2. The ‘jewel in the crown’
• Sustained Britain’s
empire expansion
• Market for British
products
• Produced raw
agricultural
materials for
Britain
• To provide the
Brits with
investment
opportunities
3. The independence movement
• Nationalism
• Interest based
associations
• Politicised regional elites:
urban educated
professionals
• Complaints and demands
• Indian National Congress
• Congress split, 1907
• Emergence of separate
Muslim politics
4. Gandhi and the independence
movement
• Gandhi the “critical outsider”
• Gandhi was only one of the leaders of the Indian
independence movement
• Gandhi’s ultimatum to the British government
– Lowering the exchange rate between the rupee and the
pound stirling
– Imposing tariffs on foreign cloth
– Shipping changes
– Reduce land taxes by 50%
– Abolish the salt tax
• Constructive work
5. Protest – ID cards, 1908
• South African
law – all
Indians had to
carry ID cards
• Gandhi’s
bonfire
• Part of a wider
movement
6. Protest – Champara, 1917-18
• Indigo farmers
protest
• Led by Gandhi
• Won the right to
grow what they
wanted too
7. Protest – Rowlatt Act, 1919
• April 6, 1919 - hartal, or day of fasting and
prayer, held by the Nationalists. India stops in
it’s tracks for a day, and the British panic.
• Sale of proscribed literature
• Gandhi's arrest on 9 April
• Consequences included:
– the Amritsar massacre
– Gandhi calling for non-cooperation across India
8. Protest – the Salt March, 1930
• Salt was needed by everyone
• Marched 240 miles to Dandi
to make salt
• Media coverage
• Accompanied by:
– boycott of foreign goods
– Picketing of alcohol shops
• Participants:
– Capitalists
– Women
– Congress members
• Forest satyagrahas and non-
payment of taxes
• Three violent incidents:
Sholapur, Chittagong,
Peshawar
9. Causes of Gandhi’s movement
• British
exploitation of
India’s economic
potential
• Gandhi's belief
that India should
achieve swaraj
(independence)
• British oppression
of Indians
10. Consequences of Gandhi’s movement
• Indian
independence
• Partition
• Indo-Pakistani
War, 1947
• Disagreement
over Kashmir
Editor's Notes
MY INTRO:
Say a little about myself (student teacher, etc.)
Say that this is a one off thing about Gandhi stuff (ties into their standard about causes and consequences)
By 1908, NZ, Australia, and Canada had all been granted dominion status, but India was still firmly under Britain
- ASK STUDENTS WHY at the end of the slide – because it was worth too much to Britain
1) Resources – empires need huge amounts of resources for expansion and maintenance
2) Ind.s bought Brit products
preferential freight charges in favour of imported goods
Freight = cheaper for outside goods to move around India than local goods
Ind.s couldn’t afford freight charges, so had to buy outside goods (e.g. fabric)
Preferential tariffs
cheapest for Brits, expensive (discouraging) for all other countries
meant Brits could increase prices (Gandhi’s later push for producing their own cloth)
Indians lost jobs – weren’t needed, got stuff from Brits instead
3) Cotton, jute (cotton replaced US supply during US Civil War)
4) e.g. railroads
Brits invested, guaranteed dividends
company failure = Indian taxpayers pay
1)Nationalism
2) starting to develop modern politics
- Voluntary associations of educated Indians – British Indian Association (Calcutta - landords), Madras Mahajan Sabha (businessmen), Bombay Mill Owners' Association (Industrialists)
3) e.g. Indian Association (Calcutta), Madras Native Association, Poona Sarbajanik Sabha, Bombay Presidency Association, Deccan Education Society, Allahabad Peoples' Association
4) Didn’t demand independence
Complaints - drainage of wealth, lack of development,
Demands - constitutional reforms, local self-government, jobs in Indian Civil Service
5) Founded in Bombay (Dec 1885)
Claimed – national, all regions/classes (actually rich, high caste mostly – distance, caste, etc.)
Conspiracy theory and the role of Alan Octavian Hume
Reform of ‘un-British rule’
Moderate phase: politics of prayer and petition
6) Factors:
Moderate politics – failed
- Civil disobedience and passive resistance (boycott of British goods and institutions)
- Failure to mobilise the masses
- Hindu symbol use (India as Mother goddess) = bad for Muslims
- Terrorism
7)
Syed Ahmed Khan – suspicious of Congress (knew it was elitist, would ignore minorities)
New leaders – religion-based mass politics emphasis
All India Muslim League estb. 1906
DEMANDED END OF BRITISH RULE
1) Gandhi = ‘critical outsider’ (said Judith Brown)
2)
Nehru (Hindu leader?)
Jinnah (Muslim leader)
LIST THE OTHER LEADERS!!!!!!!
3)
- abolish salt tax – salt = daily commodity. Government = no right to monopolise salt, charge high prices
4) Judith Brown: eradication of untouchability, women’s rights, better villagers' lives, better education, free/compulsory schooling, changed legal stuff (jails = reformatories)
GANDHI MOVIE: 13.04-16.05 (3.01)
1) all the time
2) illegal, destruction of government property
3)
- Indians: strikes, refused to register, burning IDs, non-violent resistance – flogged, shot
- Public outcry eventually forced General Smuts to compromise w/ Gandhi
GANDHI MOVIE 1.11.48-1.14.35 (2.47)
Peasants forced to grow indigo on at least 1/3 of their land
indigo – coloured cotton cloth from Britain
indigo – wasn’t selling – bcoz Indians bought cloth from England (re preferential tariffs/freight charges)
Indian cloth = not in demand = no indigo was needed = peasants couldn’t pay landlords = starving (had to pay before buying food)
1) Started by middle/rich peasant leadership
Government oppression
Not successful till Gandhi joined
2) Raj Kumar Shukla
1916 - sat in front of Gandhi's tent for 3 days
told Gandhi to come lead the movement
Gandhi makes Congress and British administration take notice
Now = national issue, mass movement
3) Champaran Agricultural Act , 1918
- chemical dye – removed even more the pressure on the peasants to produce indigo
Rowlatt Act made legal:
- Imprisonment without trial on suspicion of being a terrorist
- Suspension of democratic rights for such people
- Undermined the constitutional process (WHAT PROCESS WAS THIS???)
1)
2) WHAT PROSCRIBED LITERATURE?????????
3)
4)
5)
April 13, 1919 – General Dyer – British troops slaughter Indian protesters
MORE
August 1, 1920: Gandhi -> non-cooperation
http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/gandhi/timeline.html
GANDHI MOVIE: 2.15.50-2.19.09 (3.19)
1) salt = daily commodity. Government = no right to monopolise salt, charge high prices
More radical than 1920 movement
2) became emotive
10 miles everyday
Gandhi spoke to villagers at night - every morning = procession increased
broke the law (protested) by making salt on the sea shore
3) Invited by Gandhi
Took it global
4) foreign goods boycotted (picketing of shops selling foreign goods - burnt foreign cloth in the main cities)
5)
Capitalists
Consumers/businessmen – stopped selling foreign products
value of Brit cloth market dropped: 26 million to 13ish million pounds per annum
Women
Involved by Gandhi (helped movement)
e.g., the locals took the opportunity to try to get rid of the forest laws (the government was the only ones allowed to utilise the forests). The locals burned the forests and refused to pay taxes
this was not endorsed by Congress
6)
In tribal areas, movement took on local issues
E.g. took back the right to use the forest from the government
Protests: burned the forest, didn’t pay taxes
Congress = didn’t endorse
7)
Sholapur – popular Congress leader arrested - followers ransacked city
Chittagong – Indians attacked a government police armoury
Peshawar - violent riot, government buildings ransacked bcoz of Gandhi’s arrest in May 1930
1)
- Indian exports and imports were highly controlled by the British (preferential tariffs, preferential freight charges, etc.)
Railways
Loans???
2) Gandhi's belief that India should be self-governing (freedom for India)
3)
Indians forced to join the British army
Education - the British created a very few elite, high-caste, highly educated Indians (males, probably) - resented by the other Indian
salt issues, indigo farmers, deforestation/dam-making, etc. (e.g. things Gandhi protested)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts#Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947
1)
2)
The Muslim segregating themselves into Pakistan
Because Gandhi alienated them and wouldn’t do what (Muhammad Ali) Jinnah wanted
3/4)
The year Gandhi died
Set of a chain of wars fighting over Kashmir
