The tourism industry is an important contributor to Haiti’s foreign exchange earnings and has always been on the agenda of the government’s plan to develop the country. The political unrest has however enabled the DMO to implement all the different strategies suggested. Entrepreneurship in the tourism sector is one of the latest suggestions to develop the tourism sector. Not many academic papers have been written about Haiti as a destination (Séraphin 2010 and 2011; Dore 2010; Thernil 2004; Theodat 2004; Dupont 2003). ‘Bonjour blanc, a journey through Haiti’ (Thomson, 2004), is as far as we are concerned one of the very few novels or travel writings about this destination. This article contributes to the body of meta-literature by focusing on guest houses in the countryside as a way forward for the locals to fully benefit from the tourism industry. Starting with a review of academic papers on entrepreneurship, this article adopts a progressive approach successively presenting the place of the tourism industry within the service sector in Haiti and then the opportunities and limit for the creation of guest houses in the countryside. Methodologically, this article builds on academic critical literature on entrepreneurship and countryside tourism (primary sources). We are then going to carry out some field research to identify the opportunities available for MSTEs in the hospitality sector (guest houses) in the countryside.

1. Active Countryside Tourism
International Centre for Research in Events, Tourism and Hospitality (ICRETH)
23-25. 01.2013, Leeds, United Kingdom
Leeds Metropolitan University, Civic Quarter, Rose Bowl
Session 5: ‘Stakeholders and tourism development’
Entrepreneurship in tourism as a driver for recovery and
sustainable development of the countryside in Haiti. The
guest houses as a strong potential option
Dr Hugues Séraphin PhD PGCE M.A
Lecturer, Event Management and Marketing (The University of Winchester)
Associate researcher CREDDI-LEAD EA 2438 GUYANE (Université des Antilles Guyane)
The University of Winchester, Faculty of Business, Law and Sport
West Downs Campus, Winchester, SO22 4NR (England)
hugues.seraphin@winchester.ac.uk
Mobile: 0044 7878425783
1

2. Active Countryside Tourism
International Centre for Research in Events, Tourism and Hospitality (ICRETH)
23-25. 01.2013, Leeds, United Kingdom
Leeds Metropolitan University, Civic Quarter, Rose Bowl
Session 5: ‘Stakeholders and tourism development’
Entrepreneurship in tourism as a driver for recovery and sustainable
development of the countryside in Haiti. The guest houses as a strong
potential option
Dr Hugues Séraphin PhD PGCE M.A
Lecturer, Event Management and Marketing (The University of Winchester)
Associate researcher CREDDI-LEAD EA 2438 GUYANE (Université des Antilles Guyane)
The University of Winchester, Faculty of Business, Law and Sport
West Downs Campus, Winchester, SO22 4NR (England)
hugues.seraphin@winchester.ac.uk
Mobile: 0044 7878425783
Abstract
The tourism industry is an important contributor to Haiti’s foreign exchange earnings
and has always been on the agenda of the government’s plan to develop the country. The
political unrest has however enabled the DMO to implement all the different strategies
suggested. Entrepreneurship in the tourism sector is one of the latest suggestions to develop
the tourism sector.
Not many academic papers have been written about Haiti as a destination (Séraphin
2010 and 2011; Dore 2010; Thernil 2004; Theodat 2004; Dupont 2003). ‘Bonjour blanc, a
journey through Haiti’ (Thomson, 2004), is as far as we are concerned one of the very few
novels or travel writings about this destination. This article contributes to the body of meta-
literature by focusing on guest houses in the countryside as a way forward for the locals to
fully benefit from the tourism industry.
Starting with a review of academic papers on entrepreneurship, this article adopts a
progressive approach successively presenting the place of the tourism industry within the
service sector in Haiti and then the opportunities and limit for the creation of guest houses in
the countryside.
Methodologically, this article builds on academic critical literature on
entrepreneurship and countryside tourism (primary sources). We are then going to carry out
some field research to identify the opportunities available for MSTEs in the hospitality sector
(guest houses) in the countryside.
Keywords
Countryside tourism, entrepreneurs, MSTEs, opportunities, Haiti
2

3. Active Countryside Tourism
International Centre for Research in Events, Tourism and Hospitality (ICRETH)
23-25. 01.2013, Leeds, United Kingdom
Leeds Metropolitan University, Civic Quarter, Rose Bowl
Session 5: ‘Stakeholders and tourism development’
Entrepreneurship in tourism as a driver for recovery and
sustainable development of the countryside in Haiti. The
guest houses as a strong potential option
3

4. 1. INTRODUCTION
The tourism industry is one of the world’s largest industries (Cooper and Hall, 2008: 252)
and also the fastest growing of the market (WTTC). Worldwide, tourism is ranked second
highest revenue-generating industry next to the oil industry (Rathore, 2012).
Rural tourism that can be dated back to the mid-19th century at a time when people wanted to
get relaxed through outdoor activities (Ju, 2011) can bring various benefits such as foreign
exchange, employment, higher government revenues and the transformation of agriculture
into a modern service industry (Rathore, 2012). Rural tourism can therefore be an opening for
developing countries (Grandoit, 2005). In this study we are going to consider more
specifically the guest houses in the countryside as tourists are very keen to buy ‘authenticity’
(Séraphin, 2011). ‘Tourists want more than bed-and-breakfast. They want something you
can’t pay for – getting to know people...I am offering myself and my home’ Stringer (1981).
The Caribbean, a region that is comprised mostly of developing countries, has benefited
tremendously from the tourism industry (Charlot, XXXX). Haiti used to be the most popular
tourist destination in the Caribbean between 1940e – 1960e and as such attracted an
international jet set. Mick Jagger, Charles Addams, Jackie Kennedy, etc. were among those
who popularised the country. Nowadays, Haiti is mainly known as one of the poorest and
dangerous country on earth. It is also now a country with a very low ‘touristicity’ (Theodat,
2004). When Ian Thomson went to Haiti in 1990, to write Bonjour blanc, a journey through
Haiti (Thomson, 2004), Jean-Bertrand Aristide was about to become the country’s first
democratically elected president since Jean-Francois Duvalier in 1957. Haiti was also at this
period the less visited country of the Caribbean mainly due to the high level of insecurity
(Séraphin, 2012b).
With an estimated unemployment rate between 70 and 80 percent, the recovery strategies of
the government is to focus on sectors that can provide employment opportunities for Haitians
with basic job skills. In its Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti, the
Haitian government has identified tourism as a critical economic activity that can contribute
to recovery (International Institute of Tourism Studies, 2010). The tourism sector is at the
basis of many projects of the government. The current Minister of Tourism, Stephanie
Balmir-Villedrouin has already obtained support from the General Secretary of the WTO, Mr
Taleb Rifai1; from some airlines like Air Caraïbes; from some T.O like Nomade; from some
tour guides like Lonely Planet, and many other organisations either public or private2. As a
result of the supports, the Minister of Tourism is fully committed to the long-term tourism
development of Haiti.
Since The Port-au-Prince Declaration (2011) put forward the creation of small and micro
enterprises (SMEs) as one of the seven key pillars for growth in the tourism industry in Haiti,
the current tourism administration is ready to experience new business models. Even if
11
Balmir-Villedrouin, S. (2012). Newsletter, Ministère du Tourisme Haïti (5e édition)
2
Page Facebook de Stéphanie Balmir-Villedrouin qui est également la page officielle du Ministère du Tourisme
d’Haïti.
4

5. Séraphin (2012a) considers entrepreneurship in the tourism sector as the way forward for
Haiti, he also highlights some of the challenges like the fact that the poor don’t have access to
the credit and savings services provided by banks.
2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The Haitian government is currently committed towards developing tourism in Haiti using
entrepreneurship as a tool. For Manyara and Jones (2005), micro and small scale enterprises
can increase the participation of the poor in the tourism industry. Rogerson (2003) based on
his research in South Africa backs up Manyara and Jones (2005) as he argues that it is only
through small enterprises that rural people can participate in tourism. Literature also shows
that entrepreneurship but has a multiplier effect on local economies (Schumpeter, 1934).
In a one hand, rural tourism has turned into a suitable way to enhance economic advantage
and employment (Egbali et al., 2011). In the other hand, tourists want to know the people
they are visiting (Stringer, 1981). Tourism (rural tourism) and entrepreneurship (guest
houses) seem to be a suitable recipe for the development and sustainability of tourism in
Haiti. Nature-centred tourism, such as ecotourism, should be developed alongside of or
instead of mass tourism in Haiti (Thermil, 2004). That’s another reason to write about
countryside tourism in Haiti and on the potential of guest houses.
The purposes of the study are as follow:
(a) Recognising the potentials of tourism, entrepreneurship and rural tourism in Haiti
(b) Reaching the means of increasing the number of locals involved in rural tourism
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic growth, innovation and in poverty
alleviation (Landes, 1998). Despite the fact the development of entrepreneurship in tourism
could be a way to fully involved and benefit the local population and probably enable the
tourism industry to account for a higher percentage of the GDP in those developing countries,
it is the most understudied economic phenomenon today (Lingelbach, 2005).
Michel (2000) claims tourism can fully benefit a destination, only if the locals are fully
involved in the planning and development of the industry. Based on literature,
entrepreneurship in tourism seems to be a serious contender to the involvement of the locals
in the tourism sector and in some cases to help them to improve their standard of living. In
fact, according to Manyara and Jones (2005), micro and small scale enterprises can increase
the participation of the poor in the tourism industry. Rogerson (2003) based on his research in
South Africa backs up Manyara and Jones (2005) as he argues that it is only through small
enterprises that rural people can participate in tourism. Moreover, when formal tourism
enterprises are owned by locals, there is a high likelihood of purchase of local supplies,
5

6. meaning other sectors of the local economy are going to benefit from this activity Shah
(2000). For tourism to be beneficial in terms of income generations, economic growth,
poverty reduction, and improving rural livelihoods, it has to be linked to local economies
such as agriculture and MSEs (Wanhill, 2000).
Entrepreneurship in rural tourism seems to be a possible option for Haiti in its attempt to
develop its tourism industry, reduce the high rate of unemployment and improve the standard
of living of the locals. In Haiti there are many small and micro businesses, but most of them
are unofficial meaning they do not abide to any law (Lautier, 2004). This illegality is the
norm in Haiti. This is what De Soto (1994) designated as the ‘extralegal norm’.
Din (1992) also noted that the receiving community may not possess the capacity to
appreciate the opportunities. Kristen and Rogerson (2002) noted the same situation in their
research on tourism SMEs in South Africa where there is a limited involvement of local black
entrepreneurs due to their limited resources and difficulties to secure credit from financial
institutions and also because of limited and inadequate training and education. This situation
is not peculiar to developing countries as the contemporary tourism industry is dominated by
MSEs and particularly micro-businesses (Buhalis and Cooper, 1998; Cooper and Hall, 2008).
4. OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE FOR LOCALS TO SET UP THEIR OWN
BUSINESS: TWO CASE STUDIES
a) The MEMA project (Public sector/NGO)
The MEMA project which stands for ‘Mon Entreprise Mon Avenir’ (in English ‘My business
my future’) is an Haitian business accelerator funded by the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund aiming
at developing entrepreneurship in Haiti. The MEMA project aims to help those entrepreneurs
by providing them the required training, financial (10000 USD for each shortlisted applicant)
and legal assistance to turn their venture into financially profitable businesses. The MEMA
project also aims to create institutions to support the new entrepreneurs via the creation of
networks of businessmen and women; consultants; business angels, etc. The project
submitted can be in the following sectors: agro-industry; culture and hospitality; service for
corporate; sustainable energy and construction; factories. Three criteria are used to short list
the projects: Sustainability of the project (the project must show some evidence of potential
development in terms of job creation and generation of income); Innovation (the project must
bring something new to the country or make some products or services available to a larger
audience); inclusive (the project must involve all the categories of the population with low
income either as suppliers, customers or retailers)3.
b) The Digicel Entrepreneur of the Year Programme and the Award Ceremony: A private
sector initiative
3
http://memahaiti.org/qparticiper.php
6

7. The aim of the Digicel Entrepreneur of the Year Program is to build new economic
foundations for Haiti by identifying, rewarding and cultivating the new business leaders of
the future. The awards are a first step towards giving local business leaders, men and women,
a meaningful stake in a thoroughly regenerated, newly modernised, enterprise-driven Haiti.
Each year, 96 finalists are chosen from across the country’s four regions to participate in
regional finals. A winner in each category is announced and then the overall title awarded to
one. In 2012, the program nominations have been invited from across the following seven
categories: Education, Tourism and Culture; Environment; Food and Agriculture; Industry;
Services; Emerging Entrepreneurs; Social Award: Woman in Business Community Award.
Nominations are evaluated according to strict criteria, which include the company’s strategic
direction, its financial performance, its record of innovation, and, importantly, its community
impact. All the Entrepreneur of the Year judges have achieved success in their own right and
possess the skills and integrity that are necessary to recognise and select outstanding
entrepreneurial individuals who have epitomised the entrepreneurial spirit. The month prior
to award’s night the 24 national finalists are given the opportunity to engage in an all-expense
paid three-day Executive Education Program. The three-day CEO Retreat includes training in
leadership, innovation and strategy in an effort to help them to better grow their enterprise
into a large, international organisation, which will ultimately elevate Haiti. This also gives the
opportunity for the finalist to network with peers.
c) Findings and discussion
The MEMA project and the Digicel Entrepreneur of the Year Programme are two initiatives
that show the emphasis on the development of entrepreneurship in Haiti as a vector of
potential development for the country. Both projects are also claiming to be inclusive.
However, applicants for both projects are supposed to build up a comprehensive portfolio to
be submitted. If we consider the fact that 50% of the population in Haiti is illiterate and 65%
of this same population lives below the threshold of poverty (Roc, 2008), it is highly likely
that the applicants for the two projects will be from the middle class called in Haiti
‘Bourgeoisie’ or even from the ‘elite’ as the majority of the population does not have the
skills and knowledge to produce the required document to apply for the projects. As we
believe the original idea of both projects were to have all the categories of the population and
particularly the less fortunate to participate, it is therefore important for the government and
private sector to rethink the ‘assessment method’ as a limited part of the population for the
moment can produce and provide the required document. Last but not least, if initiating such
project can be viewed as being good in terms of self actualisation of some social categories of
the population, it is also important for the government and the financial market in Haiti to
consider poor people running micro and small-scale enterprises as potential clients. The
liberalisation of the financial market can help to maximise the positive impacts of
entrepreneurship development programmes like MEMA or Digicel programme particularly if
the short listed candidates are poor.
7

8. Financial sector modernisation in some developing countries has been pushed in recent years
through so-called Microfinance Institutions (MFIs).They deliver credit to micro and small
enterprises and contributes to poverty reduction by providing poor people access to financial
services (Van der Sterren, 2008). A well functioning financial sector contributes positively to
the level of economic growth and have pro-poor effects only when poor have access to credit
and savings services provided by banks (Beck et al., 2004). The fact that in Haiti poor people
are not considered as clients in a way limit the potential positive impact of the various
initiatives. Entrepreneurs in emerging markets rely heavily on informal sources of finance to
start their business (Bygrave, 2003). Limited personal and family savings and an absence of
financial innovation severely limit the growth prospects of promising start-ups in developing
countries (Lingelbach, 2005). Tourism is a service industry and benefits strongly from
liberalised and open economies (Van der Sterren, 2008).
5. POTENTIALS AND LIMITS OF RURAL TOURISM AND GUEST HOUSES IN
HAITI
a) Objective
Rural tourism is a form of tourism that can bring cash rapidly and directly to rural people in
Haiti (Thermil, 2004). It is also a valuable strategy because of its low risks and costs
compared to other tourism projects (Egbali et al., 2010). In looking to develop tourism in a
way that is more compatible with the rural context we have decided to focus on the guest
houses as they are most of the time converted family homes (Jayawardena, XXXX).
Our objective is to show that running guest houses in rural areas of Haiti can be a solution too
many current problems in Haiti like the reduction of shanty areas around Port-au-Prince and
encourage those who left the capital to the countryside after the earthquake to stay, thus
reducing the pressure on the capital and its surroundings. As Lewis (1998) and Pelligrino
(2000) explained, locals only migrate to cities in their quest to improve their quality of life.
Also, economic opportunities from tourism development encourage natives to return to their
homes and non-natives to seize this opportunity to establish themselves in local areas
(Paviagua, 2002).
Last but not least, because the business of running countryside guest houses rely heavily of
the natural environment, developing this type of businesses should encourage the locals to
take great care of their environment and reforest the countryside.
b) Research methodology and design
In Haiti’s countryside some community based tourism (CBT) has developed as active
participants in the process of development of rural tourism in their areas. In this study we
have considered one CBT: the Association of the Peasants of Vallue which is first and
foremost an Haitian NGO involved in rural development in Vallue since 1989. This
association has conducted several projects with the local community, for example, school
programs, soil conservation, reforestation and food processing. This Association has
8

9. introduced an ecotourism development program (Thermil, 2004). Efforts have been made by
this CBT to develop alternative forms of tourism such as eco-tourism, agro-tourism where
guest houses play a pivotal role. This form of tourism provides a unique experience for
tourists who may be desirous of experiencing rural life and meeting and interacting with the
local people (KPMG, 1996; Stringer, 1981).
In terms of method we are going to use a qualitative approach. The Association of the
Peasants of Vallue will be sued as a case study. We are starting with the assumption that this
hospitality service offered by this CBT has a rather positive impact overall on the area of
Vallue. Also, in order to identify the challenge of running guest houses in Haiti, we are going
to analyse the feedback of visitors who went to Haiti and stayed in guest houses. Our source
of information is the well established website TripAdvisor. Eleven (11) name of
accommodation have the terminology ‘guest house’ in their name. We only considered those
one to make sure that no other type of accommodation were falsely taken into account. Each
guest house has been graded from 1 to 4 (1: excellent / 2: Very good / 3: Average / 4: Poor /
5: Terrible) using the feedback of the visitors. The results of the study will also enable us to
identify the key issues with the guest houses in Haiti.
Séraphin (2012) while carrying similar research using the travel writing ‘Bonjour blanc, a
journey through Haiti’ (Thomson, 2004), has identified key issues in the hospitality sector.
The key issue was the poor standard of the accommodations. A guest house was described by
Thomson as follow:
Guest House ‘chez Margot provided a dustier, noisier, more native brand of accommodation. The
Margot’ bathroom was littered with dead cockroaches and for some reason an old valise that I
found behind my bed contained a stuffed mongoose. Food was good, although the
water was dirty and not to be consumed without sterilization tablets
Theodat (2004) highlighted the fact that Haitians are still amateurs in the tourism sector.
c) Background
APV (Association des Paysans de Vallue) started with the creation of a small guest house in
1989. This guess house was so popular with tourists that they enlarged it and turned it into a
countryside hotel called: ‘Hotel Villa Ban-Yen’. This example shows that rural tourism in
Haiti has some potential. On the website4 of ‘Hotel Villa Ban-Yen’ it is possible to read:
Tourism in Vallue gives you the opportunity to spend good moment in nature contemplation,
in consuming organic food, in sharing with the farmers their culture and acknowledges…
Hotel Villa Ban-Yen is the ideal place on the mountain to breathe fresh and pure air, and to
get the best feeling of alternative tourism as a sustainable way for community development.
4
www.vallue.org
9

10. All modern facilities are also available for seminary, conference, honeymoon and rest in
spacious and well decorated rooms, with magnificent views on the landscape. For your past-
time, we offer you excursion, picnic on the mountain with troubadour, ethno-botanic
guidance, good music, movie, dance, traditional society games. Come to see by yourself and
add your own feeling to this presentation.
The Hotel Villa Ban-Yen is specialized in Haitian dishes, using particularly natural food of
the area in partnership with local farmers as providers. You can enjoy typical dishes of local
traditional cooking, what we call the «distinction Valloise».
d) Analysis and results
 Positive economic impacts:
Consuming organic food  Modernisation of agriculture and other rural
activities
Haitian dishes, using particularly natural food of the  Demand for goods and services increase
area in partnership with local farmers as providers  Food, drink and necessary products will be
produced by the local farmers and purchase
by the tourists
All modern facilities are also available for seminary,  Create employment (especially for the rural
conference, honeymoon youth)
 Income level will rise
we offer you excursion, picnic on the mountain with  Generate foreign exchange
troubadour, ethno-botanic guidance, good music,  Local and small business will be benefited
movie, dance, traditional society games
Haitian dishes, using particularly natural food of the
area in partnership with local farmers as providers
 Positive socio-cultural impacts:
sharing with the farmers their culture and  Cultural understanding
acknowledges  Exchange of cultural beneficial for both
locals and tourists
we offer you excursion, picnic on the mountain with  Increase in participation in rural tradition and
troubadour, ethno-botanic guidance, good music, cultural practices
movie, dance, traditional society games  Traditional products will become even more
popular
Haitian dishes, using particularly natural food of the
area in partnership with local farmers as providers
 Positive environmental impacts:
Hotel Villa Ban-Yen is the ideal place on the mountain  Help in create and maintain the natural park
 Learn the importance of preservation of
to breathe fresh and pure air
natural resources
 Learn to preserve the natural habitats, bio-
diversity and historical monuments
10

11. This case study shows that countryside tourism and running guest houses can have some huge
benefits for the locals (their natural environment, culture and standard of living) but also for
the visitors who will have a ‘real experience’.
Concerning the analysis of TripAdvisor, the reviewers have grades the guest houses used in
the sample as follow:
NAME OG THE GUEST HOUSE GRADE
Estinfil guesthouse 1
Eucalyptus guest house 1
Wall international guest house 2
Le Palmier guest house 2
The Garden Lodge guest house Not reviewed
Heartline guest house Not reviewed
Gala guest house apartment Not reviewed
Labadie guest house 2
Ayiti guest house Not reviewed
Ba guest house Not reviewed
PCM guest house Not reviewed
Only 54% of the guest houses in Haiti on TripAdvisor have been reviewed (and graded). Out
of those 54%, some the guest houses have been graded as good (3) or excellent (2). Even if
we know that those results are only descriptive (and not representative) of the situation they
enable us to come to the conclusion that guest houses in Haiti are rather good compared the
hotels Ian Thomson (2004) stayed in. In fact, 6 of the 8 hotels he stayed in were graded as
being ‘terrible’ (Séraphin, 2012b).
Our study has some severe limitations has it relies on an extremely limited sample. The
limitations of this research suggest the need for further studies.
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Michel (2000) claims tourism can fully benefit a destination, only if the locals are fully
involved in the planning and development of the industry. Based on literature,
entrepreneurship in tourism seems to be a serious contender to the involvement of the locals
in the tourism sector and in many cases to help them to improve their standard of living.
Because guest houses involve a low cost investment due to the fact they are converted home,
they appear as an ideal solution for poor people to step in the tourism industry. The guest
11

12. house option has also the advantage of tying each Haitian family to the tourism sector and to
the broader economy. Thus ensuring that the population recognizes how important tourism
can be to the country’s economic development (Edmunds, 2012). The development of the
tourism sector and the development of Haiti as a whole might come from the mass. As we
know, it won’t come from the ‘elite’ that was once compared by the former Prime Minister,
Michele Pierre-Louis to an ‘elephant sitting on Haiti’ (Gauthier, Moita, 2010).
Since the beginning of the 20e century, we have witnessed a shift of Haiti toward the service
sector at the expense of the primary sector. However, this change in the economy and society
did not come with an improvement of the standard of living of the population (Paul, et al,
2010). Developing guest houses may help the country to develop its agriculture which only
accounted for 23% of the GDP in 2009 when it used to represent 95% in 1800’s (Paul, et al,
2010).
Haiti has a master card to play, namely its authenticity. It is one of the latest untouched
territories of the Caribbean. Moreover, the tourists by staying in guest houses are guaranteed
to get ‘authenticity’ as opposed to staged performance described by Thomson (2004) in
resorts where everyone plays a role.
The key issue of Haiti’s development (therefore for its tourism industry) relies on the fact that
Haiti has been lead so far by ‘professional politicians’ and not ‘Presidents’ with a genuine
interest for the development of the country (Barreau, 2013). Leadership is therefore the key
issue of the country.
12

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