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COMMUNITY DIETITIANS
  ______________________

   Trusted Food and Nutrition
            Experts




    Role Paper of the Dietitians of Canada
Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network
                 March 2004
This report is published by Dietitians of Canada and the DC Community Dietitians in
Health Centres Network. Dietitians of Canada (DC) is the professional association
representing 5000 dietitians in Canada. Dietitians of Canada speaks out on food and
nutrition matters important to the health and well-being of Canadians. Members of DC
Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network have collaborated to bring information
forward to inform decision makers about the Community Dietitian’s role on health care
teams.


A copy of this report can be downloaded from the Dietitians of Canada's web site at:
http://www.dietitians.ca/career/i3_1.htm Permission is granted to reproduce copies of
the report in its entirety for personal or educational purposes, provided credit to the
publishers is included. Other reproduction requests should be directed to:


CDHC Network Chair
c/0 Dietitians of Canada,
480 University Avenue, Suite 604
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1V2

Phone: (416) 596-0857
Fax: (416) 596-0603
Web site: www.dietitians.ca


© 2004 Dietitians of Canada. All rights reserved.




                                           2
Table of Contents                                        Page

Registered Dietitians ……………………………………………………………………          4

Primary Health Care…………………...……………..…………………………………         5
Determinants of Health…………………………………………………………………           6

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention………………………………………     7
Food Security……………………………………………..………………………………..             8
Consumer Education……………………………………..……………………………..            9
Healthy Growth and Development…………………..…………………………….       10
Healthy Weights……………………………………………..……………………………             11
Disease Management - Diabetes……..………………..……………………………      12
Aboriginal Nutrition…………………………………………..…………………………          13

Partnerships………………………………………………………………………………..              14

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….              16

References…………………………………………………………………………………...              17




                                  3
What is a Dietitian?

Registered Dietitians are:
   • Well educated in the science of food and human nutrition
   • Able to combine knowledge of nutrition with knowledge from other areas such as
       health and social sciences, education, communication and management
   • Responsible for ongoing professional development to ensure that they provide
       safe, ethical, and high quality services
   • Trained to apply their knowledge of food and nutrition in a range of settings and
       to build respectful relationships with their clients

The minimum requirements to become a dietitian are as follows:
   • A bachelor’s degree with major credits in Foods and Nutrition from a university
      offering a Dietitians of Canada Accredited Dietetic Education Program.
   • Completion of an accredited dietetic education program (or equivalent)
   • Completion of an accredited practicum experience (or equivalent). This may
      include a post-degree internship, an integrated undergraduate program or a
      Combined Masters Practicum program.
   • Successful completion of an exam to assess competence to practice in Canada

Registered Dietitians are Trusted Nutrition Experts
Registered Dietitians are accountable to the public and to their provincial regulatory
body for their conduct, the quality of their care and the nutrition services they provide.
They also adhere to nationally established standards of practice. The public can trust
that registered dietitians are highly qualified and dedicated to a client-centred approach.

Community Dietitians
Community Dietitians are Registered Dietitians. Distinct from Public Health
Dietitians/Nutritionists, Community Dietitians work in a variety of settings such as
Community Health Centres, resource centres, social service agencies and recreation
centres. They play a vital role in both community based health promotion programs and
primary health care services. They are experts in applied human nutrition with a focus
on helping people in the community meet their food and nutrition needs, in health or
disease, at all stages of the life cycle. Each Community Dietitian brings a broad array of
skills which they adapt to meet the needs of the workplace and the community to ensure
a continuum of services. They engage in a wide range of activities which may include,
but are not limited to:

   • Nutrition education                             •   Resource Development
   • Individual and community                        •   Management activities
       needs assessments                             •   Consultation
   • Program planning                                •   Nutrition counselling
   • Community development                           •   Training of peer support workers
   • Advocacy                                        •   Health care team participation
   • Networking                                      •   Practice-based research and
   • Social marketing                                     program evaluation

Working with an interdisciplinary health care team and partnering with other
community leaders, services, and groups are fundamental to the work of Community
Dietitians. These partnerships help to provide the most comprehensive and thorough
health care services to the community.




                                             4
Leaders in Primary Health Care

It is widely recognized that there is a need to place greater value on primary health care
and health promotion in Canada (1). The World Health Organization defines Primary
Health Care as: “…health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in
the community by the means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at
a cost that the community and country can afford… It is the first level of contact of
individuals, the family and community with the national health care system, bringing
health care as close as possible to where people live and work and constitutes the first
element of a continuing health care process… Primary Health Care addresses the main
health problems in the community, providing promotive, preventive, curative,
supportive and rehabilitative services accordingly” (1).

Primary health care services are organized in a variety of ways in Canada. Community
Health Centres and their Quebec counterpart, Centre Local de Serivces Communautaires
are one organizational model. Dietitians working in community health centre
organizations provide a range of services as will be described in more detail on following
pages. For further details on the role of the dietitian in Primary Health Care refer to the
Dietitians of Canada 2001 role paper available online at:
http://www.dietitians.ca/news/downloads/role_of_RD_in_PHC.pdf

Nutrition is a key factor in promoting and maintaining health. Community Dietitians
play an important leadership role in primary health care through health promotion,
disease prevention, treatment, support, and rehabilitation activities. With their broad
and diverse training, Community Dietitians bring many valuable skills and perspectives
to primary health care. Some examples/activities may include, but are not limited to:
    • Engaging in ongoing health promotion and illness prevention strategies
    • Providing practical nutrition information to support the health of people
       throughout the life cycle
    • Promoting behaviour change related to food choices and eating behaviours
    • Counselling individuals on specific nutrition issues and support strategies to
       address nutrition-related illnesses
    • Promoting client independence in health decision-making and build capacity for
       clients to improve their health
    • Working with the health care team to provide clients with comprehensive health
       care
    • Assessing and responding to the food and nutrition related health needs of the
       community
    • Fostering partnerships with a range of sectors to address the many factors that
       affect nutrition and health
    • Working with communities to identify capacities and assist community skill-
       building, health advocacy and social action
    • Educating – acting as a nutrition resource with team members as well as in a
       preceptor role with dietetic interns.

The strategies that Community Dietitians use in health promotion, disease prevention
and treatment are well recognized as important in improving health outcomes and
reducing the overall costs of health care. Community Dietitians contribute to the
enhancement and maintenance of the quality of life of community members (1).




                                             5
Poverty, Education, Isolation and Employment: Determinants of Health

A variety of factors impact on health, especially employment, education, income level,
isolation and social exclusion. Other factors include social status, personal health and
coping skills, biology and genetics, health services, gender, physical environment, healthy
child development, culture, and working conditions. Collectively, these are known as the
determinants of health. These determinants are inter-related and their complex
interactions have a much greater impact on health than any one factor (1,2).

Community Dietitians recognize the factors that impact on health and use a range of
strategies to address them. A key strategy is to link with other sectors such as schools,
childcare facilities, housing, social services, public health, environmental groups, faith-
based groups, and other non-governmental and volunteer organizations to provide a
more comprehensive approach. They build partnerships with communities, groups and
individuals to plan the best approach to overcome barriers to achieving health and good
nutrition. Along with community members, dietitians identify capacities, support
community skill-building, advocate for health, and support social action (1). Ultimately,
dietitians work to promote and build the capacity for the nutritional and overall health of
clients and the community.




                                             6
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Nutrition is important in promoting and maintaining health. Community Dietitians are
trained to understand the relationship between food and health throughout the life cycle
and are able to communicate this relationship to health care providers, educators, policy
makers, and the community (3). A lifetime of poor nutrition can play an important role
in the onset of chronic diseases. The food we eat can affect risk factors for heart disease
such as blood cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and body weight. Diet is also related to
approximately 20% of all cancer-related deaths (4). Chronic diseases such as heart
disease, cancer, and osteoporosis can have long term and costly outcomes that can be
measured in death and disability, reduced quality of life, health care costs and lost
productivity (5, 6).

Community Dietitians engage in many health promotion activities to encourage healthy
eating to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Some examples/activities may include, but
are not limited to:
    • Participating in the development of healthy public policies that impact on access
        to healthy foods
    • Advocating for community food security to ensure that people are able to get the
        healthy foods they need in an environmentally sustainable way
    • Collaborating with health professionals and community workers to provide
        consistent nutrition messages (e.g., to consume adequate vegetables and fruit,
        fibre, calcium and vitamin D, etc.)
    • Creating supportive environments for healthy eating practices through work with
        community partners
    • Working with schools and childcare facilities to develop healthy eating guidelines
    • Promoting healthy eating with seniors and consult with seniors’ agencies to
        support appropriate healthy eating practices (e.g., conglomerate meals, “cooking
        for one or two” classes, etc.)
    • Supporting community action for nutrition issues (e.g., work to save community
        gardens)
    • Linking with local, provincial and national disease associations to enhance
        awareness and prevention activities

They also work with individuals and groups of all ages to develop personal skills. Some
examples/activities include, but are not limited to:
   • Developing nutrition care plans for specific therapeutic needs.
   • Educating people in the management of food allergies and food sensitivities
   • Providing support to individuals to assist them in understanding healthy eating
       and making changes that suit their needs
   • Promoting ways to eat well on a budget and with limited time for food
       preparation
   • Providing healthy cooking classes and cooking demonstrations
   • Promoting pleasure and enjoyment of healthy eating

The goals of nutrition promotion in disease prevention are to promote and maintain the
health of people in their communities, to improve quality of life, to reduce the incidence
and severity of preventable diseases such as cancer and heart disease, and to reduce
overall health care costs (7).




                                             7
Food Security

A current definition of “Community Food Security” as developed by the Ontario Public
Health Association Food Security Work Group (2002) is: “Community food security is a
strategy for ensuring secure access to adequate amounts of safe, nutritious, culturally
appropriate food for everyone, produced in an environmentally sustainable way, and
provided in a manner that promotes human dignity... Community Food Security
features cooperation among all contributors in a local/regional food system including
growers and producers, citizen groups, community agencies, governmental
organizations, businesses, academic researchers and environmental advocates…”(8)

This definition recognizes everyone’s right to food to support life and the need for
optimal nutrition to prevent disease (8). It emphasizes the fact that foods have
important personal, spiritual and cultural meanings. Initial strategies to address food
insecurity were either educational or charitable but with the recognition of the impact of
the determinants of health, the concept of ‘Food Security’ has evolved (8). Factors such
as social isolation, poverty, access to healthy, culturally appropriate food, food
preparation and literacy skills are all related to the ability to get the food one needs (8).

The number of people in Canada who experience food shortages and hunger has been
growing since the 1980s and is widely recognized as a health issue (8). A recent report
showed that 10% of Canadians were living in food insecure households (9). People most
likely to be food insecure included: those with low-incomes or on social assistance,
tenants, single parent families (especially single mothers), children, and Aboriginal
people (9). These groups were also more likely to have other problems such as poor or
fair health, multiple chronic conditions, obesity, distress and depression (9). Poor
nutrition also impacts on learning as inadequately nourished children score lower on
vocabulary, reading, comprehension, arithmetic and general knowledge tests and have
poorer psychoscoial outcomes (10).

Community Dietitians contribute to community food security in a multitude of ways.
Community Dietitians have the skills and abilities to:
   • Perform community food security needs assessments
   • Organize community development and mobilization on food access issues
   • Communicate food security issues to the media and decision makers
   • Work on food councils and local food security coalitions
   • Develop healthy food-related policies
   • Advocate for clients on social assistance to enhance access to food, food
     preparation facilities, and funding for special diets
   • Develop, deliver, and evaluate programs such as community kitchens, community
     gardens, peer-led cooking programs, school-based meal programs, and food
     buying clubs (e.g. the Good Food Box)
   • Support and promote local food production
   • Offer education on healthy eating on a low budget to individuals and groups

Food security is an issue that impacts all aspects of health promotion and the nutritional
management of disease.




                                              8
Consumer Education

Many Canadians are confused about what they should eat to achieve and maintain health
and feel that they are not eating as well as they could be (5). With competing interests
and a rapidly growing body of nutrition knowledge, public information is often
contradictory. Consumers say they lack sufficient knowledge and skills to assess the
merits of certain claims and recommended practices (11). Research on Dietitians of
Canada’s National Nutrition Month campaigns has indicated that consumers identify
dietitians as the most credible source of nutrition information (5).

Community Dietitians help people in their community make informed decisions about
healthy eating for better living through the following activities. They:
   • Use social marketing strategies in nutrition promotion
   • Deliver clear and current nutrition messages to reduce confusion in an
       environment of multiple and often conflicting nutrition findings
   • Work with the media to bring nutrition information to consumers; activities
       include writing newspaper articles, giving radio and television interviews and
       cooking demonstrations
   • Teach consumers how to read nutrition labels to help them improve food
       selection
   • Provide supermarket tours and food purchasing education
   • Develop nutrition education programs for a variety of ages that are interactive
       and practical such as classes on healthy eating, food preparation, food
       preservation, eating on the go, healthy snacks and beverage choices, etc.
   • Adapt programs and other activities to meet the learning styles and needs of
       individuals and groups (e.g., give advice that recognizes the time constraints that
       impact food purchasing and preparation)
   • Work with diverse cultures to educate Canadians about other cultures and help
       other cultures learn about Canadian foods (e.g., cooking demonstrations where
       new immigrants share foods and experiences)
   • Develop resources and tools that are culturally relevant and at literacy levels
       suitable for the target population




                                            9
Healthy Growth and Development

Community Dietitians play a key role in the design, delivery and evaluation of prenatal
and early childhood nutrition services. Community Dietitians are often important
contributors to programs such as Health Canada’s Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program
(CPNP), Alberta’s Health for Two program and Ontario’s Early Years program.

Through a community development approach, prenatal nutrition programs aim to
reduce the incidence of unhealthy birth weights, improve the nutritional health of both
infant and mother and encourage breastfeeding. Community Dietitians can provide
services such as nutrition counselling, support, education, referral, counselling on health
and lifestyle issues, and food supplementation. The programs are usually for higher risk
pregnant women (those living in poverty, teens, or women living in isolation or with poor
access to services). Other client groups include women with drug or alcohol addictions,
women who live with violence, women with gestational diabetes, Aboriginal women, and
immigrant and/or refugee women.

Many community nutrition programs also focus on children’s early years, working with
groups similar to those found in prenatal programs and with emphasis on supporting
young families in meeting their food and nutrition needs. Programs work to meet the
unique needs of each community and its children.
Community Dietitians promote healthy growth and development in children by working
with pregnant women, new mothers, families and caregivers in many ways. They:
   • Develop, provide and evaluate programs to support good nutrition during and
       after pregnancy
   • Encourage healthy eating and healthy weight gain for a healthy pregnancy
   • Provide support for breastfeeding with referral to other health professionals and
       community supports such as lactation consultants where appropriate
   • Offer advice on when and how to introduce solid foods to infants
   • Provide sessions on making baby foods
   • Inform caregivers about age-appropriate foods and eating behaviours for infants,
       toddlers, and preschoolers
   • Teach caregivers practical skills such as how to make low-cost, easy to prepare
       family meals
   • Advocate for access to healthy, adequate and affordable foods for families
   • Facilitate social and cultural networks to decrease social isolation of single and
       new immigrant mothers
   • Develop programs and resources appropriate for culturally diverse groups, recent
       immigrants, young mothers, and participants from a range of education and
       economic backgrounds




                                            10
Healthy Weights

Community Dietitians support the importance of healthy eating, physical activity and
positive self esteem as the three components of achieving and maintaining a healthy
weight (which reflects Health Canada’s VITALITY approach of “Enjoy eating well, being
active and feeling good about yourself”) (12).

Overweight and obesity contribute to chronic diseases and impact quality of life (13). It
has been suggested that obesity and preoccupation with weight contribute to high health
care costs (14). The prevalence of obesity in Canada has been increasing at a rapid rate.
The reasons for this increase in obesity rates are multi-factorial and represent a complex
interaction between genetics and social and environmental changes.

Weight loss strategies that focus on restrictive diets have had little, if any, long term
success. Experts in the field of healthy weights, who focus on eating disorders and
obesity, are working toward a more integrated approach that recognizes the
interrelationship between healthy eating, physical activity, self-esteem, stress and
psychosocial factors (13).

Community Dietitians work with individuals, groups and communities to encourage
healthy weights. They promote supportive environments and healthy attitudes toward
weight. For example, they:
    • Provide counselling for healthy eating, healthy weights, body image and self-
        esteem to individuals and groups of all ages and cultures
    • Promote a non-dieting approach to weight management
    • Communicate the lack of success and the risks of restrictive fad diets
    • Work with clients to develop healthy weight goals
    • Refer clients to other health professionals, counselling, and community support
        groups as appropriate
    • Provide information and support to health care providers on weight issues
    • Work with caregivers, childcare providers and schools to promote healthy eating
        behaviours and attitudes in infants and children (e.g., school initiatives like
        healthy snack programs that encourage nutritious food choices)
    • Support parents and caregivers to help them model healthy eating and physical
        activity
    • Advocate for policies to increase access to healthy foods with School Boards and
        Food Councils
Community Dietitians approach weight-related issues with sensitivity, empathy and
creativity with the aim of improving the health and overall quality of life of people
affected by overweight, obesity and weight preoccupation.




                                              11
Disease Management - Diabetes

Community Dietitians are involved in disease management where diet plays a role.
Diabetes is one of there diseases. Diabetes is a significant health problem in Canada (15).
As many as one third of all cases of diabetes in Canada are undiagnosed. There may be
as many as 1.7 million Canadians with diabetes (15).

Diabetes can impact the psychosocial well-being and quality of life of those with the
disease (16). The continuous need to monitor food intake, take medication, monitor
blood glucose, and plan for activities that may affect diabetes control can put a strain on
daily life (15). Diabetes can also result in long term damage that can affect the
cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, and nerves and result in disability or premature
death (15).

Studies have shown that dietitians can have a positive impact on health outcomes for
people with diabetes (7). Registered Dietitians are able to identify and promote diet-
related behaviours associated with improved blood glucose control which can reduce the
risk of diabetes complications (7).

Community Dietitians provide an important service to the members of their community
who are newly diagnosed or living with diabetes. A dietitian’s assessment of individuals
with diabetes is comprehensive; it includes usual eating habits, medical history,
laboratory information, physical activity history, health beliefs, motivation, psychosocial
issues, and economic and education level. Dietitians provide individuals with
knowledge, skills and supports helpful in the management of the disease. They:
    • Develop and implement diabetes education programs
    • Research and evaluate the effectiveness of diabetes intervention strategies
    • Adapt diabetes programs to make them culturally sensitive
    • Provide individual diabetic counselling
    • Offer group education sessions
    • Facilitate the development and maintenance of diabetes networks and social
        support systems
    • Address issues of food security for people with diabetes
    • Develop tools and resources to assist with the self-management of diabetes
    • Refer clients with diabetes to appropriate community, social and health-related
        supports

Some dietitians who work in diabetes care have obtained additional knowledge and skills
through certificate programs such as the Certified Diabetes Educators (CDE) available
through the Canadian Diabetes Educator Certification Board of the Canadian Diabetes
Association.




                                             12
Aboriginal Health

Aboriginal peoples have distinct nutrition related concerns. In particular, diabetes has
been identified as an important health problem to most First Nations people (including
the Métis) but has not yet been identified as a concern among the Inuit (16). Research in
Canada suggests that there is a three to five times greater prevalence of diabetes in
Aboriginal people, with women having a greater risk than men, and that current rates are
expected to increase (15, 16). In the last half century, obesity has also become of
increasing concern in many Aboriginal populations (16).

Within Aboriginal communities a decrease in the availability and consumption of
traditional food items has become common (16). Individuals and their families may be at
various stages of acculturation such as working to maintain their traditional foods,
integrating mainstream and other culturally diverse foods, or relearning about
traditional foods and ways of eating. Aboriginal people have also been identified as a
population that is more vulnerable to food insecurity (9).

Many Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Community Dietitians work with First Nations
people to address their culturally specific food and nutrition needs. For example they:
   • Promote healthy eating and healthy weights using a holistic approach that treats
       the whole person including physical, mental, social, spiritual and emotional
       factors
   • Integrate traditional values and foods into nutrition services
   • Advocate for community access to adequate, healthy, and culturally appropriate
       foods
   • Provide education about food purchasing and preparation with a focus on both
       traditional and market foods
   • Use consumer education strategies that employ cultural learning styles
   • Work with families and community groups to promote healthy prenatal and early
       childhood nutrition
   • Offer individual and group counselling for diabetes, obesity and other nutrition
       related diseases

Community Dietitians who work with Aboriginal people aim to have a thorough
understanding of, and sensitivity to, their particular food and nutrition issues. They have
an awareness of, and respect for, their history, culture, traditional medicines, food
preferences, communication and learning styles, and the political, social and economic
factors that impact their lives. They must also strive to understand how Aboriginal
people interpret their illness experience and to respect their system of thought (16).

Community Dietitians work in collaboration with Aboriginal people, the Chief and
Council and other local Aboriginal organizations to determine the food and nutrition
needs of the community. They link with local, provincial and national Aboriginal and
First Nation health groups to provide the most comprehensive, current and culturally
appropriate information and care.




                                            13
Who are our Partners?

Community Dietitians recognize the value and necessity of developing strong
partnerships with a variety of sectors to deliver the most comprehensive health care.
Dietitians are valuable team players, facilitators and can act to develop and support
strong community networks. The following list is extensive but is not exhaustive as
dietitians continue to develop and foster new partnerships to meet the food, nutrition
and health needs of their communities


Sectors that dietitians often partner with to        Individuals that dietitians partner with
address community nutrition concerns:                within these sectors include:

   •   Health agencies such as community                •   Other health care professionals
       health centres, public health units              •   Health promotion workers
       and hospitals                                    •   Physical activity promoters
   •   Professional dietetic practice groups            •   Volunteers
       and networks                                     •   Employers
   •   Social service agencies                          •   Social workers
   •   Cultural community groups                        •   Cultural leaders
   •   Family support services                          •   Community development workers
   •   Workplaces                                       •   Community food workers
   •   Environmental groups                             •   Local farmers
   •   Recreation departments                           •   Lactation consultants
   •   Childcare facilities and schools                 •   Early childhood educators
   •   School advisory boards and parent                •   Teachers and school
       councils                                             administrators
   •   Colleges, universities and other                 •   Municipal, provincial and federal
       academic institutions                                politicians
   •   Service clubs
   •   Gardening networks
   •   Farmers markets
   •   Food policy councils
   •   Anti-poverty groups
   •   Social planning councils
   •   Emergency food providers
   •   Congregate meal programs
   •   Seniors’ centres
   •   Housing agencies
   •   Faith-based community groups
   •   Other non-government
       organizations
   •   Government agencies
   •   Retail food outlets and restaurants
   •   Food industry
   •   Chambers of commerce
   •   Local businesses
   •   School Feeding Programs
   •   School Milk Programs




                                                14
Community Dietitians are a Community Asset

Community Dietitians bring many skills to the communities and agencies where they
work. They are important contributors to the overall achievement of the health mandate
of the organization and are a key member of the multi-disciplinary health care team.
Community Dietitians are also involved in management, administration, teaching
professionals-in-training, research and evaluation (1).

Many dietitians take a leadership role in community health agencies. As skilled team
players, they establish strategic directions, define program priorities, facilitate group
discussions, monitor programs and budgets, and manage staff. Highly trained in food
and nutrition, they are also experienced in needs assessment, program planning,
evaluation and communication, which make them indispensable as collaborators in
primary health care and many community health activities.

Keenly aware of the important role of the determinants of health in overall health
outcomes, dietitians are considerate of the physical, mental, spiritual, social, political and
emotional factors that impact health and nutrition. They provide accessible care to the
whole community by offering outreach services in drop-in centres, shelters, etc.
Community Dietitians take a holistic approach to the nutritional health of individuals
and communities.




                                             15
Acknowledgements

The Dietitians of Canada, Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network* would like
to acknowledge the contributions of:
    • Andrea Kirkham, Writer
    • Nicola Day and Olly Wodin, Project Co-ordinators
    • Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network Executive Members
    • The Community Dietitians and Nutritionists who gave their time and
       thoughtfulness to re-create this paper:
               The Aboriginal Nutrition Network
               Ann Armstrong, North Kingston Community Health Centre, Kingston ON
               Karrie Becher, Somerset West Community Health Centre, Ottawa ON
               Bernadette deGonzague, Southwest Ontario Aboriginal Health Access
               Centre, London ON
               Ellen Desjardins, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Community Health
               Department, Waterloo ON
               Sandra Juutilainen, Oneida Health Centre, Southwold ON
               Heather Parsons, Barrie Community Health Centre, Barrie ON
               Barbara Scholz, East End Community Health Centre, Toronto ON

Thank you to our reviewers:
   • Glendora Boland, Community Dietitian, Health & community Services St. John’s
      Region, St. John’s NL
   • Dr. Paula Brauer, Assistant Professor, Dept of Family Relations and Applied
      Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph ON
   • Faye Hofer, Community Dietitian, Heartland Health Region, Rosetown SK
   • Marguarite Keeley, Executive Director, Centretown Community Health Centre,
      Ottawa ON
   • Maureen Leat, Community Dietitian, Health & Community Services Region, St.
      John’s Region, St. John’s NL
   • Colleen Logue, Manager, Nutrition Resource Centre, Ontario Public Health
      Association, Toronto ON
   • Pat Martz, Community Dietitian, North Central Public Health Centre, Edmonton
      AB
   • Christine Miller, Information Centre Co-ordinator, Association of Ontario Health
      Centres, Toronto, ON
   • Donna Munroe, Health Promoter, Centretown Community Health Centre, Ottawa
      ON
   • Carol Ranger, Nutritionist, Reach Community Health Centre, Vancouver BC
   • Lousie Saulnier, Dietetiste, CLSC St. Hubert, Saint-Hubert PQ
   • Carol Silcoff, Board Member, Centretown Community Health Centre, Ottawa ON
   • Patty Wong, Community Nutritionist/Dietitian, Regent Park Community Health
      Centre, Toronto ON

For more information please contact:
Dietitians of Canada – (416) 596-0857, www.dietitians.ca
Association of Ontario Health Centres – (416) 236-2539, www.aohc.org

*The Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network is a national group made up of members of
Dietitians of Canada who have an interest in community nutrition.
 The CDHC Network has three goals:
1) Network and provide support among Community Dietitians who are employed in a health centre
setting.
2) Plan and participate in continuing education that addresses our specific needs and interests.
3) Promote and advocate the role of the Registered Dietitian as the nutrition expert in both primary care
and health promotion.
                                                    16
References

1. Dietitians of Canada. 2001. The Role of the Registered Dietitian in Primary Health Care – A
National Perspective – Dietitians of Canada. Available at:
www.dietitians.ca/news/downloads/role_of_RD_in_PHC.pdf

2. Raphael, D. Bridging the gap between knowledge and action on societal determinants. Health
Education. 2003; 103 (3):177-189.

3. American Dietetic Association. The role of dietetics professionals in health promotion and
disease prevention. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002; 102: 1680-1687.
Available at: http://webdietitians.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adar1102.cfm

4. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (1997) Food, Nutrition
and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective American Institute for Cancer Research.

5. Ontario Society for Nutrition Professionals in Public Health. 1998. Public Health
Nutrition…An Investment in the Future.

6. Genuine Progress Index for Atlantic Canada. 2002. Cost of chronic disease in Nova Scotia.
Available at: http://www.gpiatlantic.org/pubs.shtml

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8. Ontario Public Health Association. 2002. A Systemic Approach to Community Food
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13. Nutrition Resource Centre, OPHA. 2002. Promoting Healthy Weights: A Literature
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Available at: http://www.gpiatlantic.org/pubs.shtml

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Prevention and Control, Population Health Branch. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-
dgspsp/publicat/dic-dac2/pdf/dic-dac2_en.pdf

16. Young TK, Reading J, Elias B, and O’Neil JD. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Canada’s First
Nations: status of an epidemic in progress. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2000; 163
(5): 561-6. Available at: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/163/5/561.pdf



                                               17

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Community Dietitians Role in Primary Healthcare

  • 1. COMMUNITY DIETITIANS ______________________ Trusted Food and Nutrition Experts Role Paper of the Dietitians of Canada Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network March 2004
  • 2. This report is published by Dietitians of Canada and the DC Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network. Dietitians of Canada (DC) is the professional association representing 5000 dietitians in Canada. Dietitians of Canada speaks out on food and nutrition matters important to the health and well-being of Canadians. Members of DC Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network have collaborated to bring information forward to inform decision makers about the Community Dietitian’s role on health care teams. A copy of this report can be downloaded from the Dietitians of Canada's web site at: http://www.dietitians.ca/career/i3_1.htm Permission is granted to reproduce copies of the report in its entirety for personal or educational purposes, provided credit to the publishers is included. Other reproduction requests should be directed to: CDHC Network Chair c/0 Dietitians of Canada, 480 University Avenue, Suite 604 Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1V2 Phone: (416) 596-0857 Fax: (416) 596-0603 Web site: www.dietitians.ca © 2004 Dietitians of Canada. All rights reserved. 2
  • 3. Table of Contents Page Registered Dietitians …………………………………………………………………… 4 Primary Health Care…………………...……………..………………………………… 5 Determinants of Health………………………………………………………………… 6 Health Promotion and Disease Prevention……………………………………… 7 Food Security……………………………………………..……………………………….. 8 Consumer Education……………………………………..…………………………….. 9 Healthy Growth and Development…………………..……………………………. 10 Healthy Weights……………………………………………..…………………………… 11 Disease Management - Diabetes……..………………..…………………………… 12 Aboriginal Nutrition…………………………………………..………………………… 13 Partnerships……………………………………………………………………………….. 14 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………. 16 References…………………………………………………………………………………... 17 3
  • 4. What is a Dietitian? Registered Dietitians are: • Well educated in the science of food and human nutrition • Able to combine knowledge of nutrition with knowledge from other areas such as health and social sciences, education, communication and management • Responsible for ongoing professional development to ensure that they provide safe, ethical, and high quality services • Trained to apply their knowledge of food and nutrition in a range of settings and to build respectful relationships with their clients The minimum requirements to become a dietitian are as follows: • A bachelor’s degree with major credits in Foods and Nutrition from a university offering a Dietitians of Canada Accredited Dietetic Education Program. • Completion of an accredited dietetic education program (or equivalent) • Completion of an accredited practicum experience (or equivalent). This may include a post-degree internship, an integrated undergraduate program or a Combined Masters Practicum program. • Successful completion of an exam to assess competence to practice in Canada Registered Dietitians are Trusted Nutrition Experts Registered Dietitians are accountable to the public and to their provincial regulatory body for their conduct, the quality of their care and the nutrition services they provide. They also adhere to nationally established standards of practice. The public can trust that registered dietitians are highly qualified and dedicated to a client-centred approach. Community Dietitians Community Dietitians are Registered Dietitians. Distinct from Public Health Dietitians/Nutritionists, Community Dietitians work in a variety of settings such as Community Health Centres, resource centres, social service agencies and recreation centres. They play a vital role in both community based health promotion programs and primary health care services. They are experts in applied human nutrition with a focus on helping people in the community meet their food and nutrition needs, in health or disease, at all stages of the life cycle. Each Community Dietitian brings a broad array of skills which they adapt to meet the needs of the workplace and the community to ensure a continuum of services. They engage in a wide range of activities which may include, but are not limited to: • Nutrition education • Resource Development • Individual and community • Management activities needs assessments • Consultation • Program planning • Nutrition counselling • Community development • Training of peer support workers • Advocacy • Health care team participation • Networking • Practice-based research and • Social marketing program evaluation Working with an interdisciplinary health care team and partnering with other community leaders, services, and groups are fundamental to the work of Community Dietitians. These partnerships help to provide the most comprehensive and thorough health care services to the community. 4
  • 5. Leaders in Primary Health Care It is widely recognized that there is a need to place greater value on primary health care and health promotion in Canada (1). The World Health Organization defines Primary Health Care as: “…health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by the means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford… It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health care system, bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process… Primary Health Care addresses the main health problems in the community, providing promotive, preventive, curative, supportive and rehabilitative services accordingly” (1). Primary health care services are organized in a variety of ways in Canada. Community Health Centres and their Quebec counterpart, Centre Local de Serivces Communautaires are one organizational model. Dietitians working in community health centre organizations provide a range of services as will be described in more detail on following pages. For further details on the role of the dietitian in Primary Health Care refer to the Dietitians of Canada 2001 role paper available online at: http://www.dietitians.ca/news/downloads/role_of_RD_in_PHC.pdf Nutrition is a key factor in promoting and maintaining health. Community Dietitians play an important leadership role in primary health care through health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, support, and rehabilitation activities. With their broad and diverse training, Community Dietitians bring many valuable skills and perspectives to primary health care. Some examples/activities may include, but are not limited to: • Engaging in ongoing health promotion and illness prevention strategies • Providing practical nutrition information to support the health of people throughout the life cycle • Promoting behaviour change related to food choices and eating behaviours • Counselling individuals on specific nutrition issues and support strategies to address nutrition-related illnesses • Promoting client independence in health decision-making and build capacity for clients to improve their health • Working with the health care team to provide clients with comprehensive health care • Assessing and responding to the food and nutrition related health needs of the community • Fostering partnerships with a range of sectors to address the many factors that affect nutrition and health • Working with communities to identify capacities and assist community skill- building, health advocacy and social action • Educating – acting as a nutrition resource with team members as well as in a preceptor role with dietetic interns. The strategies that Community Dietitians use in health promotion, disease prevention and treatment are well recognized as important in improving health outcomes and reducing the overall costs of health care. Community Dietitians contribute to the enhancement and maintenance of the quality of life of community members (1). 5
  • 6. Poverty, Education, Isolation and Employment: Determinants of Health A variety of factors impact on health, especially employment, education, income level, isolation and social exclusion. Other factors include social status, personal health and coping skills, biology and genetics, health services, gender, physical environment, healthy child development, culture, and working conditions. Collectively, these are known as the determinants of health. These determinants are inter-related and their complex interactions have a much greater impact on health than any one factor (1,2). Community Dietitians recognize the factors that impact on health and use a range of strategies to address them. A key strategy is to link with other sectors such as schools, childcare facilities, housing, social services, public health, environmental groups, faith- based groups, and other non-governmental and volunteer organizations to provide a more comprehensive approach. They build partnerships with communities, groups and individuals to plan the best approach to overcome barriers to achieving health and good nutrition. Along with community members, dietitians identify capacities, support community skill-building, advocate for health, and support social action (1). Ultimately, dietitians work to promote and build the capacity for the nutritional and overall health of clients and the community. 6
  • 7. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Nutrition is important in promoting and maintaining health. Community Dietitians are trained to understand the relationship between food and health throughout the life cycle and are able to communicate this relationship to health care providers, educators, policy makers, and the community (3). A lifetime of poor nutrition can play an important role in the onset of chronic diseases. The food we eat can affect risk factors for heart disease such as blood cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and body weight. Diet is also related to approximately 20% of all cancer-related deaths (4). Chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis can have long term and costly outcomes that can be measured in death and disability, reduced quality of life, health care costs and lost productivity (5, 6). Community Dietitians engage in many health promotion activities to encourage healthy eating to reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Some examples/activities may include, but are not limited to: • Participating in the development of healthy public policies that impact on access to healthy foods • Advocating for community food security to ensure that people are able to get the healthy foods they need in an environmentally sustainable way • Collaborating with health professionals and community workers to provide consistent nutrition messages (e.g., to consume adequate vegetables and fruit, fibre, calcium and vitamin D, etc.) • Creating supportive environments for healthy eating practices through work with community partners • Working with schools and childcare facilities to develop healthy eating guidelines • Promoting healthy eating with seniors and consult with seniors’ agencies to support appropriate healthy eating practices (e.g., conglomerate meals, “cooking for one or two” classes, etc.) • Supporting community action for nutrition issues (e.g., work to save community gardens) • Linking with local, provincial and national disease associations to enhance awareness and prevention activities They also work with individuals and groups of all ages to develop personal skills. Some examples/activities include, but are not limited to: • Developing nutrition care plans for specific therapeutic needs. • Educating people in the management of food allergies and food sensitivities • Providing support to individuals to assist them in understanding healthy eating and making changes that suit their needs • Promoting ways to eat well on a budget and with limited time for food preparation • Providing healthy cooking classes and cooking demonstrations • Promoting pleasure and enjoyment of healthy eating The goals of nutrition promotion in disease prevention are to promote and maintain the health of people in their communities, to improve quality of life, to reduce the incidence and severity of preventable diseases such as cancer and heart disease, and to reduce overall health care costs (7). 7
  • 8. Food Security A current definition of “Community Food Security” as developed by the Ontario Public Health Association Food Security Work Group (2002) is: “Community food security is a strategy for ensuring secure access to adequate amounts of safe, nutritious, culturally appropriate food for everyone, produced in an environmentally sustainable way, and provided in a manner that promotes human dignity... Community Food Security features cooperation among all contributors in a local/regional food system including growers and producers, citizen groups, community agencies, governmental organizations, businesses, academic researchers and environmental advocates…”(8) This definition recognizes everyone’s right to food to support life and the need for optimal nutrition to prevent disease (8). It emphasizes the fact that foods have important personal, spiritual and cultural meanings. Initial strategies to address food insecurity were either educational or charitable but with the recognition of the impact of the determinants of health, the concept of ‘Food Security’ has evolved (8). Factors such as social isolation, poverty, access to healthy, culturally appropriate food, food preparation and literacy skills are all related to the ability to get the food one needs (8). The number of people in Canada who experience food shortages and hunger has been growing since the 1980s and is widely recognized as a health issue (8). A recent report showed that 10% of Canadians were living in food insecure households (9). People most likely to be food insecure included: those with low-incomes or on social assistance, tenants, single parent families (especially single mothers), children, and Aboriginal people (9). These groups were also more likely to have other problems such as poor or fair health, multiple chronic conditions, obesity, distress and depression (9). Poor nutrition also impacts on learning as inadequately nourished children score lower on vocabulary, reading, comprehension, arithmetic and general knowledge tests and have poorer psychoscoial outcomes (10). Community Dietitians contribute to community food security in a multitude of ways. Community Dietitians have the skills and abilities to: • Perform community food security needs assessments • Organize community development and mobilization on food access issues • Communicate food security issues to the media and decision makers • Work on food councils and local food security coalitions • Develop healthy food-related policies • Advocate for clients on social assistance to enhance access to food, food preparation facilities, and funding for special diets • Develop, deliver, and evaluate programs such as community kitchens, community gardens, peer-led cooking programs, school-based meal programs, and food buying clubs (e.g. the Good Food Box) • Support and promote local food production • Offer education on healthy eating on a low budget to individuals and groups Food security is an issue that impacts all aspects of health promotion and the nutritional management of disease. 8
  • 9. Consumer Education Many Canadians are confused about what they should eat to achieve and maintain health and feel that they are not eating as well as they could be (5). With competing interests and a rapidly growing body of nutrition knowledge, public information is often contradictory. Consumers say they lack sufficient knowledge and skills to assess the merits of certain claims and recommended practices (11). Research on Dietitians of Canada’s National Nutrition Month campaigns has indicated that consumers identify dietitians as the most credible source of nutrition information (5). Community Dietitians help people in their community make informed decisions about healthy eating for better living through the following activities. They: • Use social marketing strategies in nutrition promotion • Deliver clear and current nutrition messages to reduce confusion in an environment of multiple and often conflicting nutrition findings • Work with the media to bring nutrition information to consumers; activities include writing newspaper articles, giving radio and television interviews and cooking demonstrations • Teach consumers how to read nutrition labels to help them improve food selection • Provide supermarket tours and food purchasing education • Develop nutrition education programs for a variety of ages that are interactive and practical such as classes on healthy eating, food preparation, food preservation, eating on the go, healthy snacks and beverage choices, etc. • Adapt programs and other activities to meet the learning styles and needs of individuals and groups (e.g., give advice that recognizes the time constraints that impact food purchasing and preparation) • Work with diverse cultures to educate Canadians about other cultures and help other cultures learn about Canadian foods (e.g., cooking demonstrations where new immigrants share foods and experiences) • Develop resources and tools that are culturally relevant and at literacy levels suitable for the target population 9
  • 10. Healthy Growth and Development Community Dietitians play a key role in the design, delivery and evaluation of prenatal and early childhood nutrition services. Community Dietitians are often important contributors to programs such as Health Canada’s Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program (CPNP), Alberta’s Health for Two program and Ontario’s Early Years program. Through a community development approach, prenatal nutrition programs aim to reduce the incidence of unhealthy birth weights, improve the nutritional health of both infant and mother and encourage breastfeeding. Community Dietitians can provide services such as nutrition counselling, support, education, referral, counselling on health and lifestyle issues, and food supplementation. The programs are usually for higher risk pregnant women (those living in poverty, teens, or women living in isolation or with poor access to services). Other client groups include women with drug or alcohol addictions, women who live with violence, women with gestational diabetes, Aboriginal women, and immigrant and/or refugee women. Many community nutrition programs also focus on children’s early years, working with groups similar to those found in prenatal programs and with emphasis on supporting young families in meeting their food and nutrition needs. Programs work to meet the unique needs of each community and its children. Community Dietitians promote healthy growth and development in children by working with pregnant women, new mothers, families and caregivers in many ways. They: • Develop, provide and evaluate programs to support good nutrition during and after pregnancy • Encourage healthy eating and healthy weight gain for a healthy pregnancy • Provide support for breastfeeding with referral to other health professionals and community supports such as lactation consultants where appropriate • Offer advice on when and how to introduce solid foods to infants • Provide sessions on making baby foods • Inform caregivers about age-appropriate foods and eating behaviours for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers • Teach caregivers practical skills such as how to make low-cost, easy to prepare family meals • Advocate for access to healthy, adequate and affordable foods for families • Facilitate social and cultural networks to decrease social isolation of single and new immigrant mothers • Develop programs and resources appropriate for culturally diverse groups, recent immigrants, young mothers, and participants from a range of education and economic backgrounds 10
  • 11. Healthy Weights Community Dietitians support the importance of healthy eating, physical activity and positive self esteem as the three components of achieving and maintaining a healthy weight (which reflects Health Canada’s VITALITY approach of “Enjoy eating well, being active and feeling good about yourself”) (12). Overweight and obesity contribute to chronic diseases and impact quality of life (13). It has been suggested that obesity and preoccupation with weight contribute to high health care costs (14). The prevalence of obesity in Canada has been increasing at a rapid rate. The reasons for this increase in obesity rates are multi-factorial and represent a complex interaction between genetics and social and environmental changes. Weight loss strategies that focus on restrictive diets have had little, if any, long term success. Experts in the field of healthy weights, who focus on eating disorders and obesity, are working toward a more integrated approach that recognizes the interrelationship between healthy eating, physical activity, self-esteem, stress and psychosocial factors (13). Community Dietitians work with individuals, groups and communities to encourage healthy weights. They promote supportive environments and healthy attitudes toward weight. For example, they: • Provide counselling for healthy eating, healthy weights, body image and self- esteem to individuals and groups of all ages and cultures • Promote a non-dieting approach to weight management • Communicate the lack of success and the risks of restrictive fad diets • Work with clients to develop healthy weight goals • Refer clients to other health professionals, counselling, and community support groups as appropriate • Provide information and support to health care providers on weight issues • Work with caregivers, childcare providers and schools to promote healthy eating behaviours and attitudes in infants and children (e.g., school initiatives like healthy snack programs that encourage nutritious food choices) • Support parents and caregivers to help them model healthy eating and physical activity • Advocate for policies to increase access to healthy foods with School Boards and Food Councils Community Dietitians approach weight-related issues with sensitivity, empathy and creativity with the aim of improving the health and overall quality of life of people affected by overweight, obesity and weight preoccupation. 11
  • 12. Disease Management - Diabetes Community Dietitians are involved in disease management where diet plays a role. Diabetes is one of there diseases. Diabetes is a significant health problem in Canada (15). As many as one third of all cases of diabetes in Canada are undiagnosed. There may be as many as 1.7 million Canadians with diabetes (15). Diabetes can impact the psychosocial well-being and quality of life of those with the disease (16). The continuous need to monitor food intake, take medication, monitor blood glucose, and plan for activities that may affect diabetes control can put a strain on daily life (15). Diabetes can also result in long term damage that can affect the cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, and nerves and result in disability or premature death (15). Studies have shown that dietitians can have a positive impact on health outcomes for people with diabetes (7). Registered Dietitians are able to identify and promote diet- related behaviours associated with improved blood glucose control which can reduce the risk of diabetes complications (7). Community Dietitians provide an important service to the members of their community who are newly diagnosed or living with diabetes. A dietitian’s assessment of individuals with diabetes is comprehensive; it includes usual eating habits, medical history, laboratory information, physical activity history, health beliefs, motivation, psychosocial issues, and economic and education level. Dietitians provide individuals with knowledge, skills and supports helpful in the management of the disease. They: • Develop and implement diabetes education programs • Research and evaluate the effectiveness of diabetes intervention strategies • Adapt diabetes programs to make them culturally sensitive • Provide individual diabetic counselling • Offer group education sessions • Facilitate the development and maintenance of diabetes networks and social support systems • Address issues of food security for people with diabetes • Develop tools and resources to assist with the self-management of diabetes • Refer clients with diabetes to appropriate community, social and health-related supports Some dietitians who work in diabetes care have obtained additional knowledge and skills through certificate programs such as the Certified Diabetes Educators (CDE) available through the Canadian Diabetes Educator Certification Board of the Canadian Diabetes Association. 12
  • 13. Aboriginal Health Aboriginal peoples have distinct nutrition related concerns. In particular, diabetes has been identified as an important health problem to most First Nations people (including the Métis) but has not yet been identified as a concern among the Inuit (16). Research in Canada suggests that there is a three to five times greater prevalence of diabetes in Aboriginal people, with women having a greater risk than men, and that current rates are expected to increase (15, 16). In the last half century, obesity has also become of increasing concern in many Aboriginal populations (16). Within Aboriginal communities a decrease in the availability and consumption of traditional food items has become common (16). Individuals and their families may be at various stages of acculturation such as working to maintain their traditional foods, integrating mainstream and other culturally diverse foods, or relearning about traditional foods and ways of eating. Aboriginal people have also been identified as a population that is more vulnerable to food insecurity (9). Many Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Community Dietitians work with First Nations people to address their culturally specific food and nutrition needs. For example they: • Promote healthy eating and healthy weights using a holistic approach that treats the whole person including physical, mental, social, spiritual and emotional factors • Integrate traditional values and foods into nutrition services • Advocate for community access to adequate, healthy, and culturally appropriate foods • Provide education about food purchasing and preparation with a focus on both traditional and market foods • Use consumer education strategies that employ cultural learning styles • Work with families and community groups to promote healthy prenatal and early childhood nutrition • Offer individual and group counselling for diabetes, obesity and other nutrition related diseases Community Dietitians who work with Aboriginal people aim to have a thorough understanding of, and sensitivity to, their particular food and nutrition issues. They have an awareness of, and respect for, their history, culture, traditional medicines, food preferences, communication and learning styles, and the political, social and economic factors that impact their lives. They must also strive to understand how Aboriginal people interpret their illness experience and to respect their system of thought (16). Community Dietitians work in collaboration with Aboriginal people, the Chief and Council and other local Aboriginal organizations to determine the food and nutrition needs of the community. They link with local, provincial and national Aboriginal and First Nation health groups to provide the most comprehensive, current and culturally appropriate information and care. 13
  • 14. Who are our Partners? Community Dietitians recognize the value and necessity of developing strong partnerships with a variety of sectors to deliver the most comprehensive health care. Dietitians are valuable team players, facilitators and can act to develop and support strong community networks. The following list is extensive but is not exhaustive as dietitians continue to develop and foster new partnerships to meet the food, nutrition and health needs of their communities Sectors that dietitians often partner with to Individuals that dietitians partner with address community nutrition concerns: within these sectors include: • Health agencies such as community • Other health care professionals health centres, public health units • Health promotion workers and hospitals • Physical activity promoters • Professional dietetic practice groups • Volunteers and networks • Employers • Social service agencies • Social workers • Cultural community groups • Cultural leaders • Family support services • Community development workers • Workplaces • Community food workers • Environmental groups • Local farmers • Recreation departments • Lactation consultants • Childcare facilities and schools • Early childhood educators • School advisory boards and parent • Teachers and school councils administrators • Colleges, universities and other • Municipal, provincial and federal academic institutions politicians • Service clubs • Gardening networks • Farmers markets • Food policy councils • Anti-poverty groups • Social planning councils • Emergency food providers • Congregate meal programs • Seniors’ centres • Housing agencies • Faith-based community groups • Other non-government organizations • Government agencies • Retail food outlets and restaurants • Food industry • Chambers of commerce • Local businesses • School Feeding Programs • School Milk Programs 14
  • 15. Community Dietitians are a Community Asset Community Dietitians bring many skills to the communities and agencies where they work. They are important contributors to the overall achievement of the health mandate of the organization and are a key member of the multi-disciplinary health care team. Community Dietitians are also involved in management, administration, teaching professionals-in-training, research and evaluation (1). Many dietitians take a leadership role in community health agencies. As skilled team players, they establish strategic directions, define program priorities, facilitate group discussions, monitor programs and budgets, and manage staff. Highly trained in food and nutrition, they are also experienced in needs assessment, program planning, evaluation and communication, which make them indispensable as collaborators in primary health care and many community health activities. Keenly aware of the important role of the determinants of health in overall health outcomes, dietitians are considerate of the physical, mental, spiritual, social, political and emotional factors that impact health and nutrition. They provide accessible care to the whole community by offering outreach services in drop-in centres, shelters, etc. Community Dietitians take a holistic approach to the nutritional health of individuals and communities. 15
  • 16. Acknowledgements The Dietitians of Canada, Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network* would like to acknowledge the contributions of: • Andrea Kirkham, Writer • Nicola Day and Olly Wodin, Project Co-ordinators • Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network Executive Members • The Community Dietitians and Nutritionists who gave their time and thoughtfulness to re-create this paper: The Aboriginal Nutrition Network Ann Armstrong, North Kingston Community Health Centre, Kingston ON Karrie Becher, Somerset West Community Health Centre, Ottawa ON Bernadette deGonzague, Southwest Ontario Aboriginal Health Access Centre, London ON Ellen Desjardins, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Community Health Department, Waterloo ON Sandra Juutilainen, Oneida Health Centre, Southwold ON Heather Parsons, Barrie Community Health Centre, Barrie ON Barbara Scholz, East End Community Health Centre, Toronto ON Thank you to our reviewers: • Glendora Boland, Community Dietitian, Health & community Services St. John’s Region, St. John’s NL • Dr. Paula Brauer, Assistant Professor, Dept of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph ON • Faye Hofer, Community Dietitian, Heartland Health Region, Rosetown SK • Marguarite Keeley, Executive Director, Centretown Community Health Centre, Ottawa ON • Maureen Leat, Community Dietitian, Health & Community Services Region, St. John’s Region, St. John’s NL • Colleen Logue, Manager, Nutrition Resource Centre, Ontario Public Health Association, Toronto ON • Pat Martz, Community Dietitian, North Central Public Health Centre, Edmonton AB • Christine Miller, Information Centre Co-ordinator, Association of Ontario Health Centres, Toronto, ON • Donna Munroe, Health Promoter, Centretown Community Health Centre, Ottawa ON • Carol Ranger, Nutritionist, Reach Community Health Centre, Vancouver BC • Lousie Saulnier, Dietetiste, CLSC St. Hubert, Saint-Hubert PQ • Carol Silcoff, Board Member, Centretown Community Health Centre, Ottawa ON • Patty Wong, Community Nutritionist/Dietitian, Regent Park Community Health Centre, Toronto ON For more information please contact: Dietitians of Canada – (416) 596-0857, www.dietitians.ca Association of Ontario Health Centres – (416) 236-2539, www.aohc.org *The Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network is a national group made up of members of Dietitians of Canada who have an interest in community nutrition. The CDHC Network has three goals: 1) Network and provide support among Community Dietitians who are employed in a health centre setting. 2) Plan and participate in continuing education that addresses our specific needs and interests. 3) Promote and advocate the role of the Registered Dietitian as the nutrition expert in both primary care and health promotion. 16
  • 17. References 1. Dietitians of Canada. 2001. The Role of the Registered Dietitian in Primary Health Care – A National Perspective – Dietitians of Canada. Available at: www.dietitians.ca/news/downloads/role_of_RD_in_PHC.pdf 2. Raphael, D. Bridging the gap between knowledge and action on societal determinants. Health Education. 2003; 103 (3):177-189. 3. American Dietetic Association. The role of dietetics professionals in health promotion and disease prevention. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002; 102: 1680-1687. Available at: http://webdietitians.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_adar1102.cfm 4. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (1997) Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective American Institute for Cancer Research. 5. Ontario Society for Nutrition Professionals in Public Health. 1998. Public Health Nutrition…An Investment in the Future. 6. Genuine Progress Index for Atlantic Canada. 2002. Cost of chronic disease in Nova Scotia. Available at: http://www.gpiatlantic.org/pubs.shtml 7. American Dietetic Association. Position of the ADA: Cost effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy (Old Format). Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1995; 95: 88-91. Available at: http://webdietitians.org/Public/GovernmentAffairs/92_acost-effectiveness.cfm 8. Ontario Public Health Association. 2002. A Systemic Approach to Community Food Security: A Role for Public Health. Submitted by the OPHA Food Security Work Group. Available at: www.opha.on.ca/ppres/2002-01_pp.pdf 9. Che J and Chen J. Food insecurity in Canadian Households. Statistics Canada: Health Reports. 2001; 12 (4): 11-22. Available at: www.statcan.ca/english/indepth/82- 003/feature/hrar2001012004s0a01.pdf 10. Brown L and Pollitt E Malnutrition, poverty and intellectual development. Scientific American. 1996; 274(2): 38-43 11. Ontario Public Health Association. 1999. Community Dietitians Make a Difference. Submitted by Dietitians of Canada, Community Dietitians in Health Centres Network. Available at: http://www.opha.on.ca/resources/dietitians.pdf 12. Health Canada. The VITALITY Approach – A Guide for Leaders. 2000. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpfb-dgpsa/onpp-bppn/vitality_approach_e.html 13. Nutrition Resource Centre, OPHA. 2002. Promoting Healthy Weights: A Literature Summary and Current Abstracts 2000-2002. Submitted by the Healthy Weights Tool Kit Project. Available at: http://action.web.ca/home/nutritio/attach/HW%20Summary%201.PDF 14. Genuine Progress Index of Atlantic Canada. 2002. The cost of obesity in Nova Scotia. Available at: http://www.gpiatlantic.org/pubs.shtml 15. Health Canada. 2002. Diabetes in Canada. Second Edition. Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Population Health Branch. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb- dgspsp/publicat/dic-dac2/pdf/dic-dac2_en.pdf 16. Young TK, Reading J, Elias B, and O’Neil JD. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Canada’s First Nations: status of an epidemic in progress. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2000; 163 (5): 561-6. Available at: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/163/5/561.pdf 17