15. Water is a limited resource.
What each of us does in the
world, how we live, does make
a difference. As we learn the
value of clean, safe water and
how scarce it truly is, we can
take steps to protect it and to
get it to people who lack access
today. Did you know that nearly
1 billion people, mostly in the
developing world, have no
access to safe water? More
than double this number - about
2.4 billion - have no access to
any form of improved sanitation
facilities. They could use your
help to get it.

16. NAME : VAANI BESWAL
CLASS : X
SECTION : A
REGISTRATION NUMBER : 240/04
SUBJECT : ECONOMICAL
DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC : GROUNDWATER

17. HISTORY (1950-1980)
The first comprehensive groundwater bore
database was assembled by the Geological
Survey of Victoria in the late 1960s, with the
introduction of the Groundwater Act 1969. Up
until the mid
1980s the bore locations were plotted on map
sheets . From the mid 1980s onwards a digital
database, compiled from the existing records of
all Government bores and
private bores, was progressively assembled on
mainframe computers. From 1969, a permit to
drill groundwater bores was required, and the
information captured by the licensing process
was added to the database. This included
groundwater investigation or observation bores
drilled by other government
agencies such as the State Rivers and Water
Supply Commission and the Soil Conservation
Authority and subsequent equivalents, although
Section showing Borings
at Bung Bong

18. CURRENT SCENARIO OF GROUNDWATER
The Active Groundwater Level Network contains water levels and well
information from more than 20,000 wells that have been measured by the USGS
or USGS cooperators at least once within the past 13 months. This network
includes all of these wells, regardless of measurement frequency, aquifer
monitored, or the monitoring objective.
COUNTRIES WHICH FACE
THE PROBLEM OF
DEPLETION OF
GROUNDWATER
TURKEY- suffers from
TURKEY
problems related to
groundwater very frequently
as the water reservoirs aren’t
clean.
AFRICA-This propose well
AFRICAand pump project will
provide clean safe drinking
water for an entire village of
400 people in Burkina Faso,
Africa and 100% of public
donations will directly fund
this clean water project

19. DEPLETION AND OVERUSE OF
Groundwater is the largest source of
GROUNDWATER In
usable, fresh water in the world.
usable, fresh water in the world. In
many parts of the world, especially
where surface water supplies are not
available, domestic, agricultural, and
industrial water needs can only be met
by using the water beneath the ground.
Groundwater depletion is primarily
caused by sustained groundwater
pumping. Some of the negative effects
of groundwater depletion:
Lowering of the Water Table
Excessive pumping can lower the
groundwater table, and cause wells to
no longer be able to reach
groundwater.
Increased Costs
As the water table lowers, the water
must be pumped farther to reach the
surface, using more energy. In extreme
GROUNDWATER PROJECT

20. NAME : VAANI BESWAL
CLASS : X
SECTION : A
REGISTRATION NUMBER : 240/04
SUBJECT : BIOLOGY
TOPIC : WATER RECYCLING

21. Step One
Raw sewage is 99.9% water.
Large objects such as sticks and
rags are removed from raw sewage
as it passes through bar screens.
Step Two
Next, wastewater is slowed so
that settle able organics settle to
the bottom while fats, oils, and
greases float to the top.

22. How is water recycled?
Treatment of wastewater is actually a remarkably simple
process that utilizes very basic physical, biological, and
chemical principles to remove contaminants from water. Use
of mechanical or physical systems to treat wastewater is
generally referred to as primary treatment, and use of
biological processes to provide further treatment is referred to
as secondary treatment. Advanced secondary treatment
usually involves applying chemical systems in addition to
biological ones, such as injecting chlorine to disinfect the
water. In most of the United States, wastewater receives both
primary and secondary treatment. Tertiary treatment methods
are sometimes used after primary and secondary treatment to
remove traces of chemicals and dissolved solids. Tertiary
treatment is expensive and not widely practiced except where
necessary to remove industrial contaminants.

23. Step Three
Air is mixed with the partially
treated wastewater so that
microorganisms can survive to
consume organic material in the
water.
Step Four
This is very high quality
water. This tank is 12 feet
deep, and note that clarity is
excellent all the way to the
bottom.

24. USAGE OF RECYCLED WATER.
Using reclaimed water for non-potable uses
saves potable water for drinking, since less
potable
water will be used for non-potable uses.
It sometimes contains higher levels of nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus and Oxygen
which may somewhat help fertilize garden and
agricultural plants when used for irrigation.
The usage of water reclamation
decreases the pollution sent to sensitive
environments. It can also enhance
wetlands, which benefits the wildlife depending
RECYCLED WATER
on that eco-system. For instance,
The San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control
Plant instituted a water recycling program to
protect the Bay area's natural salt water marshes.

25. NAME : VAANI BESWAL
CLASS : X
SECTION : A
REGISTARTION NUMBER :
240/04
SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
TOPIC : HARDNESS AND
SOFTNESS OF WATER

26. HARDNESS OF WATER
Hard water is water that has
high mineral content (in contrast with
"soft water").
Hard drinking water is generally not
harmful to one's health, but can pose
serious problems in industrial settings,
where water hardness is monitored to
avoid costly breakdowns
in boilers, cooling towers, and other
equipment that handles water. In
domestic settings, hard water is often
indicated by a lack of suds formation
when soap is agitated in water, and by
the formation of lime scale in kettles
and water heaters. Wherever water
hardness is a concern, water
softening is commonly used to reduce
hard water's adverse effects.
A tap showing calcification left by the
use of hard water.

27. SOFTNENIG OF WATER
Water softening is the
removal
of calcium, magnesium, and
certain other metal cat
ions in hard water. The
resulting soft water is more
compatible with soap and
extends the lifetime of
plumbing. Water softening is
usually achieved using lime
softening or ion-exchange
resins.
METHODS :-
-Ion exchange resin device
-lime softening
-Chelating agents
-Distillation and rain water
Lime scale in PVC pipe

28. REMOVAL OF HARDNESS FORM WATER
It is often desirable to soften
hard water. Most detergents
contain ingredients that counteract
the effects of hard water on the
surfactants. For this reason, water
softening is often unnecessary.
Where softening is practiced, it is
often recommended to soften only
the water sent to domestic hot
water systems so as to prevent or
delay inefficiencies and damage due
to scale formation in water
heaters. A common method for
water softening involves the use
of ion exchange resins, which
replace ions like Ca2+ by twice the
number of monocations such
as sodium or potassium ions.
Hard water is softened and then
is used as packaged drinking
water.

29. TEMPORARY HARDNESS is a type
of water hardness caused by the
presence
of dissolved bicarbonate minerals (cal
cium bicarbonate and magnesium
bicarbonate). When dissolved these
minerals yield calcium and
magnesium captions (Ca2+, Mg2+) and
carbonate and bicarbonate
anions (CO32-, HCO3-). The presence of
the metal cat ions makes the water
hard. However, unlike the permanent
hardness caused
by sulfate and chloride compounds,
this "temporary" hardness can be
reduced either by boiling the water,
or by the addition of lime (calcium
hydroxide) through the softening
process of lime softening. Boiling
promotes the formation of carbonate
from the bicarbonate and
precipitates calcium carbonate out of
solution, leaving water that is softer
upon cooling.
PERMANENT HARDNESS is
hardness (mineral content) that
cannot be removed by boiling. When
this is the case, it is usually caused
by the presence of calcium
sulfate and/or magnesium
sulfates in the water, which do not
precipitate out as
the temperature increases. Ions
causing permanent hardness of
water can be removed using a water
softener, or ion exchange column.
Total Permanent Hardness = Calcium
Hardness + Magnesium Hardness
The calcium and magnesium hardness
is the concentration of calcium and
magnesium ions expressed as
equivalent of calcium carbonate.