2. Overview of Diabetes A disease marked by elevated blood glucose levels defects in insulin production defects in insulin action both production and action Can lead to serious complications and premature death May have benefits from exercise and from lifestyle management modifications
7. Newly diagnosed: 1.5 millionSource: 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
8. Complications of Diabetes Heart disease was noted on 68% of diabetes-related death Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates about 2 to 4 times Stroke was noted on 16% of diabetes-related deaths Risk for stroke is 2 to 4 times higher 68% have HTN 28.5% have retinopathy (vision loss …leading cause of kidney failure…44% of new cases Neural defects 30% have impaired sensation in feet 60-70% have mild to severe nervous system damage 60% of non-traumatic amputations
24. Diagnosing Diabetes Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) blood draw after an 8-hr fast >126 mg/dL = positive for Type 1 GTT Measure glucose after ingestion HbA1c glucose binds slowly to hemoglobin A = A1c subtype Decomposition is slowly ~ 4 weeks Indicates an individual’s blood glucose control HbA1c levels < 7.0% are desirable
34. Type 1 Diabetes (Juvenile) Body cannot manufacture its own insulin pancreas dysfunction Supplemental insulin must be injected or pumped to normalize glucose levels Accounts for 5-10% of all diagnosed cases of Diabetes > children, young adults Symptoms: increased thirst and sudden wt loss Risk factors: autoimmune disorders, genetic traits, environmental conditions No known way to prevent or cure managed and monitored
35. Type 2 Diabetes (Adult Onset) Characterized by insulin resistance Significant health burden Increased morbidity and mortality 90-95% of all diabetes Rate of growth projected to double by 2025—1 in 3 Usually affects individuals over 30 directly related to metabolic syndrome Incidence in overweight or obese children= ~85% High association with obesity
36. Gestational diabetes 100 pregnant US women between 3 - 8 Goes away birth…but increase risk for having diabetes later Monitor and control your blood sugar levels if already have diabetes before pregnancy Either type of diabetes during pregnancy raises the risk of problems for the baby and the mother To help reduce risks follow recommended meal plan exercise Test blood sugar Take prescribed medicine
43. Losing the feeling in feet or having tingling in feet
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45. Lifestyle Management Management means “monitoring” Blood glucose is measured at scheduled intervals using a glucometer Baseline measurement should be taken (FBG) upon waking and before eating Also before (90-130 mg/dL) and 2 hrs after (< 180 mg/dL) meals And, before, during and after exercise (see specific guidelines) Must monitor carb intake (counting carbs ) Control Blood Glucose Levls Diet Exercise Medications
46. Glycemic Index -6 year study found individuals with the high glycemic index intake 37% increase chance of diabetes
47. Glycemic Index Knowing peak height important in diabetes control High GI food peaks quicker than a low GI food Slower rates of digestion and absorption of foods Preferred over hi Allow for greater carbohydrate digestion Lower insulin demand Long-term blood glucose control Reduction in blood lipids
49. Glycemic Load Ranking system for carbohydrate content glycemic index (GI) and the portion size Multiply total carbohydrates glycemic index estimates impact on blood sugar level. GL = GI/100 x Net Carb Rule of thumb Glycemic Loads below 10 to be "low" Glycemic Loads above 20 to be "high”
52. Diabetes Treatment Diet Exercise Medication Percentage of adults with diagnosed diabetes receiving treatment with insulin or oral medication, United States, 2007–2009
76. Etiology:Hemoconcentration Excess fluid loss or dehydration Blood viscosity Difficult to circulate blood Peripheral circulatory failure follows Drops in BP (hypotension) when blood flow decreases Low or no perfusion of the vital organs Common effect kidneys…renal failure
77. Etiology:Carbohydrate: Glycogenolysis blood glucose glucose stores to mobilized breaks down stored glycogen in liver and muscle mobilization of glucose increases the already existing hyperglycemia glucose spills out into the urine plasma concentration > 180 mg/dl osmotic diuresis: fluid and electrolyte loss, or dehydration.
78. Etiology:Protein: (gluconeogenesis) If carbohydrates not use as fuel Proteins may be metabolized to synthesize new carbohydrate Protein is taken from the muscle Muscle loss Byproduct is potassium and nitrogen Elevated blood K+ Elevated urinrary nitrogen
79. Etiology: Fat- lypolysis Glucose scarcity lipid becomes primary fuel source Less lipid being synthesized and stored excess lipid in the blood stream (hyperlipemia). Ketones (ketogenesis) Byproduct of incomplete lipid oxidation excess ketones = ketonemia Leads acidosis and excess ketones in the urine dehydration
Editor's Notes
What is pre-diabetes?People with pre-diabetes have blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. This condition raises the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.Pre-diabetes is also called impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), depending on the test used to diagnose it. Some people have both IFG and IGT.IFG is a condition in which the blood glucose level is high (100 to 125 mg/dL) after an overnight fast, but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes. (The former definition of IFG was 110 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL.)IGT is a condition in which the blood glucose level is high (140 to 199 mg/dL) after a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, but is not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Pre-diabetes is becoming more common in the United States, according to new estimates provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. About 40 percent of U.S. adults ages 40 to 74—or 41 million people—had pre-diabetes in 2000. New data suggest that at least 54 million U.S. adults had pre-diabetes in 2002. Many people with pre-diabetes go on to develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years.The good news is that if you have pre-diabetes, you can do a lot to prevent or delay diabetes. Studies have clearly shown that you can lower your risk of developing diabetes by losing 5 to 7 percent of your body weight through diet and increased physical activity. A major study of more than 3,000 people with IGT, a form of pre-diabetes, found that diet and exercise resulting in a 5 to 7 percent weight loss—about 10 to 14 pounds in a person who weighs 200 pounds—lowered the incidence of type 2 diabetes by nearly 60 percent. Study participants lost weight by cutting fat and calories in their diet and by exercising (most chose walking) at least 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week.
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Without the help of insulin, glucose does not diffuse easily across cell membranes. High concentrations of glucose cause a shift as the body tries to equalize the osmotic pressure between the intra and extra celluluar fluid. Both of these are lost in uncontrolled diabetes. Increased osmotic pressure in the ex fluid results in a shirft of water from the intra fluid to the extra fluid and glucose spills into the urine.