SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 18
Prostitution in the Victorian    Era How men and poverty caused prostitution Merli Estime Professor LaFont Anthropology 39
Why Women Resorted to Prostitution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Women Forced to Prostitution A young servant girl is being forced into having sex with her boss. Today this would be classified as sexual harassment
Why Women Resorted to Prostitution  (continued) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Man’s Ideal Women Women were expected to be pure, not wear makeup, and jewelry. It was also not acceptable for women to bare there legs. Their job was to reproduce children and take care of the house and her husband. Her needs didn’t exist.
Young Girls Precious Prostitutes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Young Girls Precious Prostitutes ,[object Object],[object Object]
Prostitution:    Benefiting Men Two Fold ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prostitution=    Business Opportunity for Men This is a whorehouse where It was a belief that if a woman wasn’t under orders of a man and she was independent; she would take on a label worse then a prostitute she would be considered a whore.
Prostitutes Victimized This is picture of a police article about Jack The Ripper’s fourth victim, 43-year-old Catherine Eddowes who had been slashed to death. Their was a public outcry because prostitutes were being killed and police investigations were not being done.
Religion, Society and a Solution to Prostitution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Religion, Society and Solution to Prostitution (continued) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prostitution Still an Issue ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prostitution Still an Issue   ( continued ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prostitution Still an Issue   ( continued ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Final Say   ,[object Object],[object Object]
Final Say   (continued) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Bibliography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More Related Content

What's hot

The Extended family
The Extended family The Extended family
The Extended family nellz10186
 
legalizing prostitution in india
legalizing prostitution in indialegalizing prostitution in india
legalizing prostitution in india204080
 
Gender sensitization and violence against women & girl final
Gender sensitization and violence against women & girl  finalGender sensitization and violence against women & girl  final
Gender sensitization and violence against women & girl finalRishi Banshiwal
 
Social construction of gender
Social construction of genderSocial construction of gender
Social construction of genderAsra Qadeer
 
Social issue prostitution
Social issue  prostitutionSocial issue  prostitution
Social issue prostitutionrollaamalia
 
Dowry as a social problem
Dowry as a social problemDowry as a social problem
Dowry as a social problemSidra Noor
 
Social construction of gender
Social construction of genderSocial construction of gender
Social construction of genderVIBHUTI PATEL
 
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITY
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITYSOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITY
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITYDr. Eman M. Mortada
 
GENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-Presentation
GENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-PresentationGENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-Presentation
GENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-PresentationSunbal Virk
 
The Caste System Of Ancient India
The Caste System Of Ancient IndiaThe Caste System Of Ancient India
The Caste System Of Ancient Indiamsmcgradstudent
 
Gender stereotypes
Gender stereotypesGender stereotypes
Gender stereotypesKim B
 
Gender sensitization
Gender sensitizationGender sensitization
Gender sensitizationSelf Employed
 
The role of women in society
The role of women in societyThe role of women in society
The role of women in societyRhianna Lee-Pow
 
Gender Awareness [Autosaved] no video
Gender Awareness [Autosaved] no videoGender Awareness [Autosaved] no video
Gender Awareness [Autosaved] no videoMaria Brown, MBA, PHR
 

What's hot (20)

The Extended family
The Extended family The Extended family
The Extended family
 
Role of gender
Role of genderRole of gender
Role of gender
 
Sex and Gender
Sex and GenderSex and Gender
Sex and Gender
 
Gender identity
Gender identityGender identity
Gender identity
 
legalizing prostitution in india
legalizing prostitution in indialegalizing prostitution in india
legalizing prostitution in india
 
Gender sensitization and violence against women & girl final
Gender sensitization and violence against women & girl  finalGender sensitization and violence against women & girl  final
Gender sensitization and violence against women & girl final
 
Social construction of gender
Social construction of genderSocial construction of gender
Social construction of gender
 
Social issue prostitution
Social issue  prostitutionSocial issue  prostitution
Social issue prostitution
 
Dowry as a social problem
Dowry as a social problemDowry as a social problem
Dowry as a social problem
 
Social construction of gender
Social construction of genderSocial construction of gender
Social construction of gender
 
Crime
Crime Crime
Crime
 
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITY
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITYSOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITY
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF GENDER INEQUALITY
 
GENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-Presentation
GENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-PresentationGENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-Presentation
GENDER ISSUES IN PAKISTAN-Presentation
 
The Caste System Of Ancient India
The Caste System Of Ancient IndiaThe Caste System Of Ancient India
The Caste System Of Ancient India
 
Gender stereotypes
Gender stereotypesGender stereotypes
Gender stereotypes
 
GENDER STEREOTYPES
GENDER STEREOTYPESGENDER STEREOTYPES
GENDER STEREOTYPES
 
GENDER CONCEPTS
GENDER CONCEPTSGENDER CONCEPTS
GENDER CONCEPTS
 
Gender sensitization
Gender sensitizationGender sensitization
Gender sensitization
 
The role of women in society
The role of women in societyThe role of women in society
The role of women in society
 
Gender Awareness [Autosaved] no video
Gender Awareness [Autosaved] no videoGender Awareness [Autosaved] no video
Gender Awareness [Autosaved] no video
 

Viewers also liked

Crime and punishment victorian era
Crime and punishment victorian eraCrime and punishment victorian era
Crime and punishment victorian eraDsouza39
 
Victorian Era: Social Class System
Victorian Era: Social Class SystemVictorian Era: Social Class System
Victorian Era: Social Class SystemJadoreParis22
 
Social class and values in the Victorian Era
Social class and values in the Victorian EraSocial class and values in the Victorian Era
Social class and values in the Victorian Eraneledepauw
 
Crime and punishment course guide
Crime and punishment course guideCrime and punishment course guide
Crime and punishment course guideDave Wallbanks
 
Victorian Fashion
Victorian FashionVictorian Fashion
Victorian Fashionguestc5eaa3
 
Victorian Women Ppt
Victorian Women PptVictorian Women Ppt
Victorian Women Pptguestd50a31
 
Victorian era and role of women
Victorian era and role of womenVictorian era and role of women
Victorian era and role of womenCopol
 
Crimes and Punishments in Early-Modern England
Crimes and Punishments in Early-Modern EnglandCrimes and Punishments in Early-Modern England
Crimes and Punishments in Early-Modern EnglandDHUMPHREYS
 
Children In Victorian Times
Children In Victorian TimesChildren In Victorian Times
Children In Victorian Timesanitaserradell
 
Characteristics of the Victorian age
Characteristics of the Victorian ageCharacteristics of the Victorian age
Characteristics of the Victorian ageDevikaba Gohil
 
Victorian literature ‫‬
Victorian literature ‫‬Victorian literature ‫‬
Victorian literature ‫‬Mohammed Raiyah
 
Victorian era power point
Victorian era power pointVictorian era power point
Victorian era power pointCoreyA4
 
Victorian era men's clothing and apparel
Victorian era men's clothing and apparelVictorian era men's clothing and apparel
Victorian era men's clothing and apparelbennyG1
 
Victorian (Ha Chau)
Victorian (Ha Chau)Victorian (Ha Chau)
Victorian (Ha Chau)MissDuffy
 
The Ruined Maid
The Ruined MaidThe Ruined Maid
The Ruined Maidcbolsover
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Crime and punishment victorian era
Crime and punishment victorian eraCrime and punishment victorian era
Crime and punishment victorian era
 
Victorian Era: Social Class System
Victorian Era: Social Class SystemVictorian Era: Social Class System
Victorian Era: Social Class System
 
Social class and values in the Victorian Era
Social class and values in the Victorian EraSocial class and values in the Victorian Era
Social class and values in the Victorian Era
 
The victorian period
The victorian periodThe victorian period
The victorian period
 
Crime and punishment course guide
Crime and punishment course guideCrime and punishment course guide
Crime and punishment course guide
 
Victorian Fashion
Victorian FashionVictorian Fashion
Victorian Fashion
 
Victorian Women Ppt
Victorian Women PptVictorian Women Ppt
Victorian Women Ppt
 
Victorian era and role of women
Victorian era and role of womenVictorian era and role of women
Victorian era and role of women
 
Crimes and Punishments in Early-Modern England
Crimes and Punishments in Early-Modern EnglandCrimes and Punishments in Early-Modern England
Crimes and Punishments in Early-Modern England
 
Children In Victorian Times
Children In Victorian TimesChildren In Victorian Times
Children In Victorian Times
 
Characteristics of the Victorian age
Characteristics of the Victorian ageCharacteristics of the Victorian age
Characteristics of the Victorian age
 
Victorian literature ‫‬
Victorian literature ‫‬Victorian literature ‫‬
Victorian literature ‫‬
 
Victorian era power point
Victorian era power pointVictorian era power point
Victorian era power point
 
Bildungsroman
BildungsromanBildungsroman
Bildungsroman
 
Victorian era men's clothing and apparel
Victorian era men's clothing and apparelVictorian era men's clothing and apparel
Victorian era men's clothing and apparel
 
Victorianlife
VictorianlifeVictorianlife
Victorianlife
 
The Long 19th Century
The Long 19th CenturyThe Long 19th Century
The Long 19th Century
 
Gothic Revival
Gothic RevivalGothic Revival
Gothic Revival
 
Victorian (Ha Chau)
Victorian (Ha Chau)Victorian (Ha Chau)
Victorian (Ha Chau)
 
The Ruined Maid
The Ruined MaidThe Ruined Maid
The Ruined Maid
 

Recently uploaded

Kishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdf
Kishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdfKishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdf
Kishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdfKISHAN REDDY OFFICE
 
30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
 
Pakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdf
Pakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdfPakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdf
Pakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdfFahimUddin61
 
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceBDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceDelhi Call girls
 
Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptx
Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptxMinto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptx
Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptxAwaiskhalid96
 
KAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptx
KAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptxKAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptx
KAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptxjohnandrewcarlos
 
28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
 
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceBDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceDelhi Call girls
 
2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docx
2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docx2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docx
2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docxkfjstone13
 
1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.ppt
1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.ppt1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.ppt
1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.pptsammehtumblr
 
Lorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptx
Lorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptxLorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptx
Lorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptxlorenzodemidio01
 
₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...
₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...
₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...Diya Sharma
 
Enjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort Service
Enjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceEnjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort Service
Enjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceDelhi Call girls
 
Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...
Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...
Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...AlexisTorres963861
 
TDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s Leadership
TDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s LeadershipTDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s Leadership
TDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s Leadershipanjanibaddipudi1
 
Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...
Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...
Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...narsireddynannuri1
 
Verified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover Back
Verified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover BackVerified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover Back
Verified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover BackPsychicRuben LoveSpells
 
Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...
Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...
Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...Pooja Nehwal
 
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdf
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdfHow Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdf
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdfLorenzo Lemes
 
Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!
Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!
Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!Krish109503
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Kishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdf
Kishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdfKishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdf
Kishan Reddy Report To People (2019-24).pdf
 
30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
30042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
 
Pakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdf
Pakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdfPakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdf
Pakistan PMLN Election Manifesto 2024.pdf
 
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceBDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Indirapuram Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
 
Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptx
Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptxMinto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptx
Minto-Morley Reforms 1909 (constitution).pptx
 
KAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptx
KAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptxKAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptx
KAHULUGAN AT KAHALAGAHAN NG GAWAING PANSIBIKO.pptx
 
28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
28042024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdf
 
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceBDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
BDSM⚡Call Girls in Sector 135 Noida Escorts >༒8448380779 Escort Service
 
2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docx
2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docx2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docx
2024 02 15 AZ GOP LD4 Gen Meeting Minutes_FINAL_20240228.docx
 
1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.ppt
1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.ppt1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.ppt
1971 war india pakistan bangladesh liberation.ppt
 
Lorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptx
Lorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptxLorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptx
Lorenzo D'Emidio_Lavoro sullaNorth Korea .pptx
 
₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...
₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...
₹5.5k {Cash Payment} Independent Greater Noida Call Girls In [Delhi INAYA] 🔝|...
 
Enjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort Service
Enjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort ServiceEnjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort Service
Enjoy Night⚡Call Girls Iffco Chowk Gurgaon >༒8448380779 Escort Service
 
Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...
Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...
Defensa de JOH insiste que testimonio de analista de la DEA es falso y solici...
 
TDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s Leadership
TDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s LeadershipTDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s Leadership
TDP As the Party of Hope For AP Youth Under N Chandrababu Naidu’s Leadership
 
Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...
Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...
Nurturing Families, Empowering Lives: TDP's Vision for Family Welfare in Andh...
 
Verified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover Back
Verified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover BackVerified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover Back
Verified Love Spells in Little Rock, AR (310) 882-6330 Get My Ex-Lover Back
 
Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...
Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...
Call Girls in Mira Road Mumbai ( Neha 09892124323 ) College Escorts Service i...
 
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdf
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdfHow Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdf
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa_walter.pdf
 
Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!
Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!
Israel Palestine Conflict, The issue and historical context!
 

Prostitution In The Victorian Era

  • 1. Prostitution in the Victorian Era How men and poverty caused prostitution Merli Estime Professor LaFont Anthropology 39
  • 2.
  • 3. Women Forced to Prostitution A young servant girl is being forced into having sex with her boss. Today this would be classified as sexual harassment
  • 4.
  • 5. Man’s Ideal Women Women were expected to be pure, not wear makeup, and jewelry. It was also not acceptable for women to bare there legs. Their job was to reproduce children and take care of the house and her husband. Her needs didn’t exist.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. Prostitution= Business Opportunity for Men This is a whorehouse where It was a belief that if a woman wasn’t under orders of a man and she was independent; she would take on a label worse then a prostitute she would be considered a whore.
  • 10. Prostitutes Victimized This is picture of a police article about Jack The Ripper’s fourth victim, 43-year-old Catherine Eddowes who had been slashed to death. Their was a public outcry because prostitutes were being killed and police investigations were not being done.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.