nutritional requirment of layer birds

1. 1
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT
OF
BV-300

2. 2
NUTRITION
The process of digesting, absorbing and
converting food into tissue and energy. Also
the study of this process.
NUTRIENT
A substance that can be used as food. Some
people use “food” for nutrients eaten by
people and “feed” for animals.

3. 3
A. ENERGY :
 Energy may be defined as the
capacity to do work.
 There are various forms of energy
such as chemical, thermal, electrical
and radiant.
 All forms of energy are inter-
convertible by suitable means.

4. 4
MEASURES OF FEED ENERGY
GROSS ENGERY
(IN FEED CONSUMED)
ENERGY IN FAECES
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY(DE)
ENERGY EXCRETED THROUGH URINE METABOLIZABLE
ENERGY(ME)
HEAT INCREMENT LOSSES NET ENERGY(NE)
MAINTENANCE
(a) FASTING METABOLISM
(b) VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY
(c) HEAT TO KEEP BODY WARM
(d) ENERGY TO KEEP BODY COOL
PRODUCTION
(a) GROWTH
(b) FAT
(c) EGGS
(d) FEATHER

5. 5
B. PROTEINS :
 Proteins are complex organic compounds of high molecular
weight.
 They contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.
Proteins are found in all living cells.
 Each species has its own specific protein.
 Proteins are essential for living bodies in a more important
way then either carbohydrates or lipids. They are major
constituents of the soft tissue in the animal body.
 For growth, egg production and repair of tissue wear and tear,
a continuous and adequate supply of protein in the diet of
Chicken is essential.

6. 6
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
(i) Globular Proteins : All the enzymes, antigens and hormones that are
proteins, fall in this category. Eg. Albumins, Globulins, Glutelins,
Prolamins, Histones and Protamines.
(ii)Fibrous Proteins : Collagens, elastin and keratins constitute this
group of proteins.
(iii)Conjugated Proteins : This class comprise of those proteins which
upon hydrolysis yield some „non-protein group‟ as well as amino acids.
This non-protein group is known as 'Prosthetic Group'.
Eg. Phosphoric Acid (Phosphoprotein)
Carbohydrate (Glycoprotein)
Lipid (Lipoprotein)
Pigment (Chromoprotein)
Nucleic acid (Nucleoprotein)

7. 7
C. VITAMINS :
Vitamins are the organic compounds that are
required in very small amounts.
They play a very crucial role in the life
processes.
They are essential in activation of enzyme
system in different metabolic path ways.
The vitamins are broadly classified as Fat
soluble and Water Soluble.

8. 8
Sr.No. Vitamin Function Deficiency
symptoms
1. A Maintaining
structure and
function of
epithelial
tissue
emaciation, ruffled
feathers, staggering
gait and poor growth
rate and drop in egg
production.
2. D Utilization of
Calcium and
Phosphorous
rickets and
osteomalacia in
young and adult birds
respectively

9. 9
3. E acts as antioxidant
and helps in normal
tissue respiration,
phosphorylation and
metabolism of
neuclic acids and
synthesis of ascorbic
acid.
encephalomalicia,
Exudative diathesis,
Muscular dystrophy
4. K Blood clotting embryonic
mortality,
haemorrhages on
breast and leg
muscles

10. 10
5. B1 Carbohydrate
metabolism
and in
decarboxylati
on of pyruvic
acid
reduced appetite,
ruffled feathers
and unsteady
gait "Star Gazing
Posture"
6. B2 biosynsthesis
of flavin
nucleotides
Curled Toe
Paralysis

11. 11
7. B6 transamination
and
decarboxylatio
n of amino
acids
decreased apetite,
poor growth,
parosis, and jerky
movements of
legs
8. B12 biosynthesis of
nucleic acids
and
carbohydrate
and fat
metabolism.
poor growth and
reduced egg size

12. 12
9. Pantoth
enic
acid
component of co-
enzyme A
required in
carbohydrate,
protein and fat
metabolism
Poor growth,
emaciation,
dermatitis, broken
feathers and perosis
10. Nicotin
ic Acid
is an important
component of
NAD and NADP
involved in
carbohydrate, fat
and protein
metabolism
inflamation of the
mouth cavity and the
upper part of
esophagus, a
condition known as
'black tongue"

13. 13
11. Folic
acid
Transfer of single
carbon unit,
synthesis of
choline, methionine
and thiamine
poor growth, poor
feathering, anemia and
perosis.
12. Choline present in the form
of acetylcholine in
the body and acts
as a source of
methyl group also
associated with
lipid metabolism
perosis, haemorrhages
and a slight puffiness of
the hock joint and fatty
lever.

14. 14
13. Biotin involved in
carbondioxide
fixation and
decarboxylati
on
dermatitis, perosis,
fatty liver and
kidney syndrome
14. C hatchability and
egg
production
heat stress,
respiratory
disorder, drop in
egg production,
poor shell quality

15. 15
D. Minerals:
Minerals give rigidity and strength to the animal
skeleton and are their manor constituents.
They also occur in various organic compounds
like lipids and proteins.
Minerals also have an important function in
maintaining the irritability of muscles and
nerves.
They play an important role in maintaining the
osmotic relations as well as the acid base
equilibrium.

16. 16
Sr.
No.
Mineral Function Deficiency
symptoms
1. Calcium Structural
component,
formation of egg
shell, blood clot,
acid - base
equilibrium
reduced growth,
osteoporosis, leg
weakness, longer
blood clotting time,
decreased egg
production
2. Phosphor
ous
constituent of bones,
energy metabolism,
important part of
RNA and DNA,
energy transfer
loss of appetite,
rickets, decrease in
egg production

17. 17
3. Sodium regulation of the fluid
volume in body,
osmotic relationship,
pH of the body fluids,
nerve impulse
transmission
slow growth, soft bones,
poor feed efficiency,
hypertrophy of adrenal
gland
4. Potassium Potassium performs the
same functions inside
the cell that sodium
performs in the plasma
and interstitial fluid,
cofactor of many
intracellular enzymes
muscle weakness,
retarded growth,

18. 18
5. Chlorine maintaining the
ionic strength of
the extra-cellular
fluids, maintain
low pH of
gastric secretion
poor growth,
dehydration,
nervous
symptoms, they
fall forward and
their legs get
stretched to the
rear
6. Magnesi
um
Constituent of
the bones,
activator of
many enzyme
systems
slow growth,
lethargic,
convulsions

19. 19
7. Mangan
ese
synthesis of
organic matrix
of bones,
cofactor of
enzyme system
retarded growth,
crippling leg
deformity
(Perosis)
8. Zinc cofactor of
enzyme system,
acid-base
balance of the
body fluids
retarded growth,
leg weakness,
decreased egg
production

20. 20
9. Iron constituent of
haemoglobin,
essential for normal
functioning of every
tissue of the body.
stunted growth,
hypochromic,
mycrocytic anaemia
10. Copper Activator of many
enzymes, affects
Iron metabolism and
its absorption, role
in formation of
haemoglobin,
maturation of RBC
Poor growth, leg
weakness, loss of
pigment,
haemorrhage

21. 21
11. Seleniu
m
antioxidant,
hydrogen
carrier in the
respiratory
chain
Stunted growth,
poor feather
development,
degeneration of
pancreas
12. Iodine has an
important role
in production of
hormone
thyroxine
lower thyroxine
synthesis, high
TSH, goiter

22. 22
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
NUTRI
ENTS
CHICK
MASH
(0-6 wk)
GROWE
R MASH
(7-10 wk)
DEV.
MASH
(11-
15wk)
PRELAY
(16 wk-1st
EGG)
PHASE I
(1ST egg-30
wk)
PHASE II
(31-45 wk)
PHASE
III
(46-60
wk)
PHASE
IV
(61-72
wk)
Crude
Protein
%
20 18 16 17 18 17 16 15
ME
kcal/kg
2950 2850 2700 2650 2700 2550 2450 2400
Calciu
m %
1 0.95 0.92 2.50 3.60 4.00 4.00 4
Avai. P
%
0.45 0.42 0.40 0.45 0.48 0.44 0.42 0.38
Lys % 1.11 0.90 0.80 0.84 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.71
Met % 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.38 0.46 0.38 0.34 0.33
Lino % 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2
Na% 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20
Cl % 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20 0.18-0.20

23. 23
VITAMINS
(added)
CHICK GRO
WER
DEV.
MASH
PRELAY PHASE
I
PHASE II PHASE
III
PHASE
IV
A I.U./kg 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500 12500
D3 I.U./kg 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500
K3 mg/kg 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
E I.U./kg 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
B-12 mg/kg 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
B2 - mg/kg 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Niacin mg/kg 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Pantothenic Acid
mg/kg
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Folic acid mg/kg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B1 mg/kg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Pyridoxine mg/kg 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Biotin mg/kg 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Vitamin C mg/kg 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Choline mg/kg 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

24. 24
MINERALS
mg/kg added
CHICK
MASH
GROWE
R MASH
DEV.
MASH
PRELAY PHASE I PHASE II PHASE II PHASE
IV
Manganese 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Zinc 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
Iron 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
Copper 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Iodine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Selenium 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

25. 25
SOME RECOMMENDED FORMULAE FOR COMM. LAYER
COST/KG
(Rs.)
INGREDIENT CHICK GROWER DEVEL
OPER
PRE-
LAY
PHASE-
1
PHASE-2 PHASE-3 PHASE-4
11.44 MAIZE 58.81 33.74 26.98 24.37 28.69 17.58 14.32 13.83
21.12 SOY 46.4% 27.63 14.94 8.43 12.53 16.95 12.25 9.82 8.66
9.55 BAJRA 4.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 24.27 30.00 30.00 30.00
2.36 SOD. BENTONITE 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
23.68 DCP 1.92 1.10 1.02 1.25 1.50 1.16 1.29 1.32
8.50 SALT PREMIX 0.95 0.78 0.84 0.78 0.79 0.78 0.92 1.00
35.00 BRAN OIL 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.36 LSP + CHIPS 1.15 1.25 1.34 5.24 6.38 6.61 6.68 7.31
290 DL-MET 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.00
8.58 RICE POLISH 0.00 10.73 13.72 15.00 12.26 12.66 13.54 15.00
6.19 DORB 0.00 2.82 15.00 6.26 0.00 9.39 15.00 16.00
11.46 SUN FLOWER 0.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 2.50 3.00 2.68 2.89
18.33 RICE GLUTEN 40% 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.20 0.44
110 LYSINE 0.09 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
160 OPTIPHOS 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
138 LIPIDAY 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
90 LAYER VIT. MIXINE 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
11.80 MUSTARD 0.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

26. 26
Ingredient Protein
%
ME Kcal/
Kg
Fat% Fibre
%
Cal % Av. Ph % Lysine
%
Meth % Linoleic
Acid %
Maize 9.5 33.4 3.5 3 0.01 0.06 0.24 0.22 1.9
Rice Polish 12 29 15 12 0.04 0.2 0.5 0.25 5.5
Broken Rice 9 30 3 1.5 0.04 0.05 0.25 0.2 0.65
DORB 14 20 0.75 14 0.1 0.2 0.45 0.22 1.6
Bajra 10.5 30 2.5 2 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.25 1.1
Jowar 10 31 3 3 0.02 0.05 0.25 0.25 1.1
Wheat 12 31.5 2.5 3 0.05 0.13 0.5 0.2 0.5
Soya 46 25 1 5 0.25 0.25 3 0.65 0.4
GNE 42 25 1 7 0.2 0.15 1.6 0.45 0.38
Sun Flower 29 13.5 1 23 0.4 0.3 1.12 0.5 1.6
Mustard 38 20 1 12 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.6 0.5
Fish Meal 40 25 2 1 6.5 2 4 1.4 0.3
Rice Gluten 42 30 8.5 2.6 0.04 0.05 1.48 1.22 2
Maize Gluten 52 33 7 3.5 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.6 4
MBM 46 25 11 2.3 8 4 2.5 0.78 4
L.S.P. 38
D.C.P. 24 17
COMPOSITION OF FEED STUFF USED IN POULTRY FEED

27. 27
MAXIMUM LEVEL OF INCLUSION OF FEED INGREDIENTS IN POULTRY DIETS
Ingredient Level of inclusion (%)(max)
ENERGY SOURCES
Maize 60
Wheat 50
Rice Cutting 40
Bajra 50
Rice Bran 20
Rice Polish 20
Wheat Bran 15
Molasses 5
Animal and vegetable fat 5
PROTEIN SOURCE
Soyabean Meal 40
Groundnut Meal 40
Sunflower Meal 10
Mustard 5
Fish Meal 5
M.B.M. 5
Blood Meal 3
Poultry by Product Meal 5
Feather meal 2

28. 28
USE OF ENZYMES
• THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF ENZYMES IS COMPARED TO THAT OF
A LOCK AND KEY.
• COMMONLY USED ENZYMES ARE : PHYTASE , XYLANASE ,
CELLULASE , GLUCANASE , MANNASE , GALACTOSIDASE ,
AMYLASE AND PROTEASE.
• EXOGENOUS ENZYMES FUNCTION THROUGH ENHANCING THE
AVAILABILITY AND RETENTION OF NUTRIENTS PRESENT IN FEED.
• FOR A ENZYME ,TO SHOW OPTIMAL RESPONSE , IT IS REQUIRED
THAT THE NUTRIENTS SPARED SUCH AS PHOSPHORUS AND
ENERGY SHOULD BE THE NUTRIENTS , LIMITING CHICKEN
PERFORMANCE.
• SINCE PHYTATE IS IN THE FORM OF CA & MG SALTS AND IS ABLE
TO CHELATE MANY CATIONS ( ZN, MG ) , ITS HYDROLYSIS
IMPROVES MINERAL UTILISATION OVERALL.

29. 29
ANTI-NUT FOUND IN PROBLEM CONTENT ENZYME
PHYTATE PLANT BASED BINDS P &
OTHER MOL
HIGH IN VEG
MEALS &
CEREALS
PHYTASE
ARABINOXYLANS CELL WALL
PLANT BASED
RES. TO
DIGESTION
MODERATE
TO LOW
XYLANASE
BETA GLUCANS BARLEY, OAT HIGH
VISCOSITY
MODERATE
TO LOW
BETA-
GLUCANASE
MANNANS SOYBEAN
MEAL
RES. TO
DIGESTION
VARIABLE BETA-
MANNANASE
OLIGOSACCHARIDES VEG MEALS RES.
DIGESTION
VARIABLE ALFA-
GALACTOSID
ASE
CELLULOSE PLANT
INGREDIENTS
INSOLUBLE HIGH CELLULASE
STARCH CEREALS AND
BYPRODUCTS
STRUCTURAL
RESISTANT
HIGH AMYLASE
PROTEIN CORN, VEG
MEALS
PROTEIN
ANFS
VARIABLE TARGETTED
PROTEASES

30. 30
SHELL QUALITY
• CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
• VITAMIN-C IS A FACTOR IN ABSORPTION OF VIT-D TO THE ACTIVE
HORMONAL METABOLITE „ CALCITRIOL‟ WHICH STIMULATES
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM.
• SODIUM BI CARBONATE - THE ADDITION OF NAHCO3 HAS SHOWN
TO IMPROVE ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, ACID-BASE BALANCE AND
HAVE POSITIVE EFFECT ON SHELL QUALITY.
• MINERALS – ZINC, MANGANESE AND COPPER ARE INVOLVED IN
METABOLIC PROCESS OF SHELL FORMATION
• CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IS ZINC DEPENDENT ENZYME AND
INVOLVED IN CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITION FOR SHELL
FORMATION.
• POLYMERASE IS AN ENZYME THAT REQUIRES MANGANESE AS A
CO-FACTOR. IT FORMS SHELL GLYCO-PROTEIN MATRIX.

31. 31
TOXIC SUBSTANCE IN FEED
Trypsin inhibitors
 These are high as well as low molecular weight
proteins found widely in almost all feedstuffs
including soyabean and cereals like paddy and
wheat.
 These compounds inhibit the proteolytic activity of
trypsin and chymotrypsin.
Tannins,
 Plant phelons having a molecular weight greater
than 500 are termed tannins. They decrease the
palatability of feed, decrease the protein and energy
utilization.
 Tannins are present in feedstuffs, like sorghum,
salseed, and mustard etc.

32. 32
Haemagglutinins
 These compounds occur in many seeds and
plants. They are protein in nature and have
remarkable property of agglutinating red blood cells.
Examples of haemagglutinins include ricin found in
caster seed.
 Ingestion of such toxicants cause inflammation of
epithelial linning, destruction of epithelial cells as well
as edema, hypermea and hamorrhags in the
lymphatic tissues. The liver undergoes fatty
degeneration and necrosis.
Goitrogens
 Many natural feeds contain compounds which cause
an enlargement of the thyroid and hypothroidism.
e.g. rape seed meal.

33. 33
Cyanogens
 These compounds are widely distributed in the plant
kingdom and are found generally in the form of
cyanogenetic glucosides.
 Upon hydrolysis, these compounds give rise to
glucose, benzaldehyde and hydrogen-cyanide. e.g.
linseed meal.
Saponins
 These are glycosides in nature and occur in a wide
variety of plants. These are toxic compounds
causing haemolysis of erythrocytes.
 The economically more important saponins occur in
soyabean, sugerbeat and lucern.

34. 34
Gossypol
 The polyphenolic gossypol pigments are indigenous
to the genus Gossypium, to which the common
cotton crop belongs.
 Growing chickens fed cotton seed mean containing
gossypol exhibit loss of weight, reduced feed intake,
leg weakness, anaemia, lower erythorocyte count
and a decrease in the serum protein level.
 In laying chickens the symptoms include, in addition
to the above, smaller size of eggs, yolk discoloration
and decreased hatchability of eggs.

35. 35
Mycotoxins
 Fungal contaminiation of poultry feed may occur at
various stages of its production and handling.
 Fungal infestation causes deterioration in poultry
feeds by producing toxic metabolites as well as
decreasing the value of the nutrients presents in the
feed.
 The most dreadful fungi affecting feeds like
groundnut meal, maize, sunflower, cake and sesame
meal is aspergillus flavus.
 The toxins produced by this species are know as
aflatoxins. Aflatioxins B1 is acutely toxic.
 It is reported that diets containing as low as 0.03
ppm of aflatoxin B1 from groundnut cake may
develop liver tumors if fed over a long timer.

36. 36
Bacterial Toxins
Feeds which are contaminated by
bacteria like clostridia, salmonellae,
when fed to chicken down the immunity
of chicken and causes severe damage to
the bird.

37. 37
CALCULATION OF M.E. FROM PROXIMATE VALUE OF FEED
LAYER
CALCULATED M.E. = (37 X C.P.%) + (76 x E.E.%) + (34.6 x NFE%)
(KCal/ KG)
NFE % = 100 – (Moisture % + C.P.% + C.F.% + E.Ext.% + Total Ash%)
EXAMPLE
A Layer feed having proximate analysis as below :
Layer Feed : C.P. 17.5%
C.Fibre 6.0%
Moisture 10.0%
Total Ash 11.0%
Ether Ext 2.5%
NFE = 100 – (17.5 + 2.5 + 6 + 10 + 11)
= 100 – 47
= 53
Calculate M.E. = (37 X 17.5) + (76 x 2.5) + 34.6 x 53)
= 2671 Kcal/ Kg.

38. 38
PERFORMANCE GOALS
The following performance goals are expected
to be achieved during the 52 weeks of laying cycle
Livability 96%
Egg Yield 320 eggs cumulative hen housed
Feed consumption 41.25 kg/bird during laying
Peak production (above 90%) 25 weeks to 52 weeks of age

39. 39
CONCLUSION
 On the one hand performance of BV300 depends on
genetic potential, resistance to diseases and the best
farm management conditions, on the other, nutrition
has to play its key role in fulfilling birds requirements
for:
 maintenance and growth
 peak production
 maintaining proper immunity against various
diseases induced by bacteria, virus and mycotoxins.
 A balanced nutrition can definitely maintain our bird‟s
vitality and performance alongwith other measures
like proper vaccination, better farm management and
best biosecurity measures.