1. Neuronal Physiology

3. Upward deflection = Decrease in potential Downward deflection = Increase in potential Repolarization Hyperpolarization Depolarization Resting potential

7. Graded potential (change in membrane potential relative to resting potential) Magnitude of stimulus Resting potential Time Stimuli applied

10. Change in membrane potential in mV relative to resting potential— i.e., magnitude of electrical signal Few mm Distance Initial active area Decremental spread of graded potential Decremental spread of graded potential Resting potential Few mm

15. Presynaptic axon terminal Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel Ca 2+ Neurotransmitter molecule Synaptic cleft Chemically gated ion channel for Na + , K + , or Cl - Receptor for neurotransmitter Postsynaptic neuron Subsynaptic membrane Synaptic vesicle Synaptic knob

17. Excitatory synapse Threshold potential Activation of synapse EPSP

18. Inhibitory synapse IPSP Threshold potential Activation of synapse

19. Excitatory presynaptic inputs Inhibitory presynaptic input Recording potential of postsynaptic cell

20. Temporal summation Spatial summation EPSP–IPSP cancellation Threshold potential Resting potential Recording potential of postsynaptic cell

21. Recording potential of postsynaptic cell C

22. Recording potential of postsynaptic cell C Threshold potential Resting potential

28. Presynaptic inputs Postsynaptic neuron Convergence of input (one cell is influenced by many others) Presynaptic inputs Divergence of output (one cell influences many others) Postsynaptic neurons Arrows indicate direction in which information is being conveyed.