Presentation given at Gulf Coast Green 2016 by Don Posson and David Varner of SmithGroup JJR

2. Battles Won, Lessons Learned:
Large-Scale Sustainable Office Building Renovation

3. construction strategy and collaboration
introduction to Constitution Center
architectural vision and strategic planning
HVAC system design and coordination

4. PROJECT LOCATION
S I T E
U.S. CAPITOLU.S. CAPITOLNATIONAL MALLNATIONAL MALL
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
WASHINGTON
CHANNEL
WASHINGTON
CHANNEL
U.S. CAPITOL
BUILDING
U.S. CAPITOL
BUILDING
CONSTITUTION
CENTER
CONSTITUTION
CENTER

5. COLONIAL PERIOD & THE L’ENFANT PLAN
WHITE HOUSEWHITE HOUSE
CONSTITUTION
CENTER
CONSTITUTION
CENTER
WHITE HOUSEWHITE HOUSE
CONSTITUTION
CENTER
CONSTITUTION
CENTER
U.S. CAPITOLU.S. CAPITOL

6. THRIVING COMMUNITY, 1800s – 1940s
POTOMAC
RIVER
POTOMAC
RIVER
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
WASHINGTON
MONUMENT
U.S. CAPITOLU.S. CAPITOL
ANACOSTIA
RIVER
ANACOSTIA
RIVER

7. URBAN RENEWAL
1952 URBANRENEWAL PLAN
4,800 STRUCTURES DEMOLISHED
1952 URBANRENEWAL PLAN
4,800 STRUCTURES DEMOLISHED
S I T E

8. RLA COMPETITION & DEVELOPMENT BY DNA, 1965 - 1970

9. RLA COMPETITION & DEVELOPMENT BY DNA, 1965 - 1970

10. DAVID NASSIF BUILDING OPENS, 1970

11. ORIGINAL PENTHOUSE & AIR-COOLED ROOFTOP UNITS (x40)

12. ORIGINAL PENTHOUSE & AIR-COOLED ROOFTOP UNITS (x40)

13. DAVID NASSIF BUILDING, 2007

14. DIRECT ACCESS TO METRO WITHIN THE FOOTPRINT

15. 15 ACRES OF PARKING BELOW GRADE

16. DAVID NASSIF BUILDING, 2007

17. HYSTERISIS IN ACTION

18. architectural vision and strategic planning

19. • Most Secure private building in DC
• Greenest private building in DC
• Flexible for the future
• Total transformation into Class A+
OWNERSHIP GOALS
And, by the way – stay on budget!

20. SECURITY: DESIGNING IN LAYERS
ALL HVAC INTAKES &
EXHAUSTS AT ROOF LEVEL
GARAGE INTAKES FROM PRIVATE COURTYARDGARAGE INTAKES FROM PRIVATE COURTYARD
M
MM
HARDENED LOBBIES
PROTECTED LOADING
INDEPENDENTTENANT
LOBBIES
PROTECTED RAMPS
ENTRANCE CONTROLS
PROTECTED METRO
PUBLIC SPACE

21. THREAT
SECURITY: ADAPTING EXISTING CONSTRUCTION
UNPROTECTED EXISTING WAFFLE SLAB ABOVE GARAGE

22. WEIDLINGER & ASSOCIATES
THREAT
PROTECTED EXISTING WAFFLE SLAB ABOVE GARAGE
2 LAYERS OF CARBON FIBER2 LAYERS OF CARBON FIBER
SECURITY: ADAPTING EXISTING CONSTRUCTION

23. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
PROTECTEDCOLUMNEXISTING CONCRETECOLUMN
WEIDLINGER & ASSOCIATES
½”STEEL JACKET½”STEEL JACKET

24. SUSTAINABILITY: LARGE SCALE URBAN ADVANTAGES
19.6% Energy Savings
22.4% Cost Savings
tonnage of
waste diverted
tonnage of
waste diverted
% of all waste
diverted
% of all waste
diverted

25. FLEXIBILITY: CURRENT MARKET VS. FUTURE-PROOFING
AMENITIES& CIRCULATION
GROUNDFLOOR
MULTIPLEOFFICETYPOLOGIES
TYPICALFLOOR
CENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE
PENTHOUSE & BASEMENT
90 FT WIDTH90 FT WIDTH
METROMETRO
FOOD SERVICESFOOD SERVICESCONFERENCE CTRCONFERENCE CTRLOBBYLOBBY
LOADINGLOADINGEMPLOYEEENTRYEMPLOYEEENTRY 4 CORNER CORES4 CORNER CORES HEATINGHEATING
COOLINGCOOLING AHU’SAHU’S
AHU’SAHU’S

26. TRANSFORMATION: 1960s MONUMENTAL FEDERAL VOCABULARY

27. TRANSFORMATION: 21ST CENTURY REBIRTH

28. FINAL IMAGES

29. FINAL IMAGES

30. FINAL IMAGES

31. FINAL IMAGES

32. FINAL IMAGES

33. FINAL IMAGES

34. FINAL IMAGES

35. FINAL IMAGES

36. HVAC system design and coordination

37. Introduction To Chilled Beams
A Chilled Beam is a sensible cooling or heating device
utilizing hydronic technology.
Types of Chilled Beams Include:
Passive Chilled Beams (Cooling Only)
 Active Chilled Beams (Cooling and Heating)
 Multiple Service Beams (Passive or Active)

38. Air Flow Pattern

39. Passive Beams – Advantages / Disadvantages
• Does not use primary air to cool (ventilation separately supplied)
• Lowest energy use for cooling due to no fans
• Silent operation
• Suits high rooms – Limited to approximately 20 feet (so down draft is not prevalent)
• Air flow path required above
• Not suited to return air plenums
• Can not be used to heat – cooling only

40. Active Chilled Beams
Cooling / Heating

41. Air Flow Pattern

42. Active Chilled Beams – Advantages / Disadvantages
• Higher Capacity than Passive Beams
• Integrated Cooling and Ventilation
• Heating Available
• Integrates with Ceiling & RA Plenum
• Controllable Discharge Air Pattern
• More efficient than VAV or Fan-Coils
• Accepts Lower Supply Water Temp
• Higher First Cost

43. Multi-Service Chilled Beams

44. Water
Pipe
1-1/2” Diameter
Air duct
Flow Cross Section
18”x18”
Energy comparison air/water
Cooling capacity
Temperature difference
Density
Specific thermal capacity
Volume flow rate
Velocity in the tube
Flow cross section
Diameter
Capacity (=0,8 resp. 0,4)
Pressure difference
Air Water Air/WaterAir Water Air/Water
Kühlleistung W 1000 1000 1
Temperaturdifferenz K 8.0 3.0 2.7
Dichte kg/m³ 1.2 1000 0.0012
spez. Wärmekapazität J/kgK 1000 4180 0.24
Volumenstrom m³/h 375 0.287 1306
Geschwindigkeit im Rohr m/s 4.0 1.0 4.00
Strömungsquerschnitt cm² 260 0.80 327
Durchmesser mm 182 10.1 18
Druckdifferenz kPa 0.8 50.0 0.02
Förderleistung (=0.8 bzw.=0. 4) W 104 10.0 10
Cooling capacity
Temperature difference
Density
Specific thermal capacity
Volume flow rate
Velocity in the tube
Flow cross section
DiameterDiameter
Pressure difference
Capacity (=0,8 resp. 0,4)
1306:1
18
10:1
Energy Transport
Duct: 18”x18”( 2,500 CFM )
= 54 MBH @ 20 F Delta
Pipe: 1-1/2”( 22 GPM ) =
55 MBH @ 5 F Delta

45. Chilled beams at Constitution Center
TYPICAL FLOOR W/MARKET-RATE CONVENTIONAL VAV SYSTEM
CORE MECHANICAL ROOMS + SHAFTSCORE MECHANICAL ROOMS + SHAFTS
SATELLITE HVAC ROOMS + O/A SHAFTSSATELLITE HVAC ROOMS + O/A SHAFTS
PERIMETER FANCOIL UNITSPERIMETER FANCOIL UNITS
RIBBONWINDOWSW/30”SILL HTRIBBONWINDOWSW/30”SILL HT

46. TYPICAL FLOOR W/CHILLED BEAMS
SHAFTS &VALVES ONLY – NO ROOMSSHAFTS &VALVES ONLY – NO ROOMS
FLOOR-TO-CEILING GLASSFLOOR-TO-CEILING GLASS
UNENCUMBERED USABLE AREAUNENCUMBERED USABLE AREA

47. Chilled beams at Constitution Center
ANATOMY OF A SMALL CEILING PLENUM

48. • SEPARATE PERIMETER AND INTERIOR
ZONES
• MATCH AIRFLOWTO OUTSIDE AIR
REQUIREMENTS
• USE LOW PRESSURE AIR
DISTRIBUTIONTO CHILLEDBEAMS
• SCALE ENABLES ALL ENERGY
RECOVERY OPTIONS
• SensibleReheat
• EnergyRecoveryWheels
LARGE-SCALE ENERGY RECOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE – AIRSIDE SYSTEMS

49. CENTRALIZED PENTHOUSE INFRASTRUCTURE
AIRSIDE SYSTEMS
EASY ACCESS
NO TENANT DISRUPTIONS
SECURITY OF OUTSIDE AIR
LOWER NOISE
CHILLEDWATER SYSTEMS
SIMPLIFIED LOOPS
EASY ACCESSTO MAJOR PUMPS &VALVES
SEPARATE CHILLEDWATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

50. Infrastructure
 Airside Systems
 Chilled Water Systems
 Condenser Water Systems
o Use Wet Bulb Properties for Free Cooling for Beams
o Consider Use of Plate & Frame Heat Exchangers
o Provide for Year Around Use of Cooling Towers
Constitution Center – Chilled Beam Design

51. Infrastructure
 Airside Systems
 Chilled Water Systems
 Condenser Water Systems
 Heating Water Systems
o Use Separate Heating Water Distribution System
o Hot Water or Steam may be the Source for Heating
o Beams will Utilize Lower Temperature HHWS ( 100 to110F)
Constitution Center – Chilled Beam Design

52. Mockup at Constitution Center
FULL SCALE MOCKUPS AND TESING PROTOCOLS

53. ENERGY BENCHMARKING

54. Chilled Beams: Energy Analysis
Baseline Building
Energy Usage
Constitution Center
Energy Usage

55. 0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
kBtu
Month
Energy Usage
Modeled Actual
Chilled Beams: Energy Usage Analysis

56. Chilled Beams: Energy Usage Analysis
Month Modeled Actual Difference Modeled Actual Difference Modeled Actual Difference
January 1,681,210 2,184,668 +503,458 25,822 41,300 +15,478 8,385,588 11,724,507 +3,338,919
February 1,526,758 1,445,851 -80,907 21,966 27,300 +5,334 7,463,022 7,756,064 +293,042
March 1,907,165 1,554,892 -352,273 12,939 18,878 +5,939 7,834,762 7,257,277 -577,485
April 1,687,718 1,936,648 +248,930 4,488 9,604 +5,116 6,218,948 7,600,897 +1,381,949
May 2,023,610 1,822,247 -201,363 0 7,000 +7,000 6,904,556 6,941,307 +36,751
June 2,175,771 2,307,942 +132,171 0 4,558 +4,558 7,423,732 8,345,995 +922,263
July 2,212,915 2,508,370 +295,455 0 5,247 +5,247 7,550,466 9,101,098 +1,550,632
August 2,391,555 2,243,556 -147,999 0 6,500 +6,500 8,159,986 8,327,113 +167,127
September 2,003,078 2,398,513 +395,435 0 14,200 +14,200 6,834,501 9,652,006 +2,817,505
October 1,849,576 2,072,523 +222,947 4,946 21,400 +16,454 6,818,184 9,284,208 +2,466,024
November 1,740,473 1,819,841 +79,368 7,772 22,400 +14,628 6,735,947 8,525,457 +1,789,510
December 1,620,316 1,806,982 +186,666 18,095 39,097 +21,002 7,385,089 10,208,052 +2,822,963
22,820,145 24,102,033 1,281,888 96,028 217,484 121,456 87,714,781 104,723,982 17,009,201
Total-kBtuGas-CCFElectricity-kWh
+6% +126% +19%

57. MOISTURE ALARM – Not Needed!
MOCKUPS – Require Mockup of Typical Chilled Beams!
POWER MONITORING – Tracked Daily…Allows Optimization!
DEMAND CONTROL – Didn’t use…would use next time!
SUPPLY CHW TEMPERATURES – Push temperatures to optimize
economizer mode!
RETURN CHW TEMPERATURE – Design for Return Chilled Water
Temperature Control
Chilled Beams: Lessons Learned

58. construction strategy and collaboration

59. DEMOLITION: WORKING SAFELY IN STAGES TO RECYCLE MATERIALS EFFICIENTLY

60. CURVEBALL: SCOPE CHANGES AS A RESULT OF PERCEIVED MARKET DEMAND
ADD 500-SEATAUDITORIUM
SHELLSPACE/SCIF-READY
ADD COMMERATIVE SCULPTURE
NEWSUPPORTSTRUCTURE/EXTENSIVE SHORING

61. TIGHT QUARTERS: CENTRALIZED PENTHOUSE INFRASTRUCTURE

62. SURPRISES: ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION NOT QUITE WHAT ANYONE EXPECTED

63. TOLERANCE: ROUGH CONCRETE VS. BLAST-RESISTANT CURTAINWALL
INTENSIVEWORK AT CURTAINWALL ANCHORAGES
CUSTOMSETTINGDEVICES/PULL-TESTINGFOREVERYBOLT
LASER SCANNING FOR SLAB EDGE LOCATION
WIDERANGEOFCONDITIONSREQUIRINGCUSTOMBACKINGPLATES

64. ON-THE-FLY DETAILING: ALTERNATIVE SETTING STRATEGIES
• 8,750ANCHORS
• 35,000 EPOXYBOLTS
• ZEROTOLERANCE
• UNCERTAINREBAR
LOCATIONS
• EXISTING SLAB
DEFLECTION
• FANTASTIC
SUBCONTRACTORS!

65. Construction Strategy – Building Transformation Methodology

66. INSTALLATION: PLANNING PAYS OFF!
• 100% UNITIZED SYSTEMS
• DRY GLAZED
• 3 THICKNESS OF GLASS
• 1,236 2-STORY PANELS
• 17 UNITS/DAY INSTALLED (street)
• 1,762 1-STORY PANELS
• 30 UNITS/DAY INSTALLED (courtyd)
• ZONE TESTING FOR
INFILTRATION

67. OPTIMAL CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY: ON TIME
•1,400,000 GSF OFFICE
•700,000 GSF GARAGE
•4 QUADRANTS
•METRO STATION CLOSURE
•HEART OF DOWNTOWN
•ON-SITE NURSING SERVICE
•LARGEST PRIVATE-SECTOR
OFFICE IN D.C.
•LARGEST GOLD LEED
PRIVATE-SECTOR OFFICE
•FULLY TENANTED

68. LESSONS LEARNED (JUST A FEW!)
DESIGN
• APPROVALS AGENCIES
CAN BE UNPREDICATBLE
• GET AHJs INVOLVED
EARLY
• CHANGES IN SCALE NEED
DESIGN LEADERSHIP
• TECHNOLOGY REPEATED
1,000s OF TIMES
• FIRST IMPRESSIONS ARE
CRITICAL IN NEW WAYS
CONSTRUCTION
• PRIDE IN TEAMWORK
ENCOURAGES SOLUTIONS
• BENCH DEPTH FOR
UNFORSEEN CONDITIONS
• QUALITY CONTROL TIED
TO INNOVATION
• SCALE = SAFETY FIRST
• CRITICAL LEED TOOLS
CLIENT
• CHALLENGING IN ALL
DIRECTIONS = INNOVATION
& RISK
• WILLING TO EXPLORE
OPTIONS OTHERS DISCARD
• AS EXCITED AS WE ARE
ABOUT DESIGN
• GENEROSITY GOES A LONG
WAY

69. VALUE ENGINEERING: NOT ALWAYS WHAT IT SEEMS

70. 3M lbs of structural steel
17.33 foot
fields worth
of drywall
78000SF of metal panels
5500 gallons of paint
101.2 miles of elevator cable
6624 chilled beams
18.9 miles of electrical conduit
31 elevators
800 mini coopers worth of rebar
5000 board feet of lumber612 concrete trucks
4910CY of soil
50M lbs of recycled materials
1.4M manhours
collaboration
and
teamwork

71. 3M lbs of structural steel
17.33 football
fields worth of
drywall
78,000SF of metal panels
5,500 gallons of paint
101.2 miles of elevator cable
6,624 chilled beams
18.9 miles of electrical conduit
31 elevators
800 mini coopers worth of rebar
5000 board feet of lumber612 concrete trucks
4,910CY of soil
50M lbs of recycled materials
1.4M manhours
FUN WITH METRICS