24. Fishes

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Jackie Carl

Zoology: Chapter 24 Fishes

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INTRODUCTION The jaw (Upper and lower) is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth. It is typically used for grasping and manipulating food. Jaw suspension means the fusion of upper jaw and lower jaw or skull for efficient biting. There are different ways in which these attachments are attained depending upon the modifications in visceral arches in vertebrates. In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically. The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth. The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian. It is believed that the hyoid system suspends the jaw from the brain case of the skull, permitting great mobility of the jaws. The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency. The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians. Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. Many teleost fish have substantially modified jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion, resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved. Jaw Suspension or Suspensoria: The method by which the upper and lower jaws are suspended or attached from the chondrocranium is known as jaw suspension or suspensorium. Amongst the visceral arches, the first (mandibular) arch consists of = a dorsal palato pterygoquadrate bar forming the upper jaw, = and ventral Meckel’s cartilage forms the lower jaw. The second (hyoid) arch consists of = a dorsal hyomandibular supporting and suspending the jaws with the cranium, and a ventral hyoid. The remaining visceral arches support the gills and are, hence, called branchial arches. Thus, splanchnocranium forms the jaws and suspends them with the chondrocranium.

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INTRODUCTION The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra). Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system. The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system. The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes. Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urinogenital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts. Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system. The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems: Excretion of nitrogenous waste products. Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance). Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.) Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance). The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity. A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes. At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold. The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.

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24. Fishes

1. Fishes Chapter 24

2. Diversity

4. Fossils of Early Vertebrates

10. Class Myxini - Hagfish

11. Class Myxini - Hagfish

12. Class Myxini - Hagfish

13. Class Petromyzontida - Lampreys

14. Class Petromyzontida - Lampreys

15. Class Petromyzontida - Lampreys

16. Class Petromyzontida - Lampreys

17. Derived Characters of Gnathostomes

18. Fossil Gnathostomes

19. Fossil Gnathostomes

20. Class Chondrichthyes

21. Subclass Elasmobranchii

22. Subclass Elasmobranchii

23. Subclass Elasmobranchii

24. Subclass Elasmobranchii– Acute Senses

25. Subclass Elasmobranchii “ mermaid’s purse”

26. Subclass Elasmobranchii

27. Subclass Elasmobranchii

28. Subclass Elasmobranchii

29. Subclass Elasmobranchii

30. Subclass Holocephali

31. Osteichthyes

32. Class Actinopterygii

33.

34.

35. Class Actinopterygii

36. Teleosts

37. Teleosts

38. Teleosts

39. Class Sarcopterygii

40. Class Sarcopterygii

41. Class Sarcopterygii

42. Locomotion in Water

43. Locomotion in Water

44. Buoyancy

45. Buoyancy

46. Buoyancy

47. Buoyancy: Physostomous fishes 1 st method

48. Buoyancy: Physoclistous fishes 2 nd Method

49. Hearing: Weberian ossicles

50. Respiration

51. Osmotic Regulation

52. Feeding Behavior

53. Feeding Behavior

54. Migration

55. Migration

56. Reproduction

57. Reproduction

58. Growth

59. Growth French Angelfishes ( Pomacanthus paru ) juvenile (left) and adult (right).

60. Growth

Editor's Notes

“ Fish ” refers to one or more individuals of one species. “ Fishes ” refers to more than one species.

24. Fishes

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Editor's Notes