ch 9 food and agriculture

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Chapter 9:
Geographies
of Food and
Agriculture
Chapter 9 Lecture
Katie Pratt
Macalester College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure: Chapter 9 Opener - Roadside vendors
sell food to Muslims to break fast after
sundown on the first day of the holy month
of Ramadan in Old Dhaka.
Key Concepts

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Figure 9.1 Effect of climate
change on global farming.
Geography and Agriculture
• Study of agriculture has a long tradition in geography.
• Major changes in agriculture worldwide over the last
five decades.
• Agriculture systems face uncertain future.
Crop forecasts show that
some countries further
from the equator will see
increased production but
most others, as the map
shows, will be far worse
off by 2080.

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Geography and Agriculture
Figure 9.2 Cropland and pastures cartograms (a) this cartogram shows the amount of
cropland available by continent. as a topographic map, the areas of elevation are also
shown in dark brown color, providing some insight into land that is unlikely to be suitable
for food production. (b)this cartogram shows the amount of land available for raising
animals and thus where high-protein food can be grown.

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Origins and Change in Agriculture
• Hunting and gathering
– characterized activities through which people feed themselves by killing
wild animals and marine species and gathering fruits, roots, nuts, and
other edible plants.
• Subsistence agriculture
– a system in which agriculturalists consume most of what they produce.
• Commercial agriculture
– system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale
rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families
Figure 9.3 Areas of plant and animal domestication-the origins of plant and animal domestication, however, are not definitively known,
and much of what is represented on this map is speculative. primary seed hearths are those places where domestication is believed
to have first begun. secondary seed hearths followed soon after.

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Origins and Change in Agriculture (cont’d)
Figure 9.4 Global distribution of agriculture- thismap showsagriculturepracticesasthey aredistributed acrosstheglobe.
noticethedifferencebetween coreand periphery with respect to thedistribution of commercial versussubsistence
agriculture.

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Shifting Cultivation
• Crop rotation
• Slash-and-burn
• Swidden
• Intertillage
Figure 9.5 Shifting cultivation - farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by
rotating the fields they cultivate.
Figure 9.6
Intertillage.

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• Crop rotation
– the fields under cultivation remain the same, but the crops planted are
changed to balance the types of nutri- ents withdrawn from and
delivered to the soil.
• Slash-and-burn
– Existing plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period,
and then ignited. The burning process adds valuable nutrients to the
soil, such as potash, which is about the only fertilizer that is readily
available and free of charge.
• Swidden
– Once the land is cleared and ready for cultivation, it is known as
swidden
• Intertillage
– The practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same
swidden is called intertillage
• Not only are different plants cultivated, but their planting is usually staggered
so that harvesting can continue throughout the year.

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Shifting Cultivation (cont’d)
Figure 9.7 Gender division of labor in riceprocessing in Tamil Nadu, India- riceproduction isamajor sourceof livelihood
for both low-incomemen and women in india. Women thresh thericewhilemen look on from thericebalesthey have
delivered. Women also process, clean, select, and storetheseedsfor next year'scrop, and areprimarily responsiblefor
preparing and cooking ricefor household consumption and sometimesfor market sale.

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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
• Double cropping
– it is not
uncommon in
milder climates
for fields to be
planted and
harvested more
than once a
year, a practice
known as double
cropping.
Figure 9.8 A terraced rice field in Bali, Indonesia
is an example of intensive subsistence agriculture.

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Pastoralism
• Transhumance
– the movement of
herds according to
seasonal rhythms:
warmer, lowland
areas in the winter,
and cooler,
highland areas in
the summer. Figure 9.9 Global distribution of pastoralists
and hunter-gatherers.
Apply your knowledge: Compare two dominant forms of subsistence agriculture.
What crops are grown with these methods? Where in the world are they utilized?
What are the advantages of the environment? What are the challenges for the human
population?
Pastoralism involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs
for food, shelter, and clothing.

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Culture and Society in Agriculture
• Pastoralism, shifting cultivation, and intensive
agriculture are not simply subsistence activities but
part of a social system as well
Apply your knowledge: How is pastoralism both an agriculture practice and a
sociopolitical system?
http://www.pastoralpeoples.org/

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Agricultural Revolution and Industrialization
• First agricultural revolution - The first agricultural
revolution is commonly recognized as having been
founded on the development of seed agriculture and the
use of the plow and draft animals
Figure 9.10 Animals were important
in the first agricultural revolution.
Figure 9.11 Agricultural fields along
the Nile River, Luxor, Egypt.

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Agricultural Revolution (cont’d)
• Second agricultural revolution
– Dramatic improvements in outputs such as crop and
livestock yields
– Innovations such as improved oxen yokes
– New inputs such as fertilizers and drainage systems
Apply your knowledge: Why was the Industrial Revolution so important to
the second agricultural revolution? How did manufacturing technologies
change agricultural technologies?
The apex of the second agricultural revolution coincided historically and
geographically with the Industrial Revolu- tion in England and Western Europe.
Although many impor- tant changes in agriculture preceded the Industrial
Revolution, none had more of an impact than the rise of an industrialized
manufacturing sector.

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Agricultural Revolutions (cont’d)
• Third agricultural revolution
– Mechanization
– Chemical farming
– Food manufacturing
Figure 9.14 Salmon processing.
Apply your knowledge: Read the labels on at least four different products.
Identify the various processes involved in making them ready for market.
How does the package enhance the attractiveness of the product?
The third agricultural revolution is fairly
recent; it began in the late nineteenth
century and gained momentum
throughout the twentieth century. Each
of the third agricultural revolution's
important developmental phases
originated in North America.

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Figure 9.12 Working tractors globally.
Agricultural Revolutions (cont’d)

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Figure 9.13 Worldwidegrowth in fertilizer use, 2005-2007 - asthemap indicates, fertilizer usehasbeen
growing in peripheral countriesfaster than in thecore, though corecountriesarestill thelargest usersof
fertilizer. Oneof thebiggest problems, and onethat isonly expected to grow, isincreased runoff from
fertilizer and resultant dead zonesalong ocean shores.
Agricultural Revolutions (cont’d)

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Industrialization of Agriculture
• Important developments
– Changes in rural labor
– Innovative inputs
– Industrial substitutes
Figure 9.15 Commercial flower
production.
Nontraditional exports (NTAEs)
Many governments have
shifted from giving top priority
to self-sufficiency in basic
grains to encouraging crops
that are more competitive in
international trade with a
higher profit margin, such as
fruit, vegetables, and flowers.

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Roses - Ecuador

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• Green revolution
– new machines and institutions, all designed to
increase global agricultural productivity,
• Blue revolution
– affected world fisheries by introducing larger
and more sophisticated vessels into wild
fisheries and expanded the capacities of
aquaculture.
• Aquaculture
– is the growing of aquatic creatures in ponds
on shore or in pens suspended in water.

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• Contract farming
– is an agreement between farmers and processing
and/or marketing firms for the production, supply, and
purchase of agricultural products--from beef, cotton,
and flowers to milk, poultry, and vegetables.
• The legal arrangement requires the firm to provide specified
support through, for example, the supply of fertilizer or seeds
and the provision of technical advice. The farmer is in turn
obliged to produce a specific commodity in quantities and at
quality standards determined by the firm. A great deal of
agricultural production in the contemporary global system
proceeds according to contracts.

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The Green Revolution Then and Now
• Norman Borlaug
• Increased agricultural
outputs
• Critiques:
– Magnified social
inequalities
– Environmental
degradation
– Dependence on fossil
fuels
– Loss of genetic diversity
• Borlaug hypothesis
Figure 9.B2 Rice production.
Figure 9.D Rice paddy, India.

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Biotechnology
• Biorevolution
• Biotechnology
• Biopharming
• Positive and adverse
effects
Figure 9.17 Mothers and children protest
GMOs in Quezon City, Philippines.
Apply your knowledge: What are some of the positive effects of biotechnology
on global agriculture?

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Biotechnology (cont’d)
• Genetically modified organism (GMO)
• Opposition
Figure 9.16 Genetically modified food labeling laws.

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Biotechnology (cont’d)
Table 9.1 Biorevolution compared with green revolution.

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• Globalized agriculture
• Economy and regulatory
practices are global in
scope
• Trade and financial
organizations
• Decline in some forms of
agriculture, for example,
shifting cultivation and
family farms
• Subsidies to food
producers
Global Change in Food Production and
Consumption
Figure 9.18 Family farms in decline.

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National and International Agricultural Policy
• Why have domestic and
international policies?
• Impacts
• World Trade Organization
(WTO)
• Agricultural subsidies
Figure 9.19 Direct subsidies for
animal products and feed.
Apply your knowledge: What are some reasons different groups would protest
national agricultural policies? Think about how policies are set and the role of the
WTO, and how GMOs might threaten indigenous seed varieties.

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Organization of the Agro-Food System
• Agribusiness
• Food supply chain
Figure 9.20 The food supply chain.

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• Food regime
• Colonialism and food
exports
• Organic farming
• Conventional farming
Food Regimes and Alternative Food
Movements (cont’d)
Figure 9.21 The world’s largest cattle
feedlot near Greeley, Colorado.
Figure 9.22 Global flows of fresh fruit.

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Food Regimes and Alternative Food
Movements (cont’d)
Table 9.2 Conventional versus alternative food.

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• Local food
• Food shed
• Food miles
• Urban agriculture
• Food sovereignty
• Food justice
Food Regimes and Alternative Food
Movements (cont’d)
Figure 9.23 Food shed.

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Food Regimes and Alternative Food
Movements (cont’d)
Figure 9.24 Radical wage gap in four food sectors.

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Urban Agriculture
Figure 9.1.1 Urban agriculture around the world.

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Urban Agriculture
Figure 9.1.2 Urban agriculture around the world.

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Urban Agriculture
Figure 9.3.1 Main types of urban farming and their benefits.

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Fast Food
• Product of post-World
War II
• Fast Food Nation by Eric
Schlosser
• Children’s eating habits
• Disease
• Environmental impacts
Figure 9.25 Distance to McDonald’s in
the United States.
Apply your knowledge: How many fast food restaurant are in your town?
Research their menu and nutritional value of several popular items. What can
you conclude about the nutritional value of each item and their price?

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Fast Food (cont’d)
Figure 9.27 Fast food production’s impact.Figure 9.26 Obesity on the increase globally.

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Food Deserts
Figure 9.E Food deserts.
Apply your knowledge: How do rural food deserts differ from urban food
deserts? What are the differences and similarities in the populations who reside
in them?

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• Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
• Soil degradation and denudation
The Environment and Agricultural
Industrialization
Figure 9.29 Desertification in China.Figure 9.28 Impact of pesticides on
pollinators.

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The Environment and Agricultural
Industrialization (cont’d)
Table 9.3 Global soil degradation.
Apply your knowledge: Why is soil degradation such a pressing issue
for agriculture?

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Emerging Challenges and Opportunities
• Food and hunger
– Undernutrition
– Malnutrition
– Famine
– Food security
Figure 9.30 Almost one in seven people
worldwide is chronically undernourished.
Apply your knowledge: According to figures from Food First there is enough
wheat, rice, and other grains produced to provide every human begin on the
planet with 3,500 calories a day. Given this, why are there more than 900
million hungry people on the planet?

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Hunger and Poverty in the United States
Figure 9.I Black Panther’s Free
Breakfast Program for children.
Figure 9.H Food hardship.

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Emerging Problems and Opportunities (cont’d)
• Land grabs
• Biofuels
Figure 9.32 Land grabbing and
the effect on hunger.
Figure 9.31 Jatropha plantation in India.

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Future Geographies
• Recognizing strengths of both industrialized
agriculture and sustainable, organic methods
• Knowledge of how to manage inputs and
ecosystems
• Continued population increase
• No “one size fits all” solution
Apply your knowledge: Search the Internet for news stories on recent protests
against GMO food. What are the protesters’ concerns? Do you believe their
concerns are justified? Provide scientific evidence to support your argument.