2. History
Ebola VIRUS WAS FIRST ISOLATED in 1976
outbreak
Name of disease originates from one of
those recorded outbreak in 1976 –Zaire—
which lies near Ebola river
No approved vaccine or treatment available
Classified as Bio-safety level 4 agent and
category A bioterrorism agent by the CDC
5. Facts-1
EVD is severe and lethal disease
Fatality rate-----more than 90%
Outbreaks primarily occurs in tropical area of central and west Africa
It is caused by virus
Five types virus identified
Transmission occurs to human via infected animals and animal materials.
Human to human transmission occurs via infected fluids and needles
One of the world’s most virulent disease
One of the world’s most deadly disease
It is highly infectious virus
There have been more than 3000 cases of Ebola and more than 2000 deaths
since 1976
6. Facts--2
Fruit bats may be the natural host of Ebola virus
Virus is Zoonotic
Genus Ebolavirus comprises five distinct subspecies: Bundibugyo
Ebolavirus (BDBV), Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV), Reston Ebolavirus
(RESTV), Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV) and Taï Forest Ebolavirus (TAFV).
Incubation period is 2 to 21 days
Ebla virus was isolated from semen 61 days after onset of illness in
semen of infected person
It is also occurs in non primates such as monkeys, gorillas and
chimpanzees
EVD is often characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, intense
weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. These signs are
usually followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and
liver function, and in some severe cases, both internal and external
bleeding.
7. Facts-3
No risk of transmission during incubation period
Historically, many HAEMORRAGHIC DISEASE
WERE REPORTED IN LONG DISTANCE TRAVELESR
(AS PER WHO)
No airborne transmission documented
8. Risk factors
Travelling to Africa
Animal research
Health professionals treating infected cases
Burial of death body of infected person
Handling of the following infected animals found ill/death/or in the
rainforest -----
Chimpanzees
Gorillas
Fruit bats
Monkeys
Forest antelope
Porcupines
10. Signs and symptoms--2
May also have following
Red eyes
Internal/External Bleeding
Sore Throat
Difficulty in breathing/Swallowing
Chest pain
Rash over body--HAEMORRAHGIC
Genital swelling
11. Transmission
Ebola transmitted to human by direct contact with
blood secretion, body fluids or organs of infected
person. and handling infected animals like non –
primates
Community spread by human to human
Burial ceremonies can play important role in
transmission
Sexual Transmission By the recovered infected
Transmission to health workers when protection
protocol not followed
14. Treatment
No treatment
Isolation
Intensive and supportive care
Fluid and electrolyte management
Blood and platelet transfusion
Antibiotics to prevent infection
Maintaining Oxygen and blood pressure
experimental serum that destroy the infected cells
15. Experimental Treatment
Zmapp
TKM-Ebola, is designed to target the strands of
genetic material of the virus (RNA)
The US-based pharmaceutical company, has
developed a similar RNA treatment. TESTED IN
HUMAN VOLUNTERS
Scientists have been working on a number of
prototype vaccines against Ebola. Most are in very
early stages of research in animal models and no
vaccine has been licensed.
16. Prevention-1
Isolation
Use of PPE—Gloves. Face mask, Gown, Eye Protection
Additional PPE--Double gloving, Disposable shoe covers, Leg
coverings ( In special situation e.g. copious amounts of blood, other
body fluids, vomit, or feces present in the environment
Hand Hygiene
Patient care equipments--Dedicated medical equipment (preferably
disposable, when possible) should be used for the provision of patient
care,All non-dedicated, non-disposable medical equipment used for
patient care should be cleaned and disinfected according to
manufacturer's instructions and hospital policies
Avoid Aerosol Generating Procedures (AGPs) as far as possible
17. Prevention-2
Patient Care Considerations: Limit the use of needles and other sharps
as much as possible, Phlebotomy, procedures, and laboratory testing
should be limited to the minimum necessary for essential diagnostic
evaluation and medical care, All needles and sharps should be
handled with extreme care and disposed in puncture-proof, sealed
containers
Monitoring, Management, and Training of Visitors
Monitoring and Management of Potentially Exposed Personnel
Safe Injection practices
Environmental Infection Control
Avoid bush Meat
Avoid contact with infected people
Sterilization and disinfection of instrument used
18. Message to Health Professionals and
workers
The recommended occupational health and safety,
and infection prevention and control measures are
based on the Routine practices and additional
Precautions that health workers apply on a daily
basis. Consistently following the recommended
occupational health and safety, and infection
prevention and control measures will protect health
workers against infection by Ebola.
19. WHO-Statement
The Ebola outbreak in West Africa constitutes an
‘extraordinary event’ and a public health risk to other
States;
the possible consequences of further international spread
are particularly serious in view of the virulence of the
virus, the intensive community and health facility
transmission patterns, and the weak health systems in the
currently affected and most at-risk countries.
a coordinated international response is deemed essential
to stop and reverse the international spread of Ebola.
20. Ebola guidance for airlines
Stop ill travelers from boarding aircraft—(Commercial)
Management of ill people on aircraft if Ebola virus is
suspected
Keep the sick person separated from others as much as possible.
Provide the sick person with a surgical mask (if the sick person can
tolerate wearing one) to reduce the number of droplets expelled into
the air by talking, sneezing, or coughing.
Give tissues to a sick person who cannot tolerate a mask. Provide a
plastic bag for disposing of used tissues.
Wear impermeable disposable gloves for direct contact with blood or
other body fluids.
Carry Universal Precaution kit
21. Awareness among Travelers'
minimize any risk of getting infected if they avoid:
Contact with blood or bodily fluids of a person or
corpse infected with the Ebola virus.
Contact with or handling of wild animals, alive or
dead or their raw or undercooked meat.
Having sexual intercourse with a sick person or a
person recovering from EVD for at least 7 weeks.
Having contact with any object, such as needles, that
has been contaminated with blood or bodily fluids.
