1. AED1313
Introduction to Built Environment
Compiled by
Department Of Architecture And Environmental Design
Centre For Foundation Studies
International Islamic University Malaysia

2. Contents
 What is architecture?
 Overview of the architect’s profession
 Architectural Styles
 Vernacular VS Indigenous architecture
 Islamic architecture
 Sustainable and ecological design

3. ARCHITECTURE?
 The art and science of
designing and constructing
 buildings or open area, commune
areas and other artificial
constructions or environment
 usually with some regard to
aesthetic
 Its basic function is to provide
shelter for various human activities
by enclosing space.

4. Architect’s Act
 The architect of Malaysia are bound
under the Architects Act 1967 (Revise
1973) that provides statutory authority to
architects in implementing their
responsibilities under the supervision of
the Board of Architects, Malaysia.

5. The Profession
 Science + Art
 To produce a structure as well as
creating forms
 To visualize the interior as well as the
exterior of a building
 To ensure the accommodation related to
requirements of inhabitants
 To ensure form and construction of the
building are appropriate to function of
the building and its setting

6. Architect’s Scope of Work
 Building and designing
 Master planning
 Interior designing
 Project managing
 Building graphics – Computer Graphics,
Presentation
 Drawings and model making

7. (1)
Designing
the building
(2)
Preparation
of drawing
(3)
Supervision
of
Construction
Work
Architect’s
Work
Stages

8. Stage 1: Designing the building
 Advice client on suitability/feasibility of project
 Forming project brief according to client’s requirements
 Helping client in the estimation of project’s cost
 Suggest to client possible parties for design consultant team
 Designing in collaboration with other consultants
 Compliance of design with government requirements:
 drawing submission to authorities e.g. DBKL, Bomba, JKR
 Prepare Developed design/detailed design
 preparation of contract
 Arrange meetings at regular intervals with client, consultant and other
during design stage
 Act as the middle party between the client and consultants/contractor

9. 1. Identify
the Problem
2. Prepare
The Design
Brief
3.
Investigation
& Research
4. Identify
Possible
Solutions
5. Choose
Best
Solution
6. Develop
Solution
7.
Implement
Solution
8. Test
Solution
9. Evaluate
& Report
Findings

10.  Presentation of design drawing for early
discussion with client.
 Design drawing for early cost estimation
 Detail and comprehensive working drawings
for project tendering and construction
Stage 2: Preparation
of drawings

11. Stage 3: Supervision of
Construction Works
 Briefing to all consultants and contractors on the building design
 Arrange meetings for construction progress at regular intervals
 Arrange visit to construction site at regular intervals
 Organize appropriate payment/process to contractor
 Ensure contractor to:
 Work according to design
 Follow authority regulation and contract agreement
 Coordinate with consultants regarding other disciplines’ drawing
 Control the work to not exceeding the cost of building

12. Architectural Practice
 Single
 small scale company
 owned by an individual
 handle small scale projects
○ housing and renovation
 Partnership
 consists of few partners/principle and
associates
 Advantages
○ easy to get projects
○ easy to delegate jobs/projects
○ segregation of office management/ control
 most practices commonly found in Malaysia

13. Architectural Practice
 Group Practice/ Consortia
 Recent trends especially in
large government projects
○ Putrajaya, KLIA, KLCC and
Bukit Jalil
 Group of architectural
practices/firms form a group
to work on one major project
for a common client
 Normally a project
management firm will be
coordinating or organizing
project

14. Architectural Practice
 Personnel normally found
in an architectural firm :
 Principle / Director
 Architect – Design Architect,
Project Architect
 Residence Architect
 Assistant Architect
 Technical Assistant
 Draughtsman – Senior,
Intermediate and junior
 General Worker – Clerk of
Work
 Administration Staff

15. Professional Bodies
 PAM – Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia
 Provides council, Committee members,
Malaysian architectural policies, by Laws,
Constitution and news
 LAM – Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia
 Provide Acts, regulations, registrations,
accreditation,publications and practices
informations

16. How to register as an
ARCHITECT?
 Those who have obtained qualifications
recognized by LAM and PAM are
exempted from the Part I & II
examination. The Part 3 Examination is
mandatory for every would-be architect.
Upon passing the Part 3 Examination,
one may become a member of PAM and
register with LAM as an Architect.
○ Excerpt from
http://www.pam.org.my/career_guidance.asp

17. Career Opportunities
 Government or Public Architect
 Corporate/Professional Architect
 Project Manager
 Specialist in CADD
 Researcher
 Consultant or Advisor
 Graphic Illustrator
 Academician
 Developer, Entrepreneur, Contractor,
Manufacturer, Software programmer

18. TOPIC 2

19. Definition
 An architectural style is a specific
method of construction, characterized by
the features that make it notable. A style
may include such elements as form,
method of construction, materials, and
regional character. Most architecture
can be classified as a chronology of
styles which changes over time. These
may reflect changing fashions, changing
beliefs and religions, or the emergence
of new ideas and new technology which
make new styles possible.

20.  Pre-Historic
 Islamic
 Classical Greece and Rome
 Mediavel Europe
 Reinassance
 Neo Classicism
 Revivalism and orientalism
 Industrial Revolution
 Modernism
Architecture Style

21. Architecture Style
Pre-historic Islamic Classical
Mediavel Reinassence Neo-Classicism

22. Architecture Style
Revivalism Orientalism Industrial Revolution
Modernism Post-Modern Deconstructivism

23.  Architecture style in Malaysia have been
influenced by various source since the earliest
period of maritime and navigation and exploration
in this part of this world (Asian).
 The invasion of European colonial power
(Portuguese, Dutch and British) gave big impact
on the Architectural typologies in Malaysia.
 Religion, economic and cultural activities
influenced the pattern of architectural typologies
especially on domestic usage.
 Usage of appropriate materials, consideration of
climate possesses as a design principle that are
still relevant for Contemporary Architecture.
Architecture Style in
Malaysia

24.  Pre-Historic-tomb, altars
 Islamic – Mosque, Sultanate of Malacca Period,
Traders from India and Arab.
 Malay house
 Mediavel Europe- Church, fortification
(Portuegese)
 Reinassance/Clasisicism – Governor’s House
(Dutch)
 Colonial Architecture- British Invasion.
 Shop houses, temples- Chinese/Indian.
 Modern- After Independence- public buildings.
Architecture Style in
Malaysia

25. Architecture Style in
Malaysia
Pre-Historic Islamic Malay House Mediavel
Reinassance Colonial Temple Shop houses

26. Architecture Style in
Malaysia
Modern/Post Modern – 1960-1980
Modern- 1990-2000

27. TOPIC 3

28. Definition
 A term used to categorize methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
 Vernacular architecture tends to evolve
over time (accepted civilization) to
reflect the environmental, cultural and
historical context in which it exists.
 Vernacular IS NOT Indigenous
 All indigenous architecture IS vernacular
architecture

29. Influences in Vernacular
Architecture
 Local climate & site condition
 Culture & the way of life
 Local materials & construction methods
 Energy & resource efficient

30. Case Study: Traditional Malay
House
 Built without architect
 Display of a good fit to the culture, lifestyle
and socio-economic needs of the user
 The honest and efficient use of materials and
appropriate climatic design
 High degree of user and community
participation
 A sense of belonging and responsibility to
the built environment
 Creates a well-designed and healthy living
environment which it self maintained

31. Case Study: Traditional Malay
House
 Low-cost, affordable and self-reliant
 Efficiently designed to suit the local
climatic requirements using various
ventilation and solar-control devices and
low thermal capacity building
 Built with natural materials like wood, attap
& other forest products
 Raised on stilts
 A prefabricated building system which is
flexible and varied to suit the needs of the
users

32. Kelantan House

34. TOPIC 4

35. Islamic Architecture
 Definition
 History
 Principles
 Renown buildings

36. Definition
 Encompasses a wide range of both secular
and religious styles from the foundation of
Islam to the present day, influencing the
design and construction of buildings and
structures in Islamic culture.

37. Principles
 Relying both on the technical-scientific
and on the artistic-creative principles of
architecture.
 The relationship between architecture
and the Islamic creed found its
expression in the monotheist spirit as a
religious foundation, and in the very
Islamic precepts, principles, and
traditions.

38. Ties with Allah
Ties with the
environment
Ties with
fellow man
Basic Principles of Islamic
Architecture

39. Principles
 Adapted and responded to different
cultures and existing traditions of
buildings without weakening the spiritual
essence which was its source of
inspiration.
▪ (Sources: Jones, D: Architecture of the Islamic World;
Islamic Arts and Architecture Organisation)

40. Characteristics
 Based on Islamic values
 Common character:
 Worshipping
○ Encourage Muslim to abide His Laws
○ Decoration is to represent the beauty of
Jannatulfirdaus
 Human Scale
○ designed for human (privacy, natural
ventilation, water elements, etc)
○ Internal space is richly ornamented
 Unity
○ Authentic identity

41. Notable buildings in Islamic
Architecture history
 Mosque
 Madrasa
 Souq/ Market
 Caravanserai
 Hammam

42. Mosque components
1. Prayer Hall
2. Mihrab
3. Mimbar
4. Dikka
5. Kursi
6. Kolah
7. Minaret
8. The Archway ( Eyvan/Iwan)

43. The main components of a mosque –
contd.

44. The main components of a mosque - contd.
The Mihrab, minbar, DikkaThe prayer hall
The iwan ( Eyvan): Jama’
Masjid, Delhi

45. Main components of a mosque-
contd.
The Kursi
The kursi is basically a
bookstand on which the
Muslim holy book, the
Qur'an, is placed.
The Kolah/pool The minaret
Minaret of the
Muhammed Ali Mosque,
Cairo
Fountain in the Courtyard of the
Mohammed Ali Mosque, Cairo

46. Mosque
decoration/ornamentation
1. Khat writing
2. Muqarnas
3. Water element
4. Light
5. Geometry

47. Variety of Khat writing :
1. Deewani
2. Khufi
3. Naskh
4. Riqa
5. Taliq
6. Thuluth
Khat writing

48. 1. Deewani 3. Naskh
2. Khufi 4. Riqa

49. 5. Taliq
6. Thuluth

50. Muqarnas
The shape of this three
dimensional
geometry is unique in
islamic architecture.
The earliest was found in the
11th century.
Muqarnas

51. Water element as
decoration

52. Light as element in
mosque
Muqarnas inside the
dome
Colourful window in
Suleymaniye Mosque,
Istanbul.
Highly intricate screen in
Fatehpur Sikri,
India.

53. Geometric patterns make up
one of the three non-figural
types of decoration in Islamic
art, which also include
calligraphy and vegetal
patterns.
Geometry
The door
The wall
screen
The dome

54. Caravanserai in Karaj, Iran from the
Safavid era
Caravanserais
provided water for
drinking (for
animals and
people), and for
washing and ritual
ablutions.
Sometimes they
even had elaborate
baths. They also
kept fodder for
animals and had
shops for travellers
where they could
acquire new
supplies.
Caravanserai

55. Bazaar
A bazaar (Persian: ‫,بازار‬ Hindi: बज़ार) is a marketplace, often covered,
typically found in areas of Persian, Indian and some Islamic culture.
The word derives from the Persian word bāzār, whose etymology
goes back to the Pahlavi word baha-char (‫)بهاچار‬ meaning "the
place of prices". ( WIKIPEDIA)

56. Market

57. TOPIC 5

58. Sustainable Design?
 Also called environmental design,
environmentally sustainable design,
environmentally-conscious design, etc.)
 Def.: The philosophy of designing physical
objects, the built environment, and services
to comply with the principles of economic,
social, and ecological sustainability.
 Its application range from the microcosm — small
objects for everyday use, through to the
macrocosm — buildings, cities, and the earth's
physical surface.

59. Sustainable Design?
 Can be applied in the fields of architecture,
landscape architecture, urban design, urban
planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial
design, interior design, and fashion design.
 The intention: To "eliminate negative
environmental impact completely through
skillful, sensitive design".
 A general reaction to global environmental crises,
the rapid growth of economic activity and human
population, depletion of natural resources,
damage to ecosystems, and loss of biodiversity.

60. Common Principles of SD
 Use Low-impact materials
 choose non-toxic, sustainably-produced or
recycled materials which require little energy to
process
 Energy efficiency
 use manufacturing processes and produce
products which require less energy
 Quality and durability
 longer-lasting and better-functioning products will
have to be replaced less frequently, reducing the
impacts of producing replacements.

61. Common Principles of SD
 Design for reuse and recycling
 Products, processes, and systems should be
designed for performance in a commercial
'afterlife'.
 Apply Design Impact Measures for total carbon
footprint and life-cycle assessment for any
resource used
○ It is increasingly required and available.
○ Healthy Buildings
- sustainable building design aims to create buildings that
are not harmful to their occupants nor to the larger
environment. An important emphasis is on indoor
environmental quality, especially indoor air quality.

62. Common Principles of SD
 Renewability
 materials should
come from
nearby (local or
bioregional),
sustainably-
managed
renewable
sources that can
be composted
when their
usefulness has
been
exhausted.