Tidal energy has potential prospects in Pakistan due to its tidal processes. Tidal energy exploits the movement of water caused by tidal currents and rise/fall of sea levels, which can power turbines. Pakistan has suitable sites like the Indus Delta creek system and Korangi/Sir Creeks, which see high tidal fluctuations of 2-5 meters that could produce 1100KW of power. Developing tidal energy plants could boost the socio-economics of coastal communities and help overcome Pakistan's energy shortage, though it cannot fulfill all demand and more research is needed to reduce costs.

1. TIDAL ENERGY – ITS PROCESSES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS IN PAKISTAN BY: MAJIDA ISLAM

2. INTRODUCTION Four major Drivers of Growth a. Energy b . SME c. I.T d. Agriculture Not enough quantity of conventional energy sources available since 1947. Limitations of Conventional Energy sources Import dependence for energy requirements Growing world opinion for alternatives Eco friendly solution Sustainable development of country

3. ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES Availability of High Potential of renewable energy resources in Pakistan e.g. Fossil Fuels Nuclear plants Solar Energy City Solid Wastes Wood wastes from Furnitures Agricultural Wastes Forestry Wastes Animal Slurry from farms Waste from Chicken farms

4. TIDAL ENERGY TIDAL POWER SOMETIMES CALLED TIDAL ENERGY IS A FORM OF HYDROPOWER THAT EXPLOITS THE MOVEMENT OF WATER CAUSED BY TIDAL CURRENTS OR THE RISE AND FALL IN SEA LEVELS DUE TO TIDES .

5. TIDAL PROCESS FLOW

6. WORKING METHODOLOGY Storage of Water Special Structure / Tidal Lagoons High / Low Tides Development of Pressure Difference Turbines at Outlets Cost Effective and Economical Solution Site Selection Criteria

7. CATEGORIES OF TIDAL POWER TIDAL STREAM GENERATORS Make use of Kinetic Energy from moving water current to Power Turbines. BARRAGE TIDAL POWER Make use of Potential Energy from the difference in height ( or head ) between high and low tides

8. ENVRONMENTAL IMPACTS Different environmental impacts on different sites Lack of Knowledge : Effects of changing tides on Aquatic and Shoreline Ecosystems Prediction: Building of Barrages may effect sedimentation and turbidity of water within basins. Effect on Plants and animals Restriction on movement of aquatic organisms

9. PROS AND CONS No Emissions No Pollution No Fossil Fuels Renewable clean energy Reduction in nuclear waste. 365 days/24hr operational plant Free and Abundant fuel ( Water ) Expensive civil infrastructure & Time consuming Improvements and research needed for Cost effective solution

10. PROSPECTS OF TIDAL ENERGY IN PAKISTAN 170Km available creek system of Indus Delta Flow of water with high velocity during flood in Creek system National Institute of Oceanography says sea water inundates up to 80Km at some places due to tidal fluctuations 2-5 meters tidal heights at Korangi creek and over 5 meters at Sir Creek Can produce 1100KW Power from a/m sites

11. Baluchistan Sonmiani Hor and Kalmat Khor are good prospects Development of tidal Energy plants at Pakistan Coast could uplift socio-economic conditions of costal population of Pakistan PROSPECTS OF TIDAL ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

12. OPERATING TIDAL POWER SCHEMES Rance Tidal Power Plant at La Rance France ( 1960-1966 ) – 240MW Capacity Annapolis Royal Generating Station in North America – 1984 – 18MW Capacity Small Power Plant at Kislaya Guba on Barents Sea in former Soviet Union – 0.5 MW Capacity China has developed several small Tidal Power projects and one large facility at Jiangxia and at mouth of Yalu.

13. CONCLUSION Global Development of Tidal Technology at France , UK, Canada and former Soviet Union Development actions needed to reduce construction costs, increasing output and reducing uncertainties on environmental impact.

14. CONCLUSION Tidal Energy can be focused as an alternate source of Energy in Pakistan Environmental impacts of Tidal process is much more smaller than using convetional fuels such as fossil fuels and nuclear plants etc. Tidal Power alone cannot fulfills complete demand however can be helpful to overcome the problem of shortage.