Basic blueprint reading

SUBJECTS

Basic Blueprint Reading

 DRAWING

2

BASICS
 ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
 PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
 PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
 CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
 MACHINE DRAWINGS

Objectives


 Define

4

basic industrial drawing structure
 Define line types
 Define types of drawings

Purpose of Drawings


 Drawings

5

are used to convey information about a
wide range items such as:
 Architectural building layouts
 Electrical wiring
 Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts
 Location of equipment
 How to assemble equipment
 Details of equipment

Types of Drawings


 Civil
 Architectural
 Structural
 Mechanical
 Plumbing
 Piping
 Pneumatic/Hydraulic
 Electrical

6

Engineering Drawings
general engineering drawing can be divided
into the following five major areas or parts.


A

7

–
–
–
–
–

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Title block
Grid system
Revision block
Notes and legends
Engineering drawing (graphic portion)

Drawing Sizes




Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F
with D size being the most typical

A – (letter)

Metric
A4 (210 x 297)
A3 (297 x 420)

8 ½ by 11inches
B - 11 by 17inches

A2 (420 x 594)

C - 17 by 22 inches

A1 (594 x 841)

D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches

8

sizes

A0 (841 x 1189)

Title Blocks
blocks are the beginning point of a drawing
information.


 Title

9

 COMPANY

Revision Blocks
revision block notes any changes made
to a drawing


 The



10

Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the
revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the
modified portion of the drawing such as:
A

Parts Lists


 Parts

11

Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list
of the material that is used to build the item that
is

Scales


 Drawing

12

scale is a relationship of the size or
distance of the item on a drawing to the real
item.
 For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a
measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a
shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1
foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for
feet) of the real world item.

Grid System
drawing grid system allows a specific point
on a drawing to be referenced or found.


A

1

2

3

4

5

6

A
B
C

13

This point on the drawing is B-3

Basic Lines


 Object

lines
 Hidden lines
 Cutting plane lines
 Centerlines
 Extension lines
 Dimension lines
 Leaders line
 Phantom lines


Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies
the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface
of an object.

Hidden Line




The hidden line is used to show features or edges
of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of
medium thickness.

Center Line


 The

center line is used to locate the center of
features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of
alternating short and long dashes.

Dimension Line / Extension Line


 Dimension

Lines are used to show the extent of
a dimension.
 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from
an object.

Extension Line

Dimension Line

Phantom


 Phantom

lines are used to represents the outline
of an adjacent part.
 The also are used to show an alternate position
of a given part

Phantom
19

Leader




A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It
may have a note, dimension value or a number at the
end of it

Grind Surface

1

Cutting Plane Line




Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is
made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn
in detail in another part of the drawing.

A

A

Break Lines
lines are uses to terminate a view to
 Short Break Line
conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.


 Break

 Break

lines are also used to separate internal
and external features with broken-out sections


Break Lines Example
The break line is being used to show a part
reduced in length on the drawing to conserve
space.

3”

250 feet

Section Lines


 Section

lines are used where a surface is
illustrated as cut.
 It normally is used in a sectional view.
 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

Dimensioning Systems
 Different

systems of dimensioning are generally


used

25

–
–
–

Fractional inch
Decimal inch
SI Metric

Fractional Inch Dimensioning


2 Dia
21/32 Dia
3/16

1/2
1 9/16 Dia

26

Decimal Inch Dimensioning


2.00 Ø
.656 Ø
.19

.50
1.56 Ø

27

Metric Dimensioning


Ø 50
Ø 16.5
5

13
Ø 40

28

Dimensioning Example


Diameter symbol

Typical

Radius

29

Abbreviations




Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and
simplify drawings. A table is included in the drawing.
BOTTOM

MH

MANHOLE

R

RADIUS

C/C

CENTER TO CENTER

MIN

MINIMUM

REF

REFERENCE

CMP

CORRUGATED METAL PIPE

N

NORTH

R/W

RIGHT OF WAY

CONC

CONCRETE

NC

NOT IN CONTACT

SCH

SCHEDULE

DIA

DIAMETER

NTS

NOT TO SCALE

SF

SQUARE FEET

E

EAST, ELECTRICAL

OC

ON CENTER

SQ

SQUARE

EL

ELEVATION

O.D.

OUSIDE DIAMETER

STA

STATION

FG

FINISH GRADE

OHW

OVERHEAD WIRES

T

TELEPHONE

H

HORIZONTAL

PL

PROPERTY LINE

TYP

TYPICAL

HP

HIGH POINT

POB

POINT OF BEGINNING

UNO

UNLESS NOTED
OTHERWISE

IE

30

BOT

INVERT ELEVATION

POE

POINT OF ENDING

INV

INVERT

PP

POWER POLE

Drawing Legends


 Legends

31

are
boxes drawn on
the drawing to
illustrate some of
the common or
uncommon
symbols used.

Isometric Drawings
drawings are designed to show a three
dimensional view of an object.


 Isometric

32

Perspective
is a method of drawing things as the
eye sees them.


 Perspective

Vanishing point
33

Orthographic Drawings
projection shows the drawn object
from different views


 Orthographic

Top
view

Left side

Right side
Front

Bottom

34

Projection view

Rear

Single Line Drawings




35






The single line format represents all electrical lines,
plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless
of size, as single line.
System equipment is connected to the lines are
represented by simple standard symbols.
By simplifying connections and equipment as single
lines allow the system's equipment and
instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by
the reader.
These types of drawings are also called Schematics.

Civil


 Civil

36

drawings are used to represent construction
on the earth or ground areas.
 Civil drawings are sometimes called:
–
–
–

site plans
plot plans
survey plans.

 They

will show contours of the earth, building
locations, construction features, utilities, etc.

Contour Lines




Contour lines are used in drawings called
topographic maps and are used to identify physical
features which uses contour lines to join points of
equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and
hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or
height is a number drawn along the line.
180
160
140
120

110

37

Architectural


 Architectural

drawings or plans are used to
illustrate the design of a project.
 They include items such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–

38

Working drawings
Structural drawings
Floor plans
Elevation drawings
Section drawings
Flow diagrams

Gridlines


 Gridlines

refers to the letters and numbers, such
as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building
in a drawing.
C

B

A
1

Column A-1
2

Column symbol

39

3

Mechanical


 Mechanical

40

drawings are the plans for objects
such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
 There are many types of drawings associated
with mechanical drawings such as:
–
–
–

Exploded view
Detail
Assembly


Example Mechanical Detail

41


Example Assembly Drawing

42


An Exploded View

43

Pneumatic/Hydraulic


 Pneumatic

44

or Hydraulic drawings are single line
drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the
connection and equipment to be used in the
pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.

Single Line Schematic example

Plumbing/Piping
types of drawings are similar to
pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.


 These

36.00

40.00

TEE
PIPELINE

Valve

TANK

Single Line Plumbing Example
45

Single Line Drawing
Single line plumbing drawing example


A

36.00

40.00

TEE
PIPELINE

Valve

TANK

46


Orthographic Piping Drawing

47

P&ID


 Piping

48

and Instrumentation Drawings
 These drawings are similar to plumbing but are
intended to illustrate the complete piping system
and the controlled process flow of material.
 All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps,
instruments and the controls to operate the
process are illustrated. They are not drawn to
scale.

Example P&ID


FROM FUTURE MAIN
VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT

SLUG
CATCHER

CS
CONTACTOR
H.P. BULK
SEPARATOR
COALESCING
FILTER NO. 1

FILTER
SEPARATOR

PRODUCTION FROM
SATELLITES (TYP.)

TEST
SEPARATOR

FILL FROM CIS
TRANSPORTER

HYDROCYCLONES
(TYP. 2)
FRESH CIS PUMPS
(TYP. 2)

49

FRESH CIS
CHARGE PUMPS
(TYP. 2)

FRESH CIS TANK

Electrical


 Electrical

50

drawings are also single line drawings
or schematics that uses symbols for various
electrical equipment.
 They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder
diagram.
 Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram
which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or
pictorial style.

Example Ladder


 Ladder

schematics or diagrams are drawn with
the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the
power that supplies the circuit, thus each line
creates a “rung” to the ladder.
L1

115 VAC
Pushbutton

Pilot Light
L

51

L2

Example Wiring Diagram
wiring diagrams draws the single lines
from each device exactly as it would be wired.


 Electrical

52

Electrical Schematics
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.


 Electronic

R4
Q2

Q1
D1

C2
T1
R2
R1

L1

-

C3

+

C1
R3

-

+
VGG

53

Summary


 Review

Objectives
 Question and Answer Session

 RETURN

54

TO MAIN MENU

Objectives


 Define

56

how industrial electrical drawings are
structured.
 Define Graphical Symbols
 Define Electrical wiring diagrams

Types of Electrical Drawings


 Wiring

57

Diagrams  Block Diagrams  Sequence Charts –
 Electronic Schematics -

Diagrams


 Electrical

58

diagrams are commonly multi-sheet
drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices
associated with a main control panel, its field
devices and sub-panels.
 It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.

Electrical Diagrams





59






The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or
ladder.
All devices are shown between the lines and may
be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams
Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on
the right side.
Contacts, switches and other controlling devices
are shown between controlled device and left
vertical line
Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may
be connected to the right of the controlled device.

Example Diagram
DISC
1M

1FU

1OL

1L1

1T1

L1
2FU

1T2

1L2

L2

460V
3Ø
60

HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR
3 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 213

1MTR
3FU

1T3

1L3

L3


15 AMP

2OL

2T1

2MTR
2T3
H3

H1

H2
H4

T

X1
10 AMP
6FU

H2
10 AMP
5FU

2PB
START MOTORS

1PB
MASTER STOP
1

115 V

10 AMP
4FU

R
2OL

1OL

3

8
7

1

1

9

2

10

1M

CRM

AUTOMATIC

CRM

4PB

11

CRH

MASTER RELAY 3,3

12

AUTOMATIC
5, 14, 16, 21
“AUTOMATIC”

CRA
5

5PB
MANUAL

14

6

“MANUAL”

A

CYCLE START
5

16

8
15

MANUAL
6, 7, 15, 18, 23

CRH
3LT

CRH

7

6PB

CRA

R

2LT
3PB
RESET
11

10

6

13

5

5

9

4

1M

CRM

3

4

10 AMP
7FU

1LT

2

60

SPINDLE MOTOR
2 HP 1800 RPM
FRAME 184

2T2

1LS

2CR

18

17

2LS
19

5LS

6LS
20

7CR
21

6CR
22

5
6

23
1 CR

7PB
1CR

26

26

22

21

21

CLAMP PART CONTROL
9, 33, 33, 35, 35

Lines


 Wiring

61

 Field

Wiring (external to panel)

Connections


Wiring Not Connected

Wiring Connected

Termination
or connection

Terminal strip
and terminal
designation

62

TS4-15

Graphical Symbols




63





Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to
illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and
terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in
block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.
The following symbols are but a few of those that can be
used.
A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any
added by the manufacturer.

Graphical Symbols Cont’d


DISCONNECT
Symbol - DISC

64

CIRCUIT
BREAKER - CB
Or for a
single
CB

Graphical Symbols Cont’d
Resistor

Tapped Resistor


or
Rheostat

Potentiometer

Fuses
65

Relay and Solenoid Symbols


RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.
Normally
Open
Contact
Normally
Closed
Contact
Coil
66

SOLENOIDS, BRAKES,
ETC.

Motors Symbols


3 PHASE MOTOR

DC MOTOR

A

DC MOTOR FIELD
67

or

A


Transformer Symbols

68

H1

H3

H2

H4

Primary
or Input
Secondary
or Output

X1

X2

Pilot Lights


PUSH-TO-TEST

69

R

R

Limit Switch Symbols
NORMALLY
CLOSED

HELD
OPEN

70

NORMALLY
OPEN

HELD
CLOSED

HELD
OPEN

NORMALLY
OPEN


NORMALLY
CLOSED

HELD
CLOSED

Proximity Switch Symbols


PROXIMITY SWITCH

71

Normally
Closed

Normally
Open

Liquid Level Switches


NORMALLY
OPEN

72

NORMALLY
CLOSED

Thermal Switch


NORMALLY OPEN

73

NORMALLY
CLOSED

Pressure Switch


NORMALLY
OPEN

74

NORMALLY
CLOSED


Foot Switches

75

NORMALLY
CLOSED

NORMALLY
OPEN


Toggle Switch

76

Flow Switches


NORMALLY OPEN

77

NORMALLY
CLOSED

Selector Switch
3-POSITION


Second
Off
First
Position Position Position

78

Circuit is
connected when
switch is in this
position.

2-POSITION

Pushbuttons


SINGLE CIRCUIT

79

NORMALLY
OPEN
NORMALLY
CLOSED

DOUBLE
CIRCUIT


E-Stop Pushbuttons

80

Time Delay Relay


NORMALLY
OPEN
ENERGIZED

DE-ENERGIZED

81

NORMALLY
CLOSED

One-line diagram example




A one-line diagram
uses single lines
and graphic
symbols to indicate
the path and
components of an
electrical circuit.

Switch symbol
Fuse
symbol
Single line
conductors
PLC

Pushbutton
symbol

Controller
symbol
Motor
symbol

82

M

Control Device Labeling






Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are
photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure
switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O
address if a PLC is controlling it.
When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the
device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.

111PB

111CR

210
211LS
211

83

211Sol

Wiring and Wire Identification


Wiring color code


 BLACK

- Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage
 RED – AC Control Circuits
 BLUE – DC Control Circuits
 YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits
 GREEN – Equipment grounding
 WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor


Wire Identification
–

84

Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a
number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire

Device Designations




85

The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples
below, are used on diagrams in connection with the
corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the
particular device.
CB - Circuit Breaker
LS – Limit Switch
CR - Control Relay
T - Transformer
FU - Fuse
MTR - Motor
LT - Pilot Light
DISC – Disconnect
OL - Overload Relay
PB - Pushbutton
S - Switch

Line Numbers


 Each

line in a electrical drawing should be
numbered starting with the top line and
reading down.
115 VAC

L1
Pushbutton

L2
Relay

1

CR1
Limit Switch

Pressure
Switch

Solenoid

2
Foot Switch
3
4

86

Relay
CR2

Temperature Switch

Line Numbers

Wire-Reference Numbers


Wire Numbers
115 VAC

L1
Pushbutton
1
2

3

1
1

1

CR3

2
CR1

4

87

3

Relay
CR1

4

( 2, 3 )

2

Limit Switch

5

Foot Switch
1

L2

7

CR1

CR2

6

8

Relay
CR2
Relay
CR3

4

(4)

4

(1)

Numerical Cross Reference
115 VAC

L1

Pushbutton
1

Relay
CR1

( 2, 3 )

CR1
2
Limit Switch

CR1

3

Relay
CR2

Foot Switch
4

88

CR3

L2

CR2

(4)

Relay
CR3

Cross Reference to
Line Numbers

(1)

Terminal Numbers
115 VAC


L1
Pushbutton
1
2

3

1

2
CR1

1
1

1

CR3

89

3

CR1

4

( 2, 3 )

10

2

3

Limit Switch

CR1

5

Foot Switch
4

Relay
2

5

1

L2

6

CR2

7
1

3

Relay

6
2

CR2

2

CR3

(4)

4

(1)

10

Relay

8

4

10

Panel/Door Layouts
Layout.

1” X 3”

1T1

9
TE
RM
.

1T2
1T3
271

46
0V

272
2T3

DISC

2OL

1M

9”

1T
B

 Panel

1
1/2
”X
3”

Layout

1

1 1/2” X 3”

2
3
4

4F
U
5F
U

5

36
TE
RM
.
R

1LT

START
MOTORS

2LT

R

AUTOMATIC

4PB

2PB

A

3LT

R

6F
U
7F
U

EMERG.
RETURN
ACTIVE

MANUAL

4LT

EMERG.
RESET

MANUAL

MASTER
STOP

RESET
3PB

11PB

6CR

10PB

5LT

G

HEAD
FORWARD

R

8CR

9CR

6 1/2”
7 1/8”

29
TE
RM
.
9LT

1 1/2” X 3”

HEAD
RETURN

8PB

6LT

7CR

9PB

11
5V

CYCLE
UNCLAMP

A

5CR

55

26 1/2”

1
1/2
”X
3”

7LT

4CR

53

LUBE
FAULT

7 1/2”

1 1/2” X 3”

3T
B

A

FULL
DEPTH

3CR

47
52

CLAMPS
ARE IN

90

2CR

1 1/2” X 3”

51

HEAD RETRACTED

CRH

115V

EMERG.
RETURN

1PB

CRA

1 1/2” X 3”

1CR

12PB

5PB

CRM

11
5V

AUTOMATIC

T

1
1/2
”X
3”

MOTORS
RUNNING

460V

1FT8

8 TERM

60 62 64 66 68 70

15 1/8”

8F
U
9F
U
10F
U
11F
U
12F
U
13F
U

 Door

1FU 2FU 3FU

2T
B


9 1/2”
1OL

60 62 64 66 60 70

5 1/2”

115 V”

Drawing Identification
Description

Air Diagram (Mechanical)

These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air
piping diagram for the air operated devices.

E

Scale Layout
(Mechanical)

These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual
sheets are numbered starting from No.1.

EL

Electrical Layout
(Electrical)

These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are
directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.

EM

Electro Mechanical
(Electrical)

These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of
limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.

EO

General Layout
(Mechanical)

These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete
plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered
starting from No. 1.

HO

Hydraulic Diagram
(Mechanical)

This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.

PL

Pneumatic Layout
(Mechanical)

These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path.
This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are
associated to a pneumatic device.

WD

91

Type of Drawing

AD


Prefix

Wiring Diagram
(Electrical)

This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and
pushbutton stations.

WDO

General Information
(Electrical)

This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.

Block Diagrams


 Block

92

diagrams are simple block diagrams which
provides a means to illustrate a control system in
a simple graphic format.
 Block diagrams are also used to provide
functional information.
 Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the
interconnection of different machines


Example Block Diagram
Start
pushbutton
on

Process 1 starts
if limit switch on

Process 1 stops
if limit switch off

93

Sequence Charts
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION


A.

94

B.

C.

PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT” ARE
ENGERGIZED.
PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND
LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.
NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON
“3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”.
AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR
AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.
1.
OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS
“6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART
2.
CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR”
RELAY “3CR” (SOL E)
IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS
VALVE INTO FEED.
3.
WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”.
4.
“5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.
5.
WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING
“7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.
6.
WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”.
7.
“2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE
NOT RELEASED.

Electrical Layouts - EL


 Electrical

95

layouts are architectural drawings of
the building that shows and identifies the
electrical devices associated with a electrical
diagram.

Wiring Connection Diagrams


 Wiring

96

(connection) diagram – a diagram that
shows the connection of an installation or its
component devices or parts.
 This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as
possible, the actual location of each component
in a circuit, including the control circuit and the
power circuit.

Wiring Diagram Example


Start

Motor Starter
Coil

M
(aux)

NO

M

M

M

M

Stop

Thermal
Overloads
Overload
Contact

97

T1

T2
Motor

T3

Electronic Schematics
schematics use symbols for each
component found in an electrical circuit.


 Electronic

R4
Q2

Q1
D1

C2
T1
R2
R1

L1

-

C3

+

C1
R3

-

+
VGG

98

Summary


 Review

Objectives

 RETURN

99

TO MAIN MENU

PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS

100

Objectives


 Define

101

Fluid Logic Symbols
 Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define

Shapes
and lines that are used to construct
symbols and circuits:


 Shapes

102

Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic


 Pneumatic

103

and Hydraulic drawings look very
similar and the subject is usually referred to as
“Fluid Power”
 The basic difference is Flow symbol.
 If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies
pneumatic.

HYDRAULIC

PNEUMATIC

Fluid Power Drawings


 This

104

type of drawing, like electrical drawings are
also considered single line drawings.
 The line is either an air or hydraulic line
connected to a device
 The devices are shown as symbols whose intent
is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation
of the device as well as type of device.

Flow lines


Flow line

105

Connected
lines are
illustrated with
a connection
dot
Unconnected lines
shown crossing
Flexible
line

Four way
junction

Singl
e

o
r
Hose usually connecting
parts with relative
movement

Basic Line Symbols


Line

Dashed

Chain

Line
106

Spring

Working line, pilot
supply, return, electrical
Pilot control, bleed,
filter
Enclosure of two
or more functions
in one unit
Electrical line

2
10

12
3

1

Circle Shapes


Circles
energy conversion units
measuring instrument

mechanical link
roller
107

Squares and Rectangles


Square

control component
connections perpendicular
to sides
conditioning apparatus
connections to corners

Rectangle

108

Square at
45o

cylinders and valves

Squares and Rectangles


Rectangles

109

piston

certain control
methods

Basic Symbols


Semi-circle

Capsule

Double line

110

rotary actuator, motor or
pump with limited angle
of rotation
pressurised reservoir
air receiver, auxiliary
gas bottle
mechanical
connection
piston rod, lever,
shaft

Functional Elements


Triangle

Spring

Arrow

111

Direction and nature of fluid,
open pneumatic or filled
hydraulic

Long sloping indicates
adjustability

Functional Elements


Arrows
Straight or sloping path and flow
direction, or motion through a
device
Tee

Restriction

112

Closed path or port


Functional Elements
Curved arrows are
used to illustrate
rotary motion
Shaft rotation

both
Seating or connection
used in check valves
and connectors

113

clockwise from right hand
end

Functional Elements


Temperature

Opposed
solenoid
windings

Operator

Prime mover

114

Indication or control
size to suit

M

Electric motor

M

Function components


Silencer

Pressure to electric switch
preset

Pressure to electric switch
adjustable
115


Function components
Uni-directional flow regulator

Rotating joint
Pressure indicator
Pressure drop indicator

116

Plant


Compressor and electric
motor
Air receiver
Isolating valve

Air inlet filter

117

M

Combination units


FRL with shut off valve and
pressure gauge

Lubro-control unit
Filter and lubricator
Filter regulator with gauge

118

FRL Combined unit


Filters
Filter with manual drain

Filter with automatic drain

Filter with automatic drain and
pressure drop indicator
119

Pressure regulators




A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state
with the spring holding the regulator valve open to
connect the supply to the outlet.

Adjustable Regulator
simplified

Adjustable Regulator with
pressure gauge simplified
120

Pressure relief valves




A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal
state with the spring holding the valve closed.

Adjustable relief valve simplified

Preset relief valve simplified
121

Pressure regulators


Pre-set relieving

Pre-set relieving with
pressure gauge
Adjustable relieving

Adjustable relieving with
pressure gauge
122

Valve symbol structure


 The

123

function of a valve is given by a pair of
numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2..
 The first numeral indicates the number of main
ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but
excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.
 The second numeral indicates the number of
states the valve can achieve.



A

3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally
these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2
states (the normal state and the operated
state)
 The boxes are two pictures of the same
valve

operated
124

normal

Basic Valve Symbols





125








Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a
schematic.
The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of
switching positions.
Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows
showing the flow direction.
Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right
angles to the flow path.
Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot.
Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines
drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal
or initial position of the valve



A

126

valve symbol logic block will show the symbols
for each position of the valve states joined end to
end as illustrated in the next slide.

operated

normal

valve logic state is illustrated with its state
block joined end to end


 Each

127

operated

normal

port connections are shown to only one of
the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state


 The

128

normal

operator for a particular state is illustrated
against that state


 The

129

Operated state
produced by
pushing a button

against that state


 The

130

Operated state
produced by
pushing a button

Normal state
produced by
a spring

against that state


 The

131

Operated state
produced by
pushing a button

Normal state
produced by
a spring



 The

132

valve symbol can be visualised as moving to
align one state or another with the port
connections



 The

133

connections



 The

134

connections



A

135

5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a
similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths
for each of the two states is shown by the
two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an
inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts



 The

136

full symbol is then made by joining the two
boxes and adding operators. The connections
are shown against only the prevailing state



 The

137




 The

138






139



The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be
drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be
flipped
A variety of symbol patterns are possible

normally
closed

normally
open


Operators
Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve
box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some
operator types are:
Lever

Push button

Pedal

Pull button

Treadle

Push/pull button

140

General manual

Rotary knob

Operators Cont’d


Pressure

Spring normally
as a return

Pilot pressure

Roller

Differential pressure

Uni-direction
or one way trip

141

Plunger

Detent in 3 positions

Operators Cont’d


Electrical

142

Solenoid
direct
Solenoid pilot

Solenoid pilot
with manual
override and
external pilot
supply

Solenoid pilot
with manual override
and integral pilot
supply

When no integral
or external pilot
supply is shown it
is assumed to be
integral

Port markings


The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or
numbers as follows:
Alphabetical
Designations

Numerical
Designations

A, B, C …….. O (excludes L)

Leakage Fluid

L …………………………

9

Supply Air

P …………………………

1

Exhaust

R, S, T ………………..W

3, 5, 7 ……

Pilot Lines

143

Working Lines

2, 4, 6 . . . .

Z, Y, X …………………..

12, 14, 16, 18…

Port Markings Examples
2

2

12

12

10

3

1

2

4

14

2

14

12

3

1
5

144

1

4
12

1

10

3


Port Markings

2

12

14

4

1

145

12

10

3

1

2

3

2

12

14

10

1

4

5

2

1

12

3

Simplified cylinder symbols


Single acting – the load returns
cylinder to original position

Single acting with
spring returning cylinder
to original position

Double acting – moved by fluid
from either end
146

Rotary actuators


Semi rotary double acting

Rotary motor single direction
of rotation

Rotary motor bi-directional

147

Example Pneumatic Schematic
UP
PB1

BALANCER
VALVE
3

#12

1

#1

#2

#0

2


DOWN
PB2
#2
COMMON
PB3
#1

3
1

#1

#7

#8

1

CLAMP
PB4

2
3

4

1

2

UNCLAMP
PB5

#3

1
2-2

2-2
4

1

2

1

5
1

#9

2

#10

PV2

NTD3

#11

NTD4

#25

#1

2

1

3

4
2

1

#19

2

12

#16

PV3

2
5
1

4
2

12
5 1 3

1

2

#20

ROTATE
RETURN

RAISE
DISABLE

14

#25

3

OR1

ROTATE
SAFETY
PB9

#13

OR3

#22

3
1
OR2

3

#13

3

148

CLAMP
CYL. A1

BV3

5
1

#11

1

ROTATE
ADVANCE

14

#10

CLAMP
SAFETY
PB8

1

#15
1

1

CLAMP
CLOSED LV1

BV2
CLAMP
RETRACT

3

ROTATE
RET. PB7

3

2

12

#18

#24

NTD2

3

#14

#22

4

3

#8
3
NTD1

3

1
2-2

#6

CLAMP
EXTEND

14

PV1

3

1

3

#9

PS1

2

#5

3

BV1

5 1 3

#23

#4

ROTATE
ADV. PB6

R1
CLAMP
PRESSURE

#1

2

COMBINATION
BLOCKING VALVE &
FLOW CONTROL

BV4
#17

ROTATE
CYL. B1
#21

3

1
2

1
OR4

RAISE
ENABLE
#12

3
1

2

Summary


 Review

Objectives

 RETURN

149

TO MAIN MENU

Objectives


 Define

151

Piping Drawings
 Identify Piping Symbols
 Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings
(P&ID)
 Identify P&ID Symbols

Symbols and Drawings


 Piping

152

drawings show the size and location of
pipes, fittings, and valves.
 To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping
and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student
must learn the meaning of the symbols.
 This presentation discusses some the common
symbols that are used to depict system
components.

Piping Drawings


 The

153

single line format is most commonly used in
Piping and P&ID drawings.
 The single line format represents all piping,
regardless of size, as single line.
 All system equipment is represented by simple
standard symbols.

Pipe Crossing




The crossing of pipes without
connections is normally shown
without interrupting the line.



When there is a need to show
that one pipe must pass behind
another, the line representing
the pipe farthest may be shown
with a break, where the other
pipe passes in front of it

Near pipe

Far pipe

154

Connections




155

Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or
soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot



Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line .

Detachable
connection

Detachable
connection such
as a flange

Permanent
connection

Adjoining
apparatus

Fittings

156

If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not
shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line.





A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary
to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.

Pipe Line Without
Flanges

Pipe
Going
Away

Pipe
Coming
Towards

Pipe Line with flanges
connected to ends

Rear
view
flange

Front
view
flange


Single Line example

GLOBE VALVE

CROSS

UNION

Y-FITTING

ELBOW
CAP
PLUG

TEE

COUPLING
(JOINT)

CHECK VALVE
REDUCER

ELBOW

157

GATE VALVE

45° ELBOW

Pictorial Drawings


 Pictorial

158

or double line drawings present the
same type information as a single line, but the
equipment is represented as if it had been
photographed.
 This format is rarely used since it requires
much more effort to produce than a single line
drawing and does not present any more
information as to how the system functions.

Pictorial example


 Orthographic

CROSS

Y-FITTING
CAP

GLOBE
VALVE

TEE

COUPLING
(JOINT)

ELBOW

159

Pipe Drawing

PLUG

CHECK
VALVE

UNION

REDUCER

GATE
VALVE

45° ELBOW

Common Piping Symbols
Comparison


Pictorial
90° Elbows
Straight Tee
Reducing Tee
Sanitary Tee
P-Trap

160

Gate Valve

Symbol

Valves




Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate,
and pressure of fluids
GATE VALVE

GLOBE VALVE

CHECK VALVE

CONTROL VALVE

PLUG VALVE

BALL VALVE

BUTTERFLY VALVE

161

P&ID’s





162




The piping of a single system may contain more than a single
medium.
For example, although the main process flow line may carry water,
the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas,
or hydraulic fluid.
Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals
and electrical wires as well as piping.
The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for
indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating
between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.

Process and Instrumentation
Drawings P&ID’s




163

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

These process flow diagrams include:
Pipe line numbers and directions
Pipe specifications and line sizes
All equipment
All valves
All Instrumentation with controlling devices

Lines
MAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE


MINOR PROCESS LINES
PROCESS TUBING
HYDRAULIC LINES
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL LEADS
PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING

164

Valve Symbols

165

Valve Normally
Closed

Needle Valve
Normally Open

Needle Valve
Normally Closed

Ball Valve
Normally Open

Ball Valve
Normally Closed

Globe Valve
Normally Open

Globe Valve
Normally Closed

Gate Valve
Normally Open

Gate Valve
Normally Closed

Butterfly Valve


Valve Normally
Open

Two Valve
Manifold

Blind Flanged
Generic Valve

Note: the generic valve is
commonly used on drawings with
the valve state noted next to it

N.C.

Control Valve Actuators


 Some

valves are provided with actuators
to allow remote operation, to increase
mechanical advantage, or both. Below are
a few symbols for the common valve
actuators.

Diaphragm
Electric
Motor
Solenoid

166

Piston
Manual

Balloon Labeling







A control valve may serve any number of functions within a
fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling
system is used to identify the function of a control valve.
The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter
to be controlled by the valve.
For example:
–
–
–
–
–

F = flow
T = temperature
L = level
P = pressure
H = hand (manually operated valve

FC

Flow Control
Valve
167




168

One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information
about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces
with the system or piece of equipment.



The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided
into four categories.
Sensed
Parameter

Type of Indicator
or Controller

Type of
Component

Type of Signal

F = flow
T = temperature
P = pressure
I = current
L = level
V = voltage
Z = position

R = recorder
I = indicator
C = controller

T = transmitter
M = modifier
E = element

I = current
V = voltage
P = pneumatic

Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters


Locally Mounted Instrument
Board Mounted Instrument
Instrument Behind Board
Example: Locally mounted
voltage to current pressure
modifier

P/I
PM

or

P/I

or

E/I

Examples of Transmitters

FT

169

FT

Flow Transmitter

PT

PressureTransmitter

Controllers






Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop
and use it to position or manipulate some other system
component.
Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the
balloon after the controlling parameter.
Flow Controller

FC

P

Temperature Controller TC

Proportional - Integral

PI

Pressure Controller

PC

Proportional –
Integral - Differential

PID

Level Controller

170

Proportional

TC

Current to Pneumatic

I/P

Components




Within every system there are major components
such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat
exchangers, and fans.

Compressor

Steam Turbine

Pumps

171

Heat
Exchanger

Tanks

S

or

or

Misc. Symbols




In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to
represent specific pieces of equipment additional
drawing symbols are used to guide or provide
additional information about the drawing.

XX-001-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing

XX-002-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing

XX-003-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at
coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.
Building/Area Boundary

172

Example P&ID Drawing


E-101
REBOILER

V-101
DEPROPANIZER

E-102
OVERHEAD
CONDENSER

V-102
REFLUX
ACCUMULATOR

125°F
35
COOLING
WATER

E-102
V-101

FEED

20

255 PSIG
210°F

FLARE

PC
V-102
240# @ 118°f

LC

1
245°F

FRC
LG

HEATING
MEDIUM

E-101
REBOILER
230°F

275°F

LC
P-101A & 101B
PRODUCT
STORAGE
STORAGE

173

P-101A & 101B
PRODUCT AND
REFLUX PUMPS

Summary


 Review

Objectives

 RETURN

174

TO MAIN MENU

CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

175

Objectives


 Define

176

Topographical Maps
 Define Contour Maps
 Define Geology and Mining Terms
 Define Site Plans Drawings
 Define Floor Plans
 Define Elevation Drawings
 Define Structural Drawings and symbols

Topographical Maps


 Maps

177

which describe in detail local features of
the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made,
are called topographic maps (or drawings).
 Data taken from surveys are used to build these
drawings.
 Surveying is the actual measurement of
distances, elevations, and directions on the
earth’s surface.

Contours


 Most

178

topographical maps are drawn as contours.
 Contours are lines drawn on a map to show
points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a
single contour line have the same elevation.
 A contour interval is the vertical distance
between horizontal planes passing through
successive contours as illustrated in the following
slide..

Example Contours Map


Control Points

179

Contours
Relative
Elevations

Profile

Contours Continued




180





Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of
distribution of points of recorded elevation.
A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as
illustrated in the next slide.
Line are established at right angles to each other,
dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and
elevations are determined at the corners of the squares


Example Grid Contour Map

Contour

Elevation
Grid
181

Geology and Mining Terms










Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily
measured from north.
Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes
Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding
planes.
Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault.
Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another
formation.
Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding
planes of a stratum, seam, or vein.
Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it
eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface.
–

182

See following slide for examples


Geology Terms Example

Strike

Outcrop Area
Bedding Plane
Dip Angle

183

Fault Plane

Seam or Stratum

Thickness

Topographical Map Symbols




Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate
land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.

Highway
Railroad

Telephone Line

Power Line

184

Highway Bridge
Railroad Bridge

Suspension Bridge
Dam

Site or Layout Drawings




185





Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile
drawings. T
They provide the necessary information on the location,
alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal
parts in relation to the ground at the site.
They also provide other important details, such as the
nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent
structures and roads.


Example Site Drawing

186

Example Symbols


Earth-rough grade

187

Concrete
Paving
Gravel

Earth-finish grade

Floor Plans
 Floor

–
–
–
–
–

188

plans includes:

thicknesses, and character of the building walls on
that particular floor
the widths and locations of door and window
openings
the lengths and character of partitions
the number and arrangement of rooms
the types and locations of utility installations

Floor Layout Example


Door Symbol

189

Window Symbol

Elevation Drawings


 Elevation

drawings are closely related to the floor
plans of a building.
 These drawings are of vertical views of the
building, usually of the outside walls.

Front Elevation

190

Side Elevation

Structural Drawings


 Architectural

191

and structural drawings are
generally considered to be the drawings of steel,
wood, concrete, and other materials used to
construct buildings.


Example of Structural Drawing Detail

192

Beams




A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per
foot of length.



The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the
letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by
nominal depth and weight per foot

or

S

Symbols
193

p
To t
n
ro
F
En
d

Top
Front

End

Channels
A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.
Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot




p
To
t
on
Fr

C

En
d

Symbols

Top
End

194

Front

or

Angles


 The

cross section of an angle resembles the
letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions
in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.

To

n
ro
F

Top

Front

195

p

End

End

t

L
Symbol

Tees


A

structural tee is made by slitting a
standard I- or H- beam through the center of
its web, thus forming two T-shapes from
each beam. In dimensioning, the structural
tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.

p
To
t
on
Fr

Top

196

En
d

Front

End

ST or T
Symbols

Members




197





The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing
structural members that support and transfer the loads on
the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each
other.
The places where members are connected to other
members are called joints.
The total load supported by the structural members at
a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus
the total live load.

Vertical Members









198

Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in
buildings they may be called pillars.
A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It
could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the
ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that
provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are
called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called
sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called
top plates or stud caps.
Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.

Horizontal Members




199




A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans
a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam.
A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever.
One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is
called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.

Trusses


A

200

truss is a framework consisting of two
horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined
together by a number of vertical and/or inclined
members to form a series of triangles.

Trusses

Summary


 Review

Objectives

 RETURN

201

TO MAIN MENU

Objectives


 Define

203

Tolerances
 Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings

Machine Drawings


 In

204

learning to read machine drawings, we must
first become familiar with the common terms,
symbols, and conventions defined and
discussed in the following slides.

Tolerances





205





Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore
variations must be allowed.
This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total
amount the dimension may vary.
It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,
either by a fraction or decimal.
Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific
dimension.
Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different
methods; the following slide shows three examples.
– The unilateral method is used when variation from the design
size is permissible in one direction only.
– The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or
minus variation that is acceptable.
– In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum
measurements are both stated

Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method

.498 DIA
+ .000
- .002

Bilateral Method
30° ± 1°
.875
± .005
7± 1
8 64

.500 DIA
+ .002
- .000

2.250 + .010
- .005
.498 DIA
.496

Limit Method
206

.500 DIA
.502

Tolerance Symbols


Flatness &
Straightness

Roundness
Symmetry

Angularity

(MMC) Maximum
Material Condition

Perpendicularity
Parallelism

(RFS) Regardless
of Feature size
Datum Identifying
symbol

Concentricity
True Position
Feature Control
Symbol

207

A
Symbol

.001

M

S
-A-

Tolerance
Datum

Class Exercise


 Do

208

Class Exercise Tolerances

Fillets and Rounds


 Fillets

are concave metal corner (inside)
surfaces.
 Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that
have been rounded to prevent chipping and to
avoid sharp cutting edges

Fillet
209

Rounds

Slots and Slides


 Slots

and slides mate two specially shaped
pieces of material and securely hold them
together, yet allow them to move or slide.

Tee Slot Slide

210

Dovetail Slide

Tee Slot

Dovetail Slot

Keys, Keyseats, Keyways


A

key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of
metal inserted in a slot or groove between a
shaft and a hub to prevent slippage

Flat Bottom

Round Bottom
Keyseat and Keyway

211

Square

Screw Threads
use different methods to show thread
on drawings


 Draftsmen

Without Thread Relief

With Thread Relief
212

Simplified Method of Thread Representation

Gears


 When

gears are drawn on machine drawings
usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to
identify the dimensions.

Working Depth
Whole Depth

Dedendum
Addendum

Clearance
Root Dia.

213

Pitch Dia.
Outside Dia.

Springs




There are three
classifications of helical
springs: compression,
extension, and torsion.
Drawings seldom show a
true presentation of the
helical shape; instead,
they usually show springs
Common Types of Helical Springs
with straight lines

Symbol Representation of Springs

214

Finish Marks


Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for
various reasons.



A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it


is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish .

x

60°
215

3½ X MIN.

02

x

60°
Example of Use

Welding


 Welding

is a process of joining metals by fusion
or heating into a single joined mass.
 Symbols will define the type of weld required.

Square Weld
216

Symbol

Fillet Weld
Symbol

Weld Drawing Symbols




A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches
long with leg length of ½ inch

1. Reference Line
7. Tail – will have
information
about the
process. OAW is
a type of welding
here. It is left off
if no info needed.

2. Arrow – connects
reference line to joint
OAW

½
G

3. Weld symbol – this
indicates a fillet weld

217

2
5. Supplementary symbols –
this illustrates a convex weld
6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c =
chipped, m = machined.


Example Drawing

218

Summary


 Review

Objectives

 RETURN

219

TO MAIN MENU

Basic blueprint reading

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