This document discusses the differences between the words "racked" and "wracked" and provides examples of their meanings. It notes that "racked" refers to being stretched on a torture device like a rack, as in feeling "racked with nerves." It also discusses using one's brain and being "racked with" a difficult task. Meanwhile, "wracked" refers to ruinous accidents and things being "wracked by" negative events, like a recession wracking the stock market. The document provides a clear summary distinguishing the meanings of these two easily confused words.
2. SPELLING ERROR:
CONFUSING “RACKED” WITH “WRACKED.”
If you are racked with nerves, you are feeling as if
you are being stretched on the torture device, the rack.
You rack your brain when you try to write difficult
stories.
Wrack, on the other hand, has to do with ruinous
accidents. With luck, this won’t apply to your writing, but
it might just apply to the stock market, which has been
wracked by recession.
4. CHOOSE NEW TEAMS
1. You must change at least
50% of your team after
each project is
completed.
2. You may never be on a
team with the same
person more than twice.
3. You may never have a
new team composed of
more than 50% of any
prior team.
5.
6. HISTORICAL CONTEXT: IMMIGRATION
Up until 1825, fewer than 10,000 new immigrants came to the United
States each year. By the late 1840s, revolutions in Europe and the
devastating potato famine in Ireland sent people to this country by the
hundreds of thousands. By 1860, one-eighth of America's 32
million people were foreign born.
While many of these immigrants settled in the east, the promotional activities of
the railroads brought many immigrants straight to the prairies. The
railroad companies even sent scouts abroad to encourage people to come and
settle the plains and prairies.
Another flood of immigrants came in the 1860s and 1870s, just after the
Homestead Act of 1862. This legislation granted, for a small fee, 160
acres of Western public land to citizens or prospective
citizens who would stay and settle it for five years. These
settlers were predominantly from western and northern Europe.
7. By the time Cather was writing My Ántonia, immigration to the Great
Plains had slowed. Urban immigration, however, continued to cause
miserable situations in the cities.
As a journalist in Pittsburgh and New York City and as a
newspaperwoman and editor for a radical magazine, Cather was
exposed to the conditions in which many urban immigrants lived.
She also saw the mounting fear that the arrival of cheap foreign
labor was not only undesirable competition but a contribution to
the widening and hardening gap between rich and poor.
During World War I, German-Americans were definitely
suspect and stories of their victimization can be found in almost any
Midwestern state histories. Even the Czechs, who were eager to help
free their homeland from the domination of Austria-Hungary, suffered
during the war years. The country's anxiety over the role immigrants
were to play in our society did not ease, even though the "tide" of
immigration was stemmed briefly by World War I.
8. HISTORICAL CONTEXT:
THEORIES OF AMERICANIZATION
Reaction to the massive European immigration of the nineteenth century had
fostered opposing theories of Americanization: These models have come to be
called the "melting pot" theory and the "salad bowl" theory and
still define the debate on difference even today, almost a century later.
In the 1890s, Frederick Jackson Turner popularized the image of
the American West as a crucible (a vat or vessel) where European
immigrants would be "Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race."
My Ántonia can be read as a tribute to this view and Ántonia
herself can be appreciated as "the rich mine of life, like the founders of early
races" that produces the American people from the raw material that has been
gathered on its shores.
Carl Degler coined the expression "salad bowl."
9. Spend 10 minutes in
your groups, discussing
your answers to
prompts or your QHQs
10. THE FRAME STORY
"I can't see,” [Jim] said impetuously, "why you have never written anything
about Antonia."
I told him I had always felt that other people—he himself, for one knew her
much better than I. I was ready, however, to make an agreement with him; I
would set down on paper all that I remembered of Antonia if he would do the
same. We might, in this way, get a picture of her.
He rumpled his hair with a quick, excited gesture, which with him often
announces a new determination, and I could see that my suggestion took hold
of him. "Maybe I will, maybe I will!" he declared. He stared out of the window
for a few moments, and when he turned to me again his eyes had the sudden
clearness that comes from something the mind itself sees. "Of course," he
said, "I should have to do it in a direct way, and say a great deal about myself.
It's through myself that I knew and felt her, and I've had no practice in any
other form of presentation."
I told him that how he knew her and felt her was exactly what I most wanted
to know about Antonia. He had had opportunities that I, as a little girl who
watched her come and go, had not.
Months afterward Jim Burden arrived at my apartment one stormy winter
afternoon, with a bulging legal portfolio sheltered under his fur overcoat. He
brought it into the sitting-room with him and tapped it with some pride as he
stood warming his hands.
"I finished it last night—the thing about Antonia," he said. "Now, what about
11. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Discuss why Willa Cather chose a male narrator
and why women dominate the novel.
a. Why does Willa Cather put a man in a woman
dominated story ?
b. Q1 Why are we introduced to Jim first before we
are introduced to Antonia?
c. Q: How does Antonia represent a form of a “new
woman”?
12. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Compare and contrast the lives of
Jim Burden and Antonia. Explain
what drew them together and enabled
them to become close friends.
a. Q: What is the important of Jim killing the
snake? How does it alter the relationship
between Ántonia and him?
13. Compare and contrast the relationship
between Antonia and Jim in Section 1
(Chapters 1-10) and Section 2 (Chapters
11-19)
A. Q: Why does Jim feel so uncomfortable
with Antonia trying to emulate Ambrosch?
Discussion Questions
14. Explore the story or relationship of Pavel
and Peter.
a. Q: If Pavel wanted to lighten the load of the sledge,
why then did he want to sacrifice the bride and not the
groom (assuming the groom was heavier than the
bride), and why did Peter take responsibility for the
crime when he was simply the one driving the sledge
and was unaware of Pavel’s actions, thus making
himself a cast out?
b. When these two men were described in the story, I
immediately thought of them as being a couple. [Are
there] signs of Pavel and Peter being lovers? Were
they not lovers at all, but instead just really close
friends?
15. QHQ: CHAPTERS 1-19
QUEER THEORY?
1.Q: Is Jim supposed to be Cather?
a. Q: So can Cather be both Jim and
Antonia?
2.Q: Should Willa Cather’s refusal to
conform to a traditional gender role
influence our reading of My Antonia?
3.Q: Does Jim Burden play a feminine
identity in the novel?
16. 6. Discuss the importance of
the narrator leaving Black
Hawk for college life.
7. Discuss My Antonia in terms
of one or more of the
Manifestos.
8. Write your own QHQ
Read My Antonia (1918) Book II and Book III
Post #8: Choose One
1. Discuss the contrasts that are developing between the
characters in this section.
2. Discuss the importance of independent women in section II.
3. Discuss the differences between the country and town girls.
4. Explain the importance of the dance pavilion to both Jim and
Antonia.
5. Explain why Willa Cather has chosen to devote one of the
books of her novel to Lena Lingard.
